journal article·2019-02Open access

Understanding the influence of carbon addition on the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of Al alloy “covetics”

Jason A. Varnell, Mete Bakir, Angela M. DiAscro, Xinyi Chen, Sabrina Nilufar, Iwona Jasiuk, Andrew A. Gewirth

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 54· Issue 3

Abstract

The recent invention of a new processing method for metals and alloys involving the addition of carbon has led to several reports demonstrating an enhancement in the mechanical properties of the materials known as “covetics.” In this work the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of a 6061 aluminum–carbon covetic are investigated and explained. Covetic samples with carbon added were found to exhibit a corrosion potential 40–70 mV higher than samples processed without the addition of carbon. However, the corrosion current density of the covetic with carbon added relative to samples without carbon added was also increased. Surface characterization following the corrosion testing using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction revealed significant differences between the covetic with carbon added and the covetic parent material processed without carbon addition. After corrosion, the surface of the covetic with carbon added showed a alloying element rich surface morphology from the parent alloy and exhibited a smaller grain size than the material processed without carbon. Additionally, changes in the mechanical properties of the covetic were observed with both the hardness and the compressive strength of the covetic increasing as a result of carbon addition. The observed change in corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of the covetic with carbon added, along with the physical characterization, are consistent with the formation of a secondary phase in the alloy induced by carbon addition during the process used to make the covetic.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Advanced ceramic materials synthesis

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (54)

Show source-provided references
1. Smallman RE, Ngan AHW (2007) Physical metallurgy and advanced materials, 7th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
2. Natishan PM, O’Grady WE (2014) Chloride ion interactions with oxide-covered aluminum leading to pitting corrosion: a review. J Electrochem Soc 161:C421–C43210.1149/2.1011409jes ↗
3. Burleigh TD (2003) Corrosion of aluminum and its alloys. In: Handbook of aluminum, pp 421–46310.1201/9780203912607.ch11 ↗
4. Hauffe K (2010) Chlorine and chlorinated water. In: Bender R (ed) Corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 181–185
5. Rockel MB (2010) Sodium chloride. In: Bender R (ed) Corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 367–465
6. Drodten P (2010) Seawater. In: Bender R (ed) Corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 349–365
7. Twite RL, Bierwagen GP (1998) Review of alternatives to chromate for corrosion protection of aluminum aerospace alloys. Prog Org Coat 33:91–10010.1016/S0300-9440(98)00015-0 ↗
8. Liao J, Tan M-J (2011) Mixing of carbon nanotubes (CNTS) and aluminum powder for powder metallurgy use. Powder Technol 208:42–4810.1016/j.powtec.2010.12.001 ↗
9. Bartolucci SF, Paras J, Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Lee S, Kapoor D, Koratkar N (2011) Graphene–aluminum nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 528:7933–793710.1016/j.msea.2011.07.043 ↗
10. Bastwros M, Kim G-Y, Zhu C, Zhang K, Wang S, Tang X, Wang X (2014) Effect of ball milling on graphene reinforced Al6061 composite fabricated by semi-solid sintering. Compos B Eng 60:111–11810.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.043 ↗
11. Jeyasimman D, Sivaprasad K, Sivasankaran S, Narayanasamy R (2014) Fabrication and consolidation behavior of Al 6061 nanocomposite powders reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Powder Technol 258:189–19710.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.039 ↗
12. Zhao L, Lu H, Gao Z (2015) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/graphene composite produced by high-pressure torsion. Adv Eng Mater 17:976–98110.1002/adem.201400375 ↗
13. Jeon C-H, Jeong Y-H, Seo J-J, Tien HN, Hong S-T, Yum Y-J, Hur S-H, Lee K-J (2014) Material properties of graphene/aluminum metal matrix composites fabricated by friction stir processing. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 15:1235–123910.1007/s12541-014-0462-2 ↗
14. Laha T, Agarwal A, McKechnie T, Seal S (2004) Synthesis and characterization of plasma spray formed carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composite. Mater Sci Eng A 381:249–25810.1016/j.msea.2004.04.014 ↗
15. Laha T, Chen Y, Lahiri D, Agarwal A (2009) Tensile properties of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite fabricated by plasma spray forming. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 40:589–59410.1016/j.compositesa.2009.02.007 ↗
16. Qiu C, Metselaar R (1994) Solubility of carbon in liquid al and stability of Al4C3. J Alloys Compd 216:55–6010.1016/0925-8388(94)91042-1 ↗
17. Shugart JV, Scherer RC, Penn RL (2012) Aluminum–carbon compositions, U.S. Patent US20120244033 A1
18. Salamanca-Riba LG, Isaacs RA, LeMieux MC, Wan J, Gaskell K, Jiang Y, Wuttig M, Mansour AN, Rashkeev SN, Kuklja MM, Zavalij PY, Santiago JR, Hu L (2015) Synthetic crystals of silver with carbon: 3D epitaxy of carbon nanostructures in the silver lattice. Adv Funct Mater 25:4768–477710.1002/adfm.201501156 ↗
19. Bakir M, Jasiuk I (2017) Novel metal-carbon nanomaterials: a review on covetics. Adv Mater Lett 8:884–89010.5185/amlett.2017.1598 ↗
20. Forrest DR (2015) Approaches to high performance conductors, Next generation electric machines workshop, NIST, Gaithesburg
21. Forrest DR, Jasiuk I, Brown L, Joyce P, Mansour A, Salamanca-Riba L (2012) Novel metal-matrix composites with integrally-bound nanoscale carbon. In: Proceedings of Nanotech Conference and Expo, 2012, June 18–21, 2012. Santa Clara, CA, pp 560–56310.21236/ADA559436 ↗
22. Brown L, Joyce P, Forrest D, Wolk J (2011) Physical and mechanical characterization of a nano carbon infused aluminum-matrix composite. In: Proceedings of the SAMPE fall technical conference, Ft. Worth, TX
23. Nilufar S, Siddiqi S, Jasiuk I (2012) Multi-scale characterization of novel aluminum-carbon nanocomposites. In: Materials science and technology conference and exhibition 2012, MS&T, pp 701–707
24. Jasiuk I, Nilufar S, Salamanca-Riba L, Isaacs R, Siddiqi S (2013) Novel aluminum-carbon materials. In: Technical proceedings of the 2013 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, NSTI-nanotech, pp 27–30
25. Salamanca-Riba L, Isaacs R, Mansour AN, Hall A, Forrest DR, LeMieux MC, Shugart J (2012) A new type of carbon nanostructure formed within a metal-matrix. In: Proceedings of Nanotech Conference and Expo 2012, pp 278–281
26. Jaim HMI, Isaacs RA, Rashkeev SN, Kuklja M, Cole DP, LeMieux MC, Jasiuk I, Nilufar S, Salamanca-Riba LG (2016) Sp2 carbon embedded in Al-6061 and Al-7075 alloys in the form of crystalline graphene nanoribbons. Carbon 107:56–6610.1016/j.carbon.2016.05.053 ↗
27. Jaim HMI, Cole DP, Salamanca-Riba LG (2017) Characterization of carbon nanostructures in Al and Ag covetic alloys. Carbon 111:309–32110.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.007 ↗
28. Knych T, Kwaśniewski P, Kiesiewicz G, Mamala A, Kawecki A, Smyrak B (2014) Characterization of nanocarbon copper composites manufactured in metallurgical synthesis process. Metall Mater Trans B 45:1196–120310.1007/s11663-014-0046-7 ↗
29. Knych T, Kiesiewicz G, Kwasniewski P, Mamala A, Smyrak B, Kawecki A (2014) Fabrication and cold drawing of copper covetic nanostructured carbon composites/otrzymywanie oraz ciągnienia kompozytów miedzianych typu covetic o strukturze nanometrycznej. In: Archives of metallurgy and materials, pp 1283–128610.2478/amm-2014-0219 ↗
30. Isaacs RA, Zhu H, Preston C, Mansour A, LeMieux M, Zavalij PY, Jaim HMI, Rabin O, Hu L, Salamanca-Riba LG (2015) Nanocarbon-copper thin film as transparent electrode. Appl Phys Lett 106:19310810.1063/1.4921263 ↗
31. Lim D-H, Negreira AS, Wilcox J (2011) DFT studies on the interaction of defective graphene-supported Fe and Al nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 115:8961–897010.1021/jp2012914 ↗
32. Reed JC, Zhu H, Zhu AY, Li C, Cubukcu E (2012) Graphene-enabled silver nanoantenna sensors. Nano Lett 12:4090–409410.1021/nl301555t ↗
33. Subramaniam C, Yamada T, Kobashi K, Sekiguchi A, Futaba DN, Yumura M, Hata K (2013) One hundred fold increase in current carrying capacity in a carbon nanotube–copper composite. Nat Commun 4:220210.1038/ncomms3202 ↗
34. Jablonski PD (2015) Melt processing of covetic materials, U.S. DOE advanced manufacturing office program review meeting, Washington, DC
35. Tian J, Cao H, Wu W, Yu Q, Guisinger NP, Chen YP (2012) Graphene induced surface reconstruction of Cu. Nano Lett 12:3893–389910.1021/nl3002974 ↗
36. Isaacs RA, Jaim HMI, Cole DP, Gaskell K, Rabin O, Salamanca-Riba LG (2017) Synthesis and characterization of copper-nanocarbon films with enhanced stability. Carbon 122:336–34310.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.047 ↗
37. Wang Y, Jiao MG, Song W, Wu ZJ (2017) Doped fullerene as a metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction: a first-principles study. Carbon 114:393–40110.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.028 ↗
38. Cogan SF, Gayle FW, Klein JD, Cocks FH, Shepard ML (1978) Extraction and X-ray analysis of phases in aluminium alloys. J Mater Sci 13:2687–2691. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0055269910.1007/BF00552699 ↗
39. Li J, Dang J (2017) A summary of corrosion properties of Al-rich solid solution and secondary phase particles in Al alloys. Metals 7:8410.3390/met7030084 ↗
40. Burleigh TD, Rennick RC, Bovard FS (1993) Technical note: corrosion potential for aluminum alloys measured by ASTM G 69. Corrosion 49:683–68510.5006/1.3316100 ↗
41. ASTM International (2012) Standard test method for measurement of corrosion potentials of aluminum alloys
42. Frankel GS (2016) Fundamentals of corrosion kinetics. In: Hughes AE, Mol JMC, Zheludkevich ML, Buchheit RG (eds) Active protective coatings: new-generation coatings for metals. Springer, Netherlands, pp 17–3210.1007/978-94-017-7540-3_2 ↗
43. Stern M, Geary AL (1957) Electrochemical polarization: I. A theoretical analysis of the shape of polarization curves. J Electrochem Soc 104:56–6310.1149/1.2428496 ↗
44. ASTM International (2009) Standard test methods of compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature
45. Pourbaix M (1974) Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solutions, 2nd edn. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
46. Sergiienko R, Shibata E, Akase Z, Suwa H, Nakamura T, Shindo D (2006) Carbon encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles synthesized in ethanol by an electric plasma discharge in an ultrasonic cavitation field. Mater Chem Phys 98:34–3810.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.08.064 ↗
47. Sivasankaran S, Sivaprasad K, Narayanasamy R, Satyanarayana PV (2011) X-ray peak broadening analysis of AA 6061100−x − x wt% Al2O3 nanocomposite prepared by mechanical alloying. Mater Charact 62:661–67210.1016/j.matchar.2011.04.017 ↗
48. Kwon H, Leparoux M (2012) Hot extruded carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composite materials. Nanotechnology 23(41):41570110.1088/0957-4484/23/41/415701 ↗
49. Mueller R, Kammler HK, Wegner K, Pratsinis SE (2003) OH surface density of SiO2 and TiO2 by thermogravimetric analysis. Langmuir 19:160–16510.1021/la025785w ↗
50. Cai J, Liu R (2007) Research on water evaporation in the process of biomass pyrolysis. Energy Fuels 21:3695–369710.1021/ef700442n ↗
51. Scari ADS, Pockszevnicki BC, Landre J, Magalhaes PAA (2014) Stress–strain compression of AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy at room temperature. J Struct 2014:710.1155/2014/387680 ↗
52. Hansen N (2004) Hall–petch relation and boundary strengthening. Scr Mater 51:801–80610.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.06.002 ↗
53. Hatch JE, Association A, Metals AS (1984) Aluminum: properties and physical metallurgy. American Society for Metals, Russell Township
54. Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR (2007) Principles of instrumental analysis, 6th edn. Thomson, Belmont