Beyond Traditional Energy Harvesting: Magneto-Mechano-Electric Technology for Sustainable Powering and Sensing

The pressing need for sustainable and efficient energy solutions has spurred considerable advancements in magneto-mechano-electric (MME) generators, which harness the coupling of magnetic, mechanical, and electrical effects to convert ambient energy into electrical power. Unlike traditional energy harvesters, which primarily rely on single transduction mechanisms such as piezoelectric, triboelectric, or electromagnetic effects, MME generators leverage a synergistic approach that integrates magnetostrictive, and piezoelectric effects, enabling superior energy conversion, particularly in low-frequency and low-intensity magnetic environments. This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent progress in MME systems, focusing on key innovations in material development, structural optimization, and hybrid configurations that enhance the energy conversion efficiency. Advances in flexible piezoelectric materials, the integration of magnetostrictive layers for enhanced magnetic responsiveness, and hybrid electromagnetic-piezoelectric systems have expanded the scope of MME applications, particularly in wearable electronics, autonomous sensors, and implantable medical devices. These adaptable generators offer reliable, self-sustaining power for applications such as real-time environmental monitoring, remote IoT sensing, and biocompatible medical technologies while maintaining efficient operation under conditions where conventional harvesters often face performance limitations. By detailing these recent advancements, this review underscores the role of MME technology in enabling decentralized, resilient energy sources, paving the way for the next generation of sustainable power solutions across diverse fields.