Decoupling of water and oxygen diffusion phenomena in order to prove the occurrence of thermo-oxidation during hygrothermal aging of thermosetting resins for RTM composite applications
Source abstract
Abstract
A novel experimental/numerical method is set up in order to decouple water and oxygen diffusion phenomena and to prove the occurrence of thermo-oxidation during hygrothermal aging of thermosetting resins for RTM composite applications. The method consists of creating artificial environmental conditions under pure water, pure oxygen and a water/oxygen mixture and in following the mass uptake of polymer samples during aging. Global and local (ultra-microindentation) mechanical properties of samples are then measured during and after aging, for each environmental conditioning. By analyzing the gravimetric curves with the aid of diffusion–reaction models and the results of mechanical tests, it is shown that water and oxygen diffusion phenomena are coupled in a complex way and that diffusion/reaction phenomena between water and oxygen take place during hygrothermal aging.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Epoxy Resin Curing Processes · Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Polymer crystallization and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (34)
Show source-provided references
1. Fayolle B, Verdu J (2005) Vieillissement physique des matériaux polymères, Techniques de l’Ingénieur, COR10810.51257/a-v1-cor108 ↗
2. Bathias C (2009) Matériaux composites, technique et ingénierie—série Mécanique et Matériaux, vol 511, 2nd edn. Dunod, Paris
3. Adamson MJ (1980) Thermal-expansion and swelling of cured epoxy-resin used in graphite-epoxy composite-materials. J Mater Sci 15:1736–1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0055059310.1007/BF00550593 ↗
4. Bellenger V, Verdu J, Morel E (1989) Structure-properties relationships for densely cross-linked epoxide amine systems based on epoxide or amine mixtures. 2. Water-absorption and diffusion. J Mater Sci 24:63–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0066093310.1007/BF00660933 ↗
5. Defois JN (1995) Mecanismes d’interaction de l’eau avec a matrice de composites carbone-époxy. Etude par spectrometrie mécanique, Ph.D. thesis, École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d’Aérotechnique, p 149 (in French)
6. Mckague EL, Reynolds JD, Halkias JE (1978) Swelling and glass-transition relations for epoxy matrix material in humid environments. J Appl Polym Sci 22:1643–165410.1002/app.1978.070220615 ↗
7. Soles CL, Yee AF (2000) A discussion of the molecular mechanisms of moisture transport in epoxy resins. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 38:792–80210.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000301)38:5<792::AID-POLB16>3.0.CO;2-H ↗
8. Wong TC, Broutman LJ (1985) Water in epoxy-resins. 2. Diffusion mechanism. Polym Eng Sci 25:529–53410.1002/pen.760250904 ↗
9. El Yagoubi J, Lubineau G, Roger F, Verdu J (2012) A fully coupled diffusion-reaction scheme for moisture sorption–desorption in an anhydride-cured epoxy resin. Polymer 53:5582–559510.1016/j.polymer.2012.09.037 ↗
10. Merdas I, Thominette F, Tcharkhtchi A, Verdu J (2002) Factors governing water absorption by composite matrices. Compos Sci Technol 62:487–49210.1016/S0266-3538(01)00138-5 ↗
11. Zhou JM, Lucas JP (1999) Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part I: the nature of water in epoxy. Polymer 40:5505–551210.1016/S0032-3861(98)00790-3 ↗
12. Fick A (1995) On liquid diffusion (reprint). J Membr Sci 100:33–3810.1016/0376-7388(94)00230-V ↗
13. De’Nève B, Shanahan MER (1993) Water absorption by an epoxy resin and its effect on the mechanical properties and infra-red spectra. Polymer 34:5099–510510.1016/0032-3861(93)90254-8 ↗
14. Gates TS (2000) Durability assessment of polymeric composites for high speed civil transport. Recent Dev Durability Anal Compos Syst 387–392
15. Weitsman YJ (2000) Effects of fluids on polymeric composites—a review, comprehensive composite materials. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 369–40110.1016/B0-08-042993-9/00068-1 ↗
16. Le Gac PY, Roux G, Davies P, Fayolle B, Verdu J (2014) Water clustering in polychloroprene. Polymer 55:2861–286610.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.024 ↗
17. El Yagoubi J, Lubineau G, Saghir S, Verdu J, Askari A (2014) Thermomechanical and hygroelastic properties of an epoxy system under humid and cold-warm cycling conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 99:146–15510.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.011 ↗
18. Quino G, El Yagoubi J, Lubineau G (2014) Characterizing the toughness of an epoxy resin after wet aging using compact tension specimens with non-uniform moisture content. Polym Degrad Stab 109:319–32610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.005 ↗
19. Simar A, Gigliotti M, Grandidier JC, Ammar-Khodja I (2014) Evidence of thermo-oxidation phenomena occurring during hygrothermal aging of thermosetting resins for RTM composite applications. Compos A 66:175–18210.1016/j.compositesa.2014.07.007 ↗
20. Hexcel Corporation (2010) HexFlow® RTM6-2. 180°C epoxy system for resin transfer moulding and infusion technologies, product data
21. Olivier L (2008) Prévision du vieillissement thermo-oxydant de composites à matrice organique dédiés à l’aéronautique: prise en compte des couplages multiphysiques, Ph.D. thesis, École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d’Aérotechnique, p 225 (in French)
22. Tcharkhtchi A, Bronnec PY, Verdu J (2000) Water absorption characteristics of diglycidylether of butane diol-3,5-diethyl-2,4-diaminotoluene networks. Polymer 41:5777–578510.1016/S0032-3861(99)00801-0 ↗
23. Chocinski-Arnault L, Olivier L, Lafarie-Frenot MC (2009) Effects of thermal oxidation on an epoxy-amine thermoset studied by mechanical spectroscopy. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process 521–522:287–29010.1016/j.msea.2008.09.083 ↗
24. Lafarie-Frenot MC, Grandidier JC, Gigliotti M, Olivier L, Colin X, Verdu J, Cinquin J (2010) Thermo-oxidation behaviour of composite materials at high temperatures: a review of research activities carried out within the COMEDI program. Polym Degrad Stab 95:965–97410.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.019 ↗
25. Terekhina S, Mille M, Fayolle B, Colin X (2013) Oxidation induced changes in viscoelastic properties of a thermostable epoxy matrix. Polym Sci Ser A 55:614–62410.1134/S0965545X13090058 ↗
26. El Yagoubi J, Lubineau G, Traidia A, Verdu J (2015) Monitoring and simulations of hydrolysis in epoxy matrix composites during hygrothermal aging. Compos A 68:184–19210.1016/j.compositesa.2014.10.002 ↗
27. Thominette F, Gaudichet-Maurin E, Verdu J (2006) Effect of structure on water diffusion in hydrophilic polymers. Diffus Solids Liq Mass Diffus 258–260:442–446
28. Valancon C, Roy A, Grandidier JC (2006) Modelling of coupling between mechanics and water diffusion in bonded assemblies. Oil Gas Sci Technol 61:759–76410.2516/ogst:2006014 ↗
29. Colin X, Verdu J (2005) Strategy for studying thermal oxidation of organic matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 65:411–41910.1016/j.compscitech.2004.09.011 ↗
30. Pochiraju KV, Tandon GP, Schoeppner GA (2012) Long-term durability of polymeric matrix composites. Springer, New York10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3 ↗
31. Tandon GP, Pochiraju KV, Schoeppner GA (2008) Thermo-oxidative behavior of high-temperature PMR-15 resin and composites. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process 498:150–16110.1016/j.msea.2007.09.103 ↗
32. Grandidier JC, Olivier L, Lafarie-Frenot MC, Gigliotti M (2015) Modeling the pressure dependent solubility in a thermoset resin for simulating pressure accelerated thermo-oxidation tests. Mech Mater 84:44–5410.1016/j.mechmat.2014.09.008 ↗
33. Minervino M, Gigliotti M, Lafarie-Frenot MC, Grandidier JC (2013) The effect of thermo-oxidation on the mechanical behaviour of polymer epoxy materials. Polym Testing 32:1020–102810.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.05.009 ↗
34. Gigliotti M, Minervino M, Lafarie-Frenot MC (2016) Thermo-oxidative induced shrinkage in organic matrix composites for high temperature applications: effect of fibre arrangement and oxygen pressure. Compos Struct 146:176–18610.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.007 ↗