In situ polymerization monitoring of a diacrylate in an electrically conducting mesoporous nanoparticle scaffold
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The properties of nanoparticle–polymer composites strongly depend on the network structure of the polymer matrix. By introducing nanoparticles into a monomer (solution) and subsequently polymerizing it, the formation of the polymer phase influences the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the composite. In this study, semi-conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles were prepared to form a rigid nanoparticle scaffold in which 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), together with an initiator for photo-polymerization, was infiltrated and subsequently polymerized by UV light. During this process, the polymerization reaction was characterized using rapid scan Kubelka–Munk FT-IR spectroscopy and compared to bulk HDDA. The conductivity change of the ITO nanoparticles was monitored and correlated with the polymerization process. It was revealed that the reaction rates of the radical initiation and chain propagation are reduced when cured inside the voids of the nanoparticle scaffold. The degree of conversion is lower for HDDA infiltrated into the mesoporous ITO nanoparticle scaffold compared to purely bulk-polymerized HDDA. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Conducting polymers and applications · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (72)
Show source-provided references
1. Paul DR, Robeson LM (2008) Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites: Nanocomposites. Polymer 49(15):3187–3204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.01710.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.017 ↗
2. Caseri W (2000) Nanocomposites of polymers and metals or semiconductors: Historical background and optical properties: Historical background and optical properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 21(11):705–722. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20000701)21:11%3c705:AID-MARC705%3e3.0.CO;2-310.1002/1521-3927(20000701)21:11<705:AID-MARC705>3.0.CO;2-3 ↗
3. Mädler L, Krumeich F, Burtscher P, Moszner N (2006) Visibly transparent & radiopaque inorganic organic composites from flame-made mixed-oxide fillers. J Nanopart Res 8(3–4):323–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-9007-z10.1007/s11051-005-9007-z ↗
4. Ligon-Auer SC, Schwentenwein M, Gorsche C, Stampfl J, Liska R (2016) Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: a review: a review. Polym Chem 7(2):257–286. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5PY01631B10.1039/C5PY01631B ↗
5. Eschbach J, Rouxel D, Vincent B, Mugnier Y, Galez C, Le Dantec R, Bourson P, Krüger JK, Elmazria O, Alnot P (2007) Development and characterization of nanocomposite materials. Mater sci Eng C Mater biol Appl. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2006.07.03510.1016/j.msec.2006.07.035 ↗
6. Zhang H, Popp M, Hartwig A, Mädler L (2012) Synthesis of polymer/inorganic nanocomposite films using highly porous inorganic scaffolds. Nanoscale 4(7):2326–2332. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr12029a10.1039/c2nr12029a ↗
7. Hoffmann R, Strodtmann L, Thiel K, Sloboda L, Urbaniak T, Hubley AN, Hartwig A (2021) Highly porous nanocoatings tailored for inverse nanoparticle-polymer composites. Nano Select 2(2):271–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.20200012810.1002/nano.202000128 ↗
8. Hwang K-H, Nam S-H, Seo HJ, Jung WS, Boo J-H (2016) Surface Modification by UV-Irradiation for Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells Application. Sci Adv Mater 8(3):662–664. https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2016.252510.1166/sam.2016.2525 ↗
9. Fernando JFS, Zhang C, Firestein KL, Golberg D (2017) Optical and optoelectronic property analysis of nanomaterials inside transmission electron microscope. Small. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20170156410.1002/smll.201701564 ↗
10. Landerer D, Bahro D, Röhm H, Koppitz M, Mertens A, Manger F, Denk F, Heidinger M, Windmann T, Colsmann A (2017) Solar glasses: a case study on semitransparent organic solar cells for self-powered, smart, wearable devices: a case study on semitransparent organic solar cells for self-powered, smart. Wearable Devices Energy Technol 5(11):1936–1945. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.20170022610.1002/ente.201700226 ↗
11. Hoffmann R, Baric V, Naatz H, Schopf SO, Mädler L, Hartwig A (2019) Inverse nanocomposites based on indium tin oxide for display applications: improved electrical conductivity via polymer addition. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2(4):2273–2282. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b0019110.1021/acsanm.9b00191 ↗
12. Naatz H, Hoffmann R, Hartwig A, La Mantia F, Pokhrel S, Mädler L (2018) Determination of the flat band potential of nanoparticles in porous electrodes by blocking the substrate-electrolyte contact. J Phys Chem C 122(5):2796–2805. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b1142310.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11423 ↗
13. Maksimenko I, Wellmann PJ (2011) Low-temperature processing of transparent conductive indium tin oxide nanocomposites using polyvinyl derivatives. Thin Solid Films 520(4):1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.14210.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.142 ↗
14. Venkatesh RB, Zhang T, Manohar N, Stebe KJ, Riggleman RA, Lee D (2020) Effect of polymer–nanoparticle interactions on solvent-driven infiltration of polymer (SIP) into nanoparticle packings: a molecular dynamics study. Mol Syst Des Eng 5(3):666–674. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9ME00148D10.1039/C9ME00148D ↗
15. Kemmler J, Schopf SO, Mädler L, Barsan N, Weimar U (2014) New process technologies for the deposition of semiconducting metal oxide nanoparticles for sensing. Procedia Eng 87:24–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.25710.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.257 ↗
16. Schopf SO, Hartwig A, Fritsching U, Mädler L (2017) Imbibition into highly porous layers of aggregated particles. Transp Porous Media 119(1):119–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0876-210.1007/s11242-017-0876-2 ↗
17. Gruener S, Hermes HE, Schillinger B, Egelhaaf SU, Huber P (2016) Capillary rise dynamics of liquid hydrocarbons in mesoporous silica as explored by gravimetry, optical and neutron imaging: Nano-rheology and determination of pore size distributions from the shape of imbibition fronts: Nano-rheology and determination of pore size distributions from the shape of imbibition fronts. Colloids Surf A 496: 13–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.05510.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.055 ↗
18. Kemmler JA, Pokhrel S, Birkenstock J, Schowalter M, Rosenauer A, Bârsan N, Weimar U, Mädler L (2012) Quenched, nanocrystalline In4Sn3O12 high temperature phase for gas sensing applications. Sens Actuators, B 161(1): 740–747. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.11.02610.1016/j.snb.2011.11.026 ↗
19. Zhou Y, Liu F, Wang H (2017) Novel organic-inorganic composites with high thermal conductivity for electronic packaging applications: a key issue review: a key issue review. Polym Compos 38(4):803–813. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2364110.1002/pc.23641 ↗
20. Venkatesh RB, Han SH, Lee D (2019) Patterning polymer-filled nanoparticle films via leaching-enabled capillary rise infiltration (LeCaRI). Nanoscale Horiz 4(4):933–939. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NH00130A10.1039/C9NH00130A ↗
21. Begum F, Zhao H, Simon SL (2012) Modeling methyl methacrylate free radical polymerization: reaction in hydrophilic nanopores. Polymer 53(15):3238–3244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.02310.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.023 ↗
22. Tian Q, Zhao H, Simon SL (2020) Kinetic study of alkyl methacrylate polymerization in nanoporous confinement over a broad temperature range. Polymer 205:122868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.12286810.1016/j.polymer.2020.122868 ↗
23. Zhao HY, Yu ZN, Begum F, Hedden RC, Simon SL (2014) The effect of nanoconfinement on methyl methacrylate polymerization: Tg, molecular weight, and tacticity. Polymer 55(19):4959–4965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.04010.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.040 ↗
24. Kalogeras IM, Neagu ER (2004) Interplay of surface and confinement effects on the molecular relaxation dynamics of nanoconfined poly(methyl methacrylate) chains. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 14(2):193–204. https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2004-10015-310.1140/epje/i2004-10015-3 ↗
25. Zhao H, Simon SL (2020) Synthesis of polymers in nanoreactors: A tool for manipulating polymer properties. Polymer 211:123112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.12311210.1016/j.polymer.2020.123112 ↗
26. Begum F, Zhao H, Simon SL (2012) Modeling methyl methacrylate free radical polymerization: reaction in hydrophobic nanopores. Polymer 53(15):3261–3268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.03610.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.036 ↗
27. Lin P-H, Kohale SC, Khare R (2011) Effect of nanoconfinement on kinetics of cross-linking reactions: a molecular simulation study. J Phys Chem B 115(43):12348–12355. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp203839810.1021/jp2038398 ↗
28. Ballard N, Aguirre M, Asua JM (2016) Effect of nanoconfinement on kinetics and microstructure of poly(butyl acrylate) synthesized by microemulsion polymerization. Chem Eng J 304:667–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.00510.1016/j.cej.2016.07.005 ↗
29. Gao H, Wang J, Chen X, Wang G, Huang X, Li A, Dong W (2018) Nanoconfinement effects on thermal properties of nanoporous shape-stabilized composite PCMs: A review. Nano Energy 53:769–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.09.00710.1016/j.nanoen.2018.09.007 ↗
30. Kubelka P, Munk FA (1931) Ein beitrag zur optik der farbanstriche. Z Tech Phys, 11a: 593–601.
31. Goodner MD, Bowman CN (2002) Development of a comprehensive free radical photopolymerization model incorporating heat and mass transfer effects in thick films. Chem Eng Sci 57(5):887–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00287-110.1016/S0009-2509(01)00287-1 ↗
32. Jiang F, Drummer D (2020) Curing kinetic analysis of acrylate photopolymer for additive manufacturing by photo-DSC. Polymers. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1205108010.3390/polym12051080 ↗
33. Boonen HAL, Koskamp JA, Theiss W, Iedema PD, Willemse RXE (2017) Simultaneous real-time analysis of bulk and bottom cure of ultraviolet-curable inks using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 71(12):2699–2706. https://doi.org/10.1177/000370281771820310.1177/0003702817718203 ↗
34. Irmouli Y, George B, Merlin A (2009) Study of the polymerization of acrylic resins by photocalorimetry: interactions between UV initiators and absorbers. J Therm Anal Calorim 96(3):911–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0061-010.1007/s10973-009-0061-0 ↗
35. Teoh WY, Amal R, Mädler L (2010) Flame spray pyrolysis: An enabling technology for nanoparticles design and fabrication. Nanoscale 2(8):1324–1347. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00017e10.1039/c0nr00017e ↗
36. Schopf SO, Salameh S, Mädler L (2013) Transfer of highly porous nanoparticle layers to various substrates through mechanical compression. Nanoscale 5(9):3764–3772. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr34235b10.1039/c3nr34235b ↗
37. Skorupski K, Hellmers J, Feng W, Mroczka J, Wriedt T, Mädler L (2015) Influence of sintering necks on the spectral behaviour of ITO clusters using the discrete dipole approximation. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 159:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.02.02110.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.02.021 ↗
38. Meereis CTW, Leal FB, Lima GS, de Carvalho RV, Piva E, Ogliari FA (2014) BAPO as an alternative photoinitiator for the radical polymerization of dental resins. Dental materials official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 30(9):945–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.02010.1016/j.dental.2014.05.020 ↗
39. Yang Y, Qiu T, Liu Z, Hao Q, Lang X, Xu Q, Huang G, Chu PK (2013) Surface and interference co-enhanced Raman scattering from indium tin oxide nanocap arrays. Appl Surf Sci 280:343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.15810.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.158 ↗
40. Szybowicz M, Nowicka AB, Sądej M, Andrzejewska E, Drozdowski M (2014) Morphology of polyacrylate/nanosilica composites as studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 1070:131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.06210.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.062 ↗
41. Thirumoorthi M, Thomas Joseph Prakash J (2016) Structure, optical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide ultra thin films prepared by jet nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. J Asian Ceram Soc 4(1):124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2016.01.00110.1016/j.jascer.2016.01.001 ↗
42. Naatz H, Manshian BB, Rios Luci C, Tsikourkitoudi V, Deligiannakis Y, Birkenstock J, Pokhrel S, Mädler L, Soenen SJ (2020) Model-based nanoengineered pharmacokinetics of iron-doped copper oxide for nanomedical applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59(5):1828–1836. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20191231210.1002/anie.201912312 ↗
43. Ruhland K, Habibollahi F, Horny R (2020) Quantification and elucidation of the UV-light triggered initiation kinetics of TPO and BAPO in liquid acrylate monomer. J Appl Polym Sci 137(6):48357. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4835710.1002/app.48357 ↗
44. Iedema PD, Schamböck V, Boonen H, Koskamp J, Schellekens S, Willemse R (2018) Photocuring of di-acrylate. Chem Eng Sci 176:491–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.00910.1016/j.ces.2017.11.009 ↗
45. La Alcaraz de Osa R, Iparragirre I, Ortiz D, Saiz JM (2020) The extended Kubelka–Munk theory and its application to spectroscopy. ChemTexts. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-019-0097-010.1007/s40828-019-0097-0 ↗
46. Anyaogu KC, Ermoshkin AA, Neckers DC, Mejiritski A, Grinevich O, Fedorov AV (2007) Performance of the light emitting diodes versus conventional light sources in the UV light cured formulations. J Appl Polym Sci 105(2):803–808. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.2631310.1002/app.26313 ↗
47. Kunwong D, Sumanochitraporn N, Kaewpirom S (2011) Curing behavior of a UV-curable coating based on urethane acrylate oligomer: The influence of reactive monomers. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 33(2):201–207
48. Tasic S, Bozic B, Dunjic B (2004) Synthesis of new hyperbranched urethane-acrylates and their evaluation in UV-curable coatings. Prog Org Coat 51(4):320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.07.02110.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.07.021 ↗
49. Grommet AB, Feller M, Klajn R (2020) Chemical reactivity under nanoconfinement. Nat Nanotechnol 15(4):256–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0652-210.1038/s41565-020-0652-2 ↗
50. Yao Y, Suzuki Y, Seiwert J, Steinhart M, Frey H, Butt H-J, Floudas G (2017) Capillary imbibition, crystallization, and local dynamics of hyperbranched poly(ethylene oxide) confined to nanoporous alumina. Macromolecules 50(21):8755–8764. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b0184310.1021/acs.macromol.7b01843 ↗
51. Schmidt C, Scherzer T (2015) Monitoring of the shrinkage during the photopolymerization of acrylates using hyphenated photorheometry/near-infrared spectroscopy. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 53(10):729–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.2369410.1002/polb.23694 ↗
52. Xu HH (1999) Dental composite resins containing silica-fused ceramic single-crystalline whiskers with various filler levels. J Dent Res 78(7):1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034599078007040110.1177/00220345990780070401 ↗
53. Cho J-D, Ju H-T, Hong J-W (2005) Photocuring kinetics of UV-initiated free-radical photopolymerizations with and without silica nanoparticles. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 43(3):658–670. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.2052910.1002/pola.20529 ↗
54. Salsamendi M, Ballard N, Sanz B, Asua JM, Mijangos C (2015) Polymerization kinetics of a fluorinated monomer under confinement in AAO nanocavities. RSC Adv 5(25):19220–19228. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA16728G10.1039/C4RA16728G ↗
55. Peisert H, Knupfer M, Schwieger T, Fink J (2002) Strong chemical interaction between indium tin oxide and phthalocyanines. Appl Phys Lett 80(16):2916–2918. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.147193610.1063/1.1471936 ↗
56. Torres-Knoop A, Kryven I, Schamboeck V, Iedema PD (2018) Modeling the free-radical polymerization of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA): a molecular dynamics and graph theory approach: a molecular dynamics and graph theory approach. Soft Matter 14(17):3404–3414. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00451j10.1039/c8sm00451j ↗
57. Aldea A, Albu A-M, Nicolescu A, Tecuceanu V (2016) Kinetics of Free Radical Polymerization of N-Substituted Amides and Their Structural Implications. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2016:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/643041610.1155/2016/6430416 ↗
58. Khudyakov IV, Legg JC, Purvis MB, Overton BJ (1999) Kinetics of Photopolymerization of Acrylates with Functionality of 1–6. Ind Eng Chem Res 38(9):3353–3359. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie990306i10.1021/ie990306i ↗
59. Ballard N, Asua JM (2018) Radical polymerization of acrylic monomers: an overview. Prog Polym Sci 79:40–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.11.00210.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.11.002 ↗
60. Marten FL, Hamielec AE (1982) High-conversion diffusion-controlled polymerization of styrene. I J Appl Polym Sci 27(2):489–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.07027021310.1002/app.1982.070270213 ↗
61. Kim BY, Shallcross RC, Armstrong NR, Kim H, Chung WJ, Sahoo R, Char K, Dirlam PT, Costanzo PJ, Pyun J (2012). In: Matyjaszewski K, Sumerlin BS, Tsarevsky NV (eds) Progress in controlled radical polymerization: materials and applications. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 197–20910.1021/bk-2012-1101.ch013 ↗
62. Begum F, Simon SL (2011) Modeling methyl methacrylate free radical polymerization in nanoporous confinement. Polymer 52(7):1539–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.00910.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.009 ↗
63. Cheng Y, Khlyustova A, Chen P, Yang R (2020) Kinetics of All-Dry Free Radical Polymerization under Nanoconfinement. Macromolecules 53(24):10699–10710. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c0153410.1021/acs.macromol.0c01534 ↗
64. Lopez E, Simon SL (2015) Trimerization reaction kinetics and Tg depression of polycyanurate under nanoconfinement. Macromolecules 48(13):4692–4701. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b0016710.1021/acs.macromol.5b00167 ↗
65. Zhao H, Simon SL (2011) Methyl methacrylate polymerization in nanoporous confinement. Polymer 52(18):4093–4098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.06.04810.1016/j.polymer.2011.06.048 ↗
66. Das N, Biswas PK (2012) Synthesis and characterization of smoke-like porous sol–gel indium tin oxide coatings on glass. J Mater Sci 47(1):289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5797-910.1007/s10853-011-5797-9 ↗
67. Sibin KP, Swain N, Chowdhury P, Dey A, Sridhara N, Shashikala HD, Sharma AK, Barshilia HC (2016) Optical and electrical properties of ITO thin films sputtered on flexible FEP substrate as passive thermal control system for space applications. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 145:314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.10.03510.1016/j.solmat.2015.10.035 ↗
68. Capozzi CJ, Gerhardt RA (2007) Novel percolation mechanism in PMMA matrix composites containing segregated ITO nanowire networks. Adv Funct Mater 17(14):2515–2521. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20060075610.1002/adfm.200600756 ↗
69. White LS, Bertino MF, Saeed S, Saoud K (2015) Influence of silica derivatizer and monomer functionality and concentration on the mechanical properties of rapid synthesis cross-linked aerogels. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 217:244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.06.01910.1016/j.micromeso.2015.06.019 ↗
70. Karnes JJ, Weisgraber TH, Oakdale JS, Mettry M, Shusteff M, Biener J (2020) On the network topology of cross-linked acrylate photopolymers: a molecular dynamics case study. J Phys Chem B 124(41):9204–9215. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c0531910.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05319 ↗
71. Dietlin C, Trinh TT, Schweizer S, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Noirot P-A, Lalevée J (2020) New phosphine oxides as high performance near- UV type I photoinitiators of radical polymerization. Molecules. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2507167110.3390/molecules25071671 ↗
72. Johnson PM, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN (2007) Photopolymer kinetics using light intensity gradients in high-throughput conversion analysis. Polymer 48(21):6319–6324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.03110.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.031 ↗