Synthesis of a novel reactive compatibilizer with large surface area and the application in monomer casting nylon/polyethylene–octene elastomer blends
Source abstract
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) can be used as surfactants in numerous technological fields. For this study, functionalized GO was used as a novel reactive compatibilizer with large surface area to compatibilize immiscible polymer blends. The compatibilizer is composed of three parts with non-polar polymer chain, polar segment and GO sheet, which appears to be of more practical significance and can greatly expand the compatibilizing range. Monomer casting nylon (MC nylon)/polyethylene–octene elastomer (POE) was chosen as the immiscible polymer pairs to investigate the compatibility and comprehensive properties of the compatibilizer. With the incorporation of the novel reactive compatibilizer (GO-TEPAF-POE), the immiscible blends exhibited better compatibility and the dispersion of the minor phase (POE) is remarkably improved without obvious agglomerates. Moreover, GO-TEPAF-POE also acts as multifunctional fillers for MC nylon/POE blends, thus enhancing their mechanical properties and thermal stability. In particular, the notched impact strength values sharply increase by 84 % as opposed to the neat MC nylon. The novel compatibilizer with large surface area may broaden its potential application and fully exploits the extraordinary properties of these appealing carbon nanomaterials.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Polymer composites and self-healing · Polymer crystallization and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (47)
Show source-provided references
1. Yun YS, Bae YH, Kim DH, Lee JY, Chin IJ, Jin HJ (2011) Reinforcing effects of adding alkylated graphene oxide to polypropylene. Carbon 49(11):3553–355910.1016/j.carbon.2011.04.055 ↗
2. Du X, Skachko I, Barker A, Andrei EY (2008) Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 3(8):491–49510.1038/nnano.2008.199 ↗
3. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F et al (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–90710.1021/nl0731872 ↗
4. Soldano C, Mahmood A, Dujardin E (2010) Production properties and potential of graphene. Carbon 48(8):2127–215010.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.058 ↗
5. Pei S, Cheng HM (2012) The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 50(9):3210–322810.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010 ↗
6. Ramanathan T, Abdala AA, Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Herrera-Alonso M, Piner RD et al (2008) Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites. Nat Nanotechnol 3(6):327–33110.1038/nnano.2008.96 ↗
7. Cano M, Khan U, Sainsbury T, O’Neill A, Wang Z, McGovern IT et al (2013) Improving the mechanical properties of graphene oxide based materials by covalent attachment of polymer chains. Carbon 52:363–37110.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.046 ↗
8. Gonçalves G, Marques PAAP, Barros-Timmons A, Bdkin I, Singh MK, Emami N et al (2010) Graphene oxide modified with PMMA via ATRP as a reinforcement filler. J Mater Chem 20(44):9927–993410.1039/c0jm01674h ↗
9. Istrate OM, Paton KR, Khan U, O’Neill A, Bell AP, Coleman JN (2014) Reinforcement in melt-processed polymer–graphene composites at extremely low graphene loading level. Carbon 78:243–24910.1016/j.carbon.2014.06.077 ↗
10. Xu Z, Gao C (2010) In situ polymerization approach to graphene-reinforced nylon-6 composites. Macromolecules 43(16):6716–672310.1021/ma1009337 ↗
11. Fang M, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang H, Lu H, Yang Y (2010) Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces. J Mater Chem 20(43):9635–964310.1039/c0jm01620a ↗
12. Hsiao MC, Liao SH, Yen MY, Teng CC, Lee SH, Pu NW et al (2010) Preparation and properties of a graphene reinforced nanocomposite conducting plate. J Mater Chem 20(39):8496–850510.1039/c0jm01679a ↗
13. Kim H, Miura Y, Macosko CW (2010) Graphene/polyurethane nanocomposites for improved gas barrier and electrical conductivity. Chem Mater 22(11):3441–345010.1021/cm100477v ↗
14. Elias L, Fenouillot F, Majesté JC, Cassagnau P (2007) Morphology and rheology of immiscible polymer blends filled with silica nanoparticles. Polymer 48(20):6029–604010.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.061 ↗
15. Chiou KC, Chang FC (2000) Reactive compatibilization of polyamide-6 (PA 6)/polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) blends by a multifunctional epoxy resin. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys 38(1):23–3310.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000101)38:1<23::AID-POLB3>3.0.CO;2-Y ↗
16. Jiang C, Filippi S, Magagnini P (2003) Reactive compatibilizer precursors for LDPE/PA6 blends. II: maleic anhydride grafted polyethylenes. Polymer 44(8):2411–242210.1016/S0032-3861(03)00133-2 ↗
17. Luzinov I, Julthongpiput D, Malz H, Pionteck J, Tsukruk VV (2000) Polystyrene layers grafted to epoxy-modified silicon surfaces. Macromolecules 33(3):1043–104810.1021/ma990926v ↗
18. Su Z, Li Q, Liu Y, Hu GH, Wu C (2009) Compatibility and phase structure of binary blends of poly (lactic acid) and glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly (ethylene octane). Eur Polym J 45(8):2428–243310.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.04.028 ↗
19. Kumar S, Satapathy BK, Maiti SN (2013) Correlation of morphological parameters and mechanical performance of polyamide-612/poly (ethylene–octene) elastomer blends. Polym Advan Technol 24(5):511–51910.1002/pat.3113 ↗
20. Li Y, Xu J, Wei Z, Xu Y, Song P, Chen G et al (2014) Mechanical properties and nonisothermal crystallization of polyamide 6/carbon fiber composites toughened by maleated elastomers. Polym Compos 35(11):2170–217910.1002/pc.22881 ↗
21. Cao Y, Feng J, Wu P (2012) Polypropylene-grafted graphene oxide sheets as multifunctional compatibilizers for polyolefin-based polymer blends. J Mater Chem 22(30):14997–1500510.1039/c2jm31477k ↗
22. Lin Y, Jin J, Song M (2011) Preparation and characterisation of covalent polymer functionalized graphene oxide. J Mater Chem 21(10):3455–346110.1039/C0JM01859G ↗
23. Pan B, Zhang S, Li W, Zhao J, Liu J, Zhang Y (2012) Tribological and mechanical investigation of MC nylon reinforced by modified graphene oxide. Wear 294:395–40110.1016/j.wear.2012.07.032 ↗
24. Yu ZZ, Ke YC, Ou YC, Hu GH (2000) Impact fracture morphology of nylon 6 toughened with a maleated polyethylene–octene elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 76(8):1285–129510.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000523)76:8<1285::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-U ↗
25. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD, Kohlhaas KA, Kleinhammes A, Jia Y et al (2007) Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45(7):1558–156510.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034 ↗
26. Liu P, Gong K, Xiao P, Xiao M (2000) Preparation and characterization of poly (vinyl acetate)-intercalated graphite oxide nanocomposite. J Mater Chem 10(4):933–93510.1039/a908179h ↗
27. Song N, Yang J, Ding P, Tang S, Liu Y, Shi L (2014) Effect of covalent-functionalized graphene oxide with polymer and reactive compatibilization on thermal properties of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(51):19951–1996010.1021/ie5031985 ↗
28. Nawaz K, Khan U, Ul-Haq N, May P, O’Neill A, Coleman JN (2012) Observation of mechanical percolation in functionalized graphene oxide/elastomer composites. Carbon 50(12):4489–449410.1016/j.carbon.2012.05.029 ↗
29. Park YT, Qian Y, Chan C, Suh T, Nejhad MG, Macosko CW et al (2015) Epoxy toughening with low graphene loading. Adv Funct Mater 25(4):575–58510.1002/adfm.201402553 ↗
30. Yang Z, Zheng Q, Qiu H, Li J, Yang J (2015) A simple method for the reduction of graphene oxide by sodium borohydride with CaCl2 as a catalyst. Carbon 30(1):41–4710.1016/S1872-5805(15)60174-3 ↗
31. He X, Tang T, Liu F, Tang N, Li X, Du Y (2015) Photochemical doping of graphene oxide thin film with nitrogen for photoconductivity enhancement. Carbon 94:1037–104310.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.089 ↗
32. Kumar P, Shahzad F, Yu S, Hong SM, Kim YH, Koo CM (2015) Large-area reduced graphene oxide thin film with excellent thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. Carbon 94:494–50010.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.032 ↗
33. Chiu HT, Hsiao YK (2006) Compatibilization of poly (ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene blends with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene-octene elastomer. J Polym Res 13(2):153–16010.1007/s10965-005-9020-z ↗
34. Morimune S, Kotera M, Nishino T, Goto T (2014) Uniaxial drawing of poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposites. Carbon 70:38–4510.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.055 ↗
35. Xiaoyan M, Guozheng L, Haijun L, Hailin L, Yun H (2005) Novel intercalated nanocomposites of polypropylene, organic rectorite, and poly (ethylene octene) elastomer: morphology and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 97(5):1907–191410.1002/app.21931 ↗
36. Mishra JK, Chang YW, Lee BC, Ryu SH (2008) Mechanical properties and heat shrinkability of electron beam crosslinked polyethylene-octene copolymer. Radiat Phys and Chem 77(5):675–67910.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.12.004 ↗
37. Remyamol T, John H, Gopinath P (2013) Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of reduced graphene oxide covalently functionalized with polyaniline. Carbon 59:308–31410.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.023 ↗
38. Wang A, Long L, Zhao W, Song Y, Humphrey MG, Cifuentes MP et al (2013) Increased optical nonlinearities of graphene nanohybrids covalently functionalized by axially-coordinated porphyrins. Carbon 53:327–33810.1016/j.carbon.2012.11.019 ↗
39. Hansen CM (1969) The universality of the solubility parameter. Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 8(1):2–1110.1021/i360029a002 ↗
40. Shaw MT (1974) Studies of polymer-polymer solubility using a two-dimensional solubility parameter approach. J Appl Polym Sci 18(2):449–47210.1002/app.1974.070180212 ↗
41. Haggenmueller R, Fischer JE, Winey KI (2006) Single wall carbon nanotube/polyethylene nanocomposites: nucleating and templating polyethylene crystallites. Macromolecules 39(8):2964–297110.1021/ma0527698 ↗
42. Risch BG, Wilkes GL, Warakomski JM (1993) Crystallization kinetics and morphological features of star-branched nylon-6: effect of branch-point functionality. Polymer 34(11):2330–234310.1016/0032-3861(93)90817-T ↗
43. Fornes TD, Paul DR (2003) Crystallization behavior of nylon 6 nanocomposites. Polymer 44(14):3945–396110.1016/S0032-3861(03)00344-6 ↗
44. Wang Y, Liu S, Zhang Q, Meng Q (2015) In situ polymerization to prepare graphene-toughened monomer cast nylon composites. J Mater Sci 50(19):6291–6301. doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9165-z10.1007/s10853-015-9165-z ↗
45. Abdal-hay A, Hamdy AS, Khalil KA (2015) Fabrication of durable high performance hybrid nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration using a novel, simple in situ deposition approach of polyvinyl alcohol on electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers. Mater Lett 147:25–2810.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.005 ↗
46. Giller CB, Chase DB, Rabolt JF, Snively CM (2010) Effect of solvent evaporation rate on the crystalline state of electrospun nylon 6. Polymer 51(18):4225–423010.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.057 ↗
47. Maiti SN (2015) Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of nanotalc reinforced PA6/SEBS-g-MA composites. J Appl Polym Sci 132(7):41381(1–10)