Effects of tempering temperature on temperature-dependent thermal properties of 1045 steel
Source abstract
Abstract
The 1045 steel is extensively heat treated because its mechanical properties can be easily improved by thermal processes. Reliable knowledge of the relationship between microscopic structure and thermal properties is essential for the thermal design of parts and tools. This paper reports on coupling microstructural aspects with the effects of tempering temperature on the temperature-dependent thermal properties of 1045 steel. Thermal conductivity (k) and specific heat (cp) were simultaneously estimated using inverse heat conduction analysis. The thermal characterization technique handled a simple and low-cost experimental setup, based on transient one-dimensional heat transfer on samples subjected to different heat-treatment conditions. The results, which were discussed in connection with the resulting microstructures, demonstrated that all quenching and tempering (Q&T) conditions led to lower values of both thermal properties throughout the temperature domain. The tempering temperature was found to impact k more substantially. The robustness of the results was ascertained by recovering the applied heat flux based on linear regression equations for k and cp and temperature measurements. Accuracy analysis indicated that the inverse approach provides estimates with an uncertainty close to 4%.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Material Properties and Failure Mechanisms · High Temperature Alloys and Creep
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (63)
Show source-provided references
1. Cross JO, Opila RL, Boyd IW, Kaufmann EN (2015) Materials characterization and the evolution of materials. MRS Bull 40:1019–1034. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2015.27110.1557/mrs.2015.271 ↗
2. Kempen PJ, Kircher MF, de la Zerda A, Zavaleta CL, Jokerst JV, Mellinghoff IK, Gambhir SS, Sinclair R (2015) A correlative optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy approach to locating nanoparticles in brain tumors. Micron 68:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2014.09.00410.1016/j.micron.2014.09.004 ↗
3. Charles HK, Weiner JA, Blum NA (1985) Materials characterization and analysis: applications to microelectronics. Johns Hopkins APL Tech Dig Appl Phys Lab 6:237–249
4. Ebnesajjad S, (2014) Chapter 4—Surface and material characterization techniques surface. In: Treatment of materials for adhesive bonding, 2nd ed, 39–75. William Andrew Publishing, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-26435-8.00004-610.1016/B978-0-323-26435-8.00004-6 ↗
5. Minor AM, Dehm G (2019) Advances in in situ nanomechanical testing. MRS Bull 44:438–442. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.12710.1557/mrs.2019.127 ↗
6. Buck W, Rudtsch S (2006) Thermal properties—measurement methods for materials properties. In: Czichos H Saito T Smith L (eds.) Springer handbook of materials measurement methods, 399–428. Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30300-8.10.1007/978-3-540-30300-8 ↗
7. Martínez A, Carmona M, Cortés C, Arauzo I (2020) Characterization of thermophysical properties of phase change materials using unconventional experimental technologies. Energies 13:4687. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1318468710.3390/en13184687 ↗
8. Gustafsson SE, Karawacki E, Khan MN (1979) Transient hot-strip method for simultaneous measuring thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity of solids and fluids. J Appl Phys 12:1411–1421. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/12/9/00310.1088/0022-3727/12/9/003 ↗
9. Parker WJ, Jenkins JR, Butler PC, Abbott BL (1961) Flash method of determining thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. J Appl Phys 32:1679–1684. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.172841710.1063/1.1728417 ↗
10. Ramos NP, Carollo LFS, Lima e Silva SMM (2020) Contact resistance analysis applied to simultaneous estimation of thermal properties of metals. Meas Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab8e6a10.1088/1361-6501/ab8e6a ↗
11. Ramos NP, De Melo Antunes M, Guimarães G, Lima e Silva SMM (2022) Simultaneous Bayesian estimation of the temperature-dependent thermal properties of a metal slab using a three-dimensional transient experimental approach. Int J Therm Sci 179:107671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.10767110.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107671 ↗
12. Gojic M, Kosec L, Matkovic P (1998) The effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of low alloy Cr and CrMo steel. J Mater Sci 33:395–403. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100437591459110.1023/A:1004375914591 ↗
13. Santofimia MJ, Zhao L, Petrov R, Sietsma J (2008) Characterization of the microstructure obtained by the quenching and partitioning process in a low-carbon steel. Mater Charact 59:1758–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.04.00410.1016/j.matchar.2008.04.004 ↗
14. Klein S, Weber S, Theisen W (2015) Effect of heat treatment on phase structure and thermal conductivity of a copper-infiltrated steel. J Mater Sci 50:3586–3596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-8919-y10.1007/s10853-015-8919-y ↗
15. Zhou L, Tang G, Ma X, Wang L, Zhang X (2018) Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of M50 ultra-high strength steel via quenching-partitioning-tempering process. Mater Charact 146:258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.10.00910.1016/j.matchar.2018.10.009 ↗
16. Babasafari Z, Pan AV, Pahlevani F et al (2021) Effect of silicon and partitioning temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-carbon steel in a quenching and partitioning heat treatment. J Mater Sci 56:15423–15440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06270-w10.1007/s10853-021-06270-w ↗
17. Raju S, Jeya Ganesh B, Rai AK, Mythili R, Saroja S, Mohandas E, Vijayalakshmi M, Rao KBS, Raj B (2009) Measurement of transformation temperatures and specific heat capacity of tungsten added reduced activation ferritic–martensitic steel. J Nucl Mater 389(3):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.02.03010.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.02.030 ↗
18. Kuepferle J, Wilzer J, Weber S et al (2015) Thermo-physical properties of heat-treatable steels in the temperature range relevant for hot-stamping applications. J Mater Sci 50:2594–2604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-8829-z10.1007/s10853-015-8829-z ↗
19. Nunura CRN, dos Santos CA, Spim JA (2015) Numerical—experimental correlation of microstructures, cooling rates and mechanical properties of AISI 1045 steel during the Jominy end-quench test. Mater Des 76:230–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.03110.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.031 ↗
20. Wei Zhu H, Xu K, Qin S, Ren Xiao F, Liao B (2018) Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of 1045 steel modified with (NbTi)C nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng A 728:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.01910.1016/j.msea.2018.05.019 ↗
21. Esfahani AK, Babaei M, Sarrami-Foroushani S (2021) A numerical model coupling phase transformation to predict microstructure evolution and residual stress during quenching of 1045 steel. Math Comput Simul 179:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2020.07.01610.1016/j.matcom.2020.07.016 ↗
22. Wilzer J, Lüdtke F, Weber S, Theisen W (2013) The influence of heat treatment and resulting microstructures on the thermophysical properties of martensitic steels. J Mater Sci 48:8483–8492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7665-210.1007/s10853-013-7665-2 ↗
23. Wilzer J, Küpferle J, Weber S, Theisen W (2014) Temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of non-alloyed and high-alloyed heat-treatable steels in the temperature range between 20 and 500 °C. J Mater Sci 49:4833–4843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7665-210.1007/s10853-013-7665-2 ↗
24. Klein S, Mujica Roncery L, Walter M, Weber S, Theisen W (2017) Diffusion processes during cementite precipitation and their impact on electrical and thermal conductivity of a heat-treatable steel. J Mater Sci 52(1):375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0338-110.1007/s10853-016-0338-1 ↗
25. Beck JV, Blackwell B, Clair C (1985) Inverse heat conduction: III-posed problems. Wiley. ISBN 0–47108–319- 4
26. Deng X, Ju D (2013) Modeling and simulation of quenching and tempering process in steels. Phys Procedia 50:368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2013.11.05710.1016/j.phpro.2013.11.057 ↗
27. Atkins M (1980) Atlas of continuous cooling transformation diagrams for engineering steels. ASM International, Materials Park. ISBN: 087170093X
28. Bhadeshia HKDH, Chintha AR, Lenka S (2019) Critical assessment 34: Are χ (Hägg), η and ϵ carbides transition-phases relative to cementite in steels? Mater Sci Technol 35(11):1301–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.162552610.1080/02670836.2019.1625526 ↗
29. Ramos NP, De Melo Antunes M, Lima e Silva SMM (2021) An experimental and straightforward approach to simultaneously estimate temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of metallic materials. Int J Therm Sci 166:106960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.10696010.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.106960 ↗
30. Taylor JR. (1997) An introduction to error analysis: the study of uncertainties in physical measurement. Science Books. ISBN 978–0–935–70275–0
31. D’Alessandro G, de Monte F, Amos DE (2019) Effect of heat source and imperfect contact on simultaneous estimation of thermal properties of high-conductivity materials. Math Probl Eng 2019:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/594541310.1155/2019/5945413 ↗
32. Grzesik W, Nieslony P (2004) Prediction of friction and heat flow in machining incorporating thermophysical properties of the coating—chip interface. Wear 256:108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00390-910.1016/S0043-1648(03)00390-9 ↗
33. Abbaschian R, Reed-Hill RE (2009) Physical metallurgy principles—SI version. Cengage Learning, Stamford ISBN: 0495438510
34. Kraus W, Nolze G (1996) PowderCell 2.3 for Windows, POWDER CELL—a program for the representation and manipulation of crystal structures and calculation of the resulting X-ray powder patterns. J Appl Cryst 29:301–303. https://doi.org/10.1107/S002188989501492010.1107/S0021889895014920 ↗
35. Villars P, Calvert L, (1991) Pearson’s handbook of crystallographic data for intermetallic phases. ASM International, Materials park. ISBN: 0871704161
36. Bhadeshia H, Honeycombe R (2017) Steels: microstructure and properties. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. ISBN: 008100270X10.1016/B978-0-08-100270-4.00013-5 ↗
37. Jung M, Lee SJ, Lee YK (2009) Microstructural and dilatational changes during tempering and tempering kinetics in martensitic medium-carbon steel. Metall Mater Trans A 40:551–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9756-210.1007/s11661-008-9756-2 ↗
38. Costa e Silva ALV, Mei PR (2010) Aços e Ligas Especiais, São Paulo: blucher. ISBN: 852120518X
39. Incropera FP, Dewitt DP, Bergman TL, Lavine AS. (2006) Fundamentals of Heat and mass transfer. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978–0–471–45728–2
40. Seber GAF, Wild CJ (2003) Nonlinear regression. Wiley-lnterscience. ISBN 978–0–471–47135–6
41. Klemens PG, Williams RK (1986) Thermal conductivity of metals and alloys. Int Met Rev 31:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1179/imtr.1986.31.1.19710.1179/imtr.1986.31.1.197 ↗
42. Chuang Y, Schmid R, Chang YA (1985) Magnetic contributions to the thermodynamic functions of pure Ni Co, and Fe. Metall Mater Trans A 16:153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0281604110.1007/BF02816041 ↗
43. ASM International Handbook Committee (1991) ASM handbook vol. 4: heat treating. ASM International. ISBN: 0–87170–379–3
44. Uher C, (2004) Thermal conductivity of metals. In: Tritt TM (eds) Thermal conductivity. Physics of solids and liquids. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26017-X_210.1007/0-387-26017-X_2 ↗
45. Geller YA, Moiseev VF, Koltunov AA (1963) Heat conductivity of high-speed cutting steels. Met Sci Heat Treat 5(9):493–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0064895810.1007/bf00648958 ↗
46. Reed RP, Clark AF (1983) Materials at low temperatures. ASM International. ISBN: 0–87170–146–4.10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.9781627083485 ↗
47. Terada Y, Ohkubo K, Mohri T, Suzuki T (2002) Effects of alloying additions on thermal conductivity of ferritic iron. ISIJ Int 42(3):322–324. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.32210.2355/isijinternational.42.322 ↗
48. Peet MJ, Hasan HS, Bhadeshia HKDH (2011) Prediction of thermal conductivity of steel. Int J Heat Mass Transf 54:2602–2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.01.02510.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.01.025 ↗
49. Wilzer J, Küpferle J, Weber S, Theisen W (2015) Influence of alloying elements, heat treatment, and temperature on the thermal conductivity of heat treatable steels. Steel Res Int 86:1234–1241. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.20140029410.1002/srin.201400294 ↗
50. Shanina BD, Gavriljuk VG, Konchits AA, Kolesnik SP (1998) The influence of substitutional atoms upon the electron structure of the iron-based transition metal alloys. J Phys Condens Matter 10:1825–1838. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/10/8/01510.1088/0953-8984/10/8/015 ↗
51. Gavriljuk VG, Shanina BD, Berns H (2000) On the correlation between electron structure and short range atomic order in iron-based alloys. Acta Mater 48:3879–3893. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00192-010.1016/S1359-6454(00)00192-0 ↗
52. Wang G, Li Y (2019) Effects of alloying elements and temperature on thermal conductivity of ferrite. J Appl Phys 126:125118. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.511544110.1063/1.5115441 ↗
53. Saha DC, Biro E, Gerlich AP, Zhou Y (2020) Martensite tempering kinetics: effects of dislocation density and heating rates. Mater Charact 168:110564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11056410.1016/j.matchar.2020.110564 ↗
54. Porter DA, Easterling KE, Sherif MY (2009) Phase transformations in metals and alloys. CRC Press. ISBN: 978–1–003–01180–4. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003011804.10.1201/9781003011804 ↗
55. Ohmori Y, Tamura I (1992) Epsilon carbide precipitation during tempering of plain carbon martensite. Metall Mater Trans A 23:2737–2751. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0265175310.1007/BF02651753 ↗
56. Ning D, Dai CR, Wu JL, Wang YD, Wang YQ, Jing Y, Sun J (2021) Carbide precipitation and coarsening kinetics in low carbon and low alloy steel during quenching and subsequently tempering. Mater Charact 176:111111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.11111110.1016/j.matchar.2021.111111 ↗
57. Fonstein N (2015) Advanced high strength sheet steels: physical metallurgy, design, processing, and properties. Springer International Publishing. ISBN: 978–3–319–19165–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19165-2.10.1007/978-3-319-19165-2 ↗
58. Krauss G (2017) Tempering of lath martensite in low and medium carbon steels: assessment and challenges. Steel Res Int 88:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.20170003810.1002/srin.201700038 ↗
59. Ray SK, Mohanty ON (1983) Tem investigation of carbide precipitation in low carbon steels containing silicon. Trans Japan Inst Met 24:81–87. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.24.8110.2320/matertrans1960.24.81 ↗
60. Mesquita RA, Barbosa CA, Morales EV, Kestenbach HJ (2011) Effect of silicon on carbide precipitation after tempering of H11 hot work steels. Metall Mater Trans A 42:461–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0430-010.1007/s11661-010-0430-0 ↗
61. Wang KF, Yang HTY (1997) Experimental and computational study of the quenching of carbon steel. J Manuf Sci Eng Trans ASME 119:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.283110210.1115/1.2831102 ↗
62. Jeyaganesh B, Raju S, Murugesan S, Mohandas E, Vijayalakshmi M (2009) A study on the effect of thermal ageing on the specific-heat characteristics of 9Cr-1Mo-0.1C (mass%) steel. Int J Thermophys 30:619–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-009-0558-610.1007/s10765-009-0558-6 ↗
63. Cezairliyan A, Ho CY, Anderson AC (1988) Specific heat of solids. Cindas data series on material properties, 1–2. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. ISBN: 978–0–891–16834–8