DataVXJournal of Materials SciencePaper
journal article·2023-06Open access

Room temperature manufacture of dense NaSICON solid electrolyte films for all-solid-state-sodium batteries

Mutlucan Sozak, Tobias Nazarenus, Jörg Exner, Jaroslaw Kita, Ralf Moos

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 58· Issue 24
Publisher pageOpen full text
Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract Sodium (Na) Super-Ionic CONductor (NaSICON) solid electrolyte (SE) powders (Na3Zr2Si2PO4) were prepared by the mixed oxide technique using a planetary ball mill and synthesized via solid-state method at temperatures ranging from 950 to 1200 °C. The powders with 95% pure NaSICON phase were deposited on different substrates via Powder Aerosol Deposition (PAD) at room temperature directly from the powders and fully dense ceramic films were obtained. X-ray diffractometry including Rietveld refinement were carried out on both the calcined powders and the resulting films to determine the crystallographic properties. Subsequently, the electrical properties of the resulting films were characterized and the effect of annealing at temperatures between 100 and 600 °C on the ionic conductivity of NaSICON PAD films was evaluated. Annealed films were measured in the temperature range 50 and 250 °C to calculate the activation energy Ea of the PAD films. Our work demonstrates a successful room temperature deposition of dense NaSICON electrolyte films on different substrates, which is promising for stationary energy storage applications of solid-state-sodium batteries.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

Energy storageCeramics & glassesMaterials processing

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Advancements in Battery Materials · Thermal Expansion and Ionic Conductivity

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (66)

Show source-provided references
1. Janek J, Zeier WG (2016) A solid future for battery development. Nat Energy. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.14110.1038/nenergy.2016.141 ↗
2. Abraham KM (2015) Prospects and limits of energy storage in batteries. J Phys Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz502627310.1021/jz5026273 ↗
3. Abraham KM (2020) How comparable are sodium-ion batteries to lithium-ion counterparts? ACS Energy Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c0218110.1021/acsenergylett.0c02181 ↗
4. Kim J-J, Yoon K, Park I, Kang K (2017) Progress in the development of sodium-ion solid electrolytes. Small Methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.20170021910.1002/smtd.201700219 ↗
5. Hong H-P (1976) Crystal structures and crystal chemistry in the system Na1+xZr2SixP3−xO12. Mater Res Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(76)90073-810.1016/0025-5408(76)90073-8 ↗
6. Lalère F, Leriche JB, Courty M, Boulineau S, Viallet V, Masquelier C, Seznec V (2014) An all-solid state NASICON sodium battery operating at 200 °C. J Power Sources. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.05110.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.051 ↗
7. Akedo J (2006) Aerosol deposition of ceramic thick films at room temperature: densification mechanism of ceramic layers. J Am Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01030.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01030.x ↗
8. Fan S-Q, Yang G-J, Li C-J, Liu G-J, Li C-X, Zhang L-Z (2006) Characterization of microstructure of Nano-TiO2 coating deposited by vacuum cold spraying. J Therm Spray Tech. https://doi.org/10.1361/105996306X14690110.1361/105996306X146901 ↗
9. Kwon J, Park H, Lee I, Lee C (2014) Effect of gas flow rate on deposition behavior of Fe-based amorphous alloys in vacuum kinetic spray process. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.10.02610.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.10.026 ↗
10. Akedo J (2008) Room temperature impact consolidation (RTIC) of fine ceramic powder by aerosol deposition method and applications to microdevices. J Therm Spray Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9163-710.1007/s11666-008-9163-7 ↗
11. Kwon O-Y, Lee D-W, Oh J-M, Cai J, Kim B-S (2018) Characterization of broadband dielectric properties of aerosol-deposited Al2O3 thick films. J Ceram Process Res 19(4):290–295
12. Park Y, Park D-S, Johnson SD, Yoon W-H, Hahn B-D, Choi J-J, Ryu J, Kim J-W, Park C (2017) Effect of gas flow rates and nozzle throat width on deposition of α-alumina films of granule spray in vacuum. J Eur Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.02.02110.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.02.021 ↗
13. Schubert M, Exner J, Moos R (2014) Influence of carrier gas composition on the stress of Al2O3 coatings prepared by the aerosol deposition method. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma708563310.3390/ma7085633 ↗
14. Taira Y, Hatono H, Mizukane M, Tokita M, Atsuta M (2006) Effect of ceramic coating by aerosol deposition on abrasion resistance of a resin composite material. Dent Mater J 25(4):700–70510.4012/dmj.25.700 ↗
15. Choi J-J, Choi J-H, Ryu J, Hahn B-D, Kim J-W, Ahn C-W, Yoon W-H, Park D-S (2012) Microstructural evolution of YSZ electrolyte aerosol-deposited on porous NiO-YSZ. J Eur Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.04.02410.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.04.024 ↗
16. Choi J-J, Oh S-H, Noh H-S, Kim H-R, Son J-W, Park D-S, Choi J-H, Ryu J, Hahn B-D, Yoon W-H, Lee H-W (2011) Low temperature fabrication of nano-structured porous LSM–YSZ composite cathode film by aerosol deposition. J Alloys Compd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.16910.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.169 ↗
17. Ryu HS, Lim TS, Ryu J, Hong S-H (2012) Corrosion protection performance of YSZ Coating on AA7075 aluminum alloy prepared by aerosol deposition. J Electrochem Soc. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.038302jes10.1149/2.038302jes ↗
18. Exner J, Kita J, Moos R (2019) In- and through-plane conductivity of 8YSZ films produced at room temperature by aerosol deposition. J Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03844-710.1007/s10853-019-03844-7 ↗
19. Bredikhin SI, Agarkov DA, Agarkova E, Burmistrov I, Cherkasov A, Pukha V, Yalovenko D, Lyskov N (2019) Aerosol deposition as a promising technique to fabricating a thin-film solid electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells. ECS Trans. https://doi.org/10.1149/09101.0403ecst10.1149/09101.0403ecst ↗
20. Fuchita E, Tokizaki E, Ozawa E, Sakka Y (2010) Formation of zirconia films by aerosol gas deposition method using zirconia powder produced by break-down method. J Ceram Soc Jpn. https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.118.94810.2109/jcersj2.118.948 ↗
21. Hanft D, Exner J, Moos R (2017) Thick-films of garnet-type lithium ion conductor prepared by the Aerosol Deposition Method: the role of morphology and annealing treatment on the ionic conductivity. J Power Sources. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.06110.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.061 ↗
22. Nazarenus T, Sun Y, Exner J, Kita J, Moos R (2021) Powder aerosol deposition as a method to produce garnet-type solid ceramic electrolytes: a study on electrochemical film properties and industrial applications. Energy Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.20210021110.1002/ente.202100211 ↗
23. Inada R, Okada T, Bando A, Tojo T, Sakurai Y (2017) Properties of garnet-type Li6La3ZrTaO12 solid electrolyte films fabricated by aerosol deposition method. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.06.00210.1016/j.pnsc.2017.06.002 ↗
24. Inada R, Ishida K, Tojo M, Okada T, Tojo T, Sakurai Y (2015) Properties of aerosol deposited NASICON-type Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte thin films. Ceram Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.05.06210.1016/j.ceramint.2015.05.062 ↗
25. Kato T, Iwasaki S, Ishii Y, Motoyama M, West WC, Yamamoto Y, Iriyama Y (2016) Preparation of thick-film electrode-solid electrolyte composites on Li7La3Zr2O12 and their electrochemical properties. J Power Sources. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.10110.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.101 ↗
26. Hanft D, Bektas M, Moos R (2018) Powder pre-treatment for aerosol deposition of tin dioxide coatings for gas sensors. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1108134210.3390/ma11081342 ↗
27. Bektas M, Hanft D, Schönauer-Kamin D, Stöcker T, Hagen G, Moos R (2014) Aerosol-deposited BaFe0.7Ta0.3O3-δ for nitrogen monoxide and temperature-independent oxygen sensing. J Sens Sens Syst. https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-223-201410.5194/jsss-3-223-2014 ↗
28. Yang S, Kim H, Pawar RC, Ahn S-H, Lee CS (2015) Dielectric characteristics of a barium titanate film deposited by Nano Particle Deposition System (NPDS). Int J Precis Eng Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-015-0133-y10.1007/s12541-015-0133-y ↗
29. Khansur NH, Eckstein U, Benker L, Deisinger U, Merle B, Webber KG (2018) Room temperature deposition of functional ceramic films on low-cost metal substrate. Ceram Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.06.02710.1016/j.ceramint.2018.06.027 ↗
30. Kim E-S, Liang J-G, Wang C, Cho M-Y, Oh J-M, Kim N-Y (2019) Inter-digital capacitors with aerosol-deposited high-K dielectric layer for highest capacitance value in capacitive super-sensing applications. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37416-710.1038/s41598-018-37416-7 ↗
31. Popovici D, Tsuda H, Akedo J (2009) Postdeposition annealing effect on (Ba0.6,Sr0.4)TiO3 thick films deposited by aerosol deposition method. J Appl Phys. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.308619710.1063/1.3086197 ↗
32. Imanaka Y, Akedo J (2010) Embedded capacitor technology using aerosol deposition. Int J Appl Ceram Technol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02359.x10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02359.x ↗
33. Sam Oh JA, Sun Q, Tian C, Song X, Chua B, Zeng K, Lu L (2022) Aerosol deposited freestanding Na3V2(PO4)3 thin film micro battery. Mater Today Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2022.10100610.1016/j.mtener.2022.101006 ↗
34. Hanft D, Exner J, Schubert M, Stöcker T, Fuierer P, Moos R (2015) An overview of the aerosol deposition method: process fundamentals and new trends in materials applications. J Ceram Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2015-0001810.4416/JCST2015-00018 ↗
35. Schönauer D, Moos R (2010) Detection of water droplets on exhaust gas sensors. Sens Actuators B Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.05.06010.1016/j.snb.2010.05.060 ↗
36. Exner J, Fuierer P, Moos R (2014) Aerosol deposition of (Cu,Ti) substituted bismuth vanadate films. Thin Solid Films. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.11.03710.1016/j.tsf.2014.11.037 ↗
37. Shu JH, Wikle HC, Chin BA (2010) Passive chemiresistor sensor based on iron (II) phthalocyanine thin films for monitoring of nitrogen dioxide. Sens Actuators B. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.05.01710.1016/j.snb.2010.05.017 ↗
38. Naqash S, Tietz F, Yazhenskikh E, Müller M, Guillon O (2019) Impact of sodium excess on electrical conductivity of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 + x Na2O ceramics. Solid State Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.03.01710.1016/j.ssi.2019.03.017 ↗
39. Narayanan S, Reid S, Butler S, Thangadurai V (2019) Sintering temperature, excess sodium, and phosphorous dependencies on morphology and ionic conductivity of NASICON Na3Zr2Si2PO12. Solid State Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2018.12.00310.1016/j.ssi.2018.12.003 ↗
40. Exner J, Hahn M, Schubert M, Hanft D, Fuierer P, Moos R (2015) Powder requirements for aerosol deposition of alumina films. Adv Powder Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2015.05.01610.1016/j.apt.2015.05.016 ↗
41. Chun D-M, Ahn S-H (2011) Deposition mechanism of dry sprayed ceramic particles at room temperature using a nano-particle deposition system. Acta Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.01.00710.1016/j.actamat.2011.01.007 ↗
42. Lee D-W, Kim H-J, Kim Y-H, Yun Y-H, Nam S-M (2011) Growth process of α-Al2O3 ceramic films on metal substrates fabricated at room temperature by aerosol deposition. J Am Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04493.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04493.x ↗
43. Exner J, Nazarenus T, Hanft D, Kita J, Moos R (2020) What happens during thermal post-treatment of powder aerosol deposited functional ceramic films? explanations based on an experiment-enhanced literature survey. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20190810410.1002/adma.201908104 ↗
44. Exner J, Schubert M, Hanft D, Kita J, Moos R (2019) How to treat powders for the room temperature aerosol deposition method to avoid porous, low strength ceramic films. J Eur Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.08.00810.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.08.008 ↗
45. Exner J, Nazarenus T, Kita J, Moos R (2020) Dense Y-doped ion conducting perovskite films of BaZrO3, BaSnO3, and BaCeO3 for SOFC applications produced by powder aerosol deposition at room temperature. Int J Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.16410.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.164 ↗
46. Murugan R, Thangadurai V, Weppner W (2007) Fast lithium ion conduction in garnet-type Li(7)La(3)Zr(2)O(12). Angew Chem (International ed. in English). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20070114410.1002/anie.200701144 ↗
47. Bohnke O, Ronchetti S, Mazza D (1999) Conductivity measurements on Nasicon and Nasicon-modified materials. Solid State Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00062-410.1016/S0167-2738(99)00062-4 ↗
48. Kim C-J, Chung J-K, Lim S-K, Rhee M-H (1996) Synthesis of solid electrolyte Nasicon by solid state reaction. Korean J Ceram 2(1):25–32
49. Grady ZM, Tsuji K, Ndayishimiye A, Hwan-Seo J, Randall CA (2020) Densification of a solid-state NASICON sodium-ion electrolyte below 400 °C by cold sintering with a fused hydroxide solvent. ACS Appl Energy Mater. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c0004710.1021/acsaem.0c00047 ↗
50. Lunghammer S, Ma Q, Rettenwander D, Hanzu I, Tietz F, Wilkening H (2018) Bulk and grain-boundary ionic conductivity in sodium zirconophosphosilicate Na3Zr2(SiO4)2PO4 (NASICON). Chem Phys Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.04.03710.1016/j.cplett.2018.04.037 ↗
51. Goodenough JB, Hong H-P, Kafalas JA (1976) Fast Na+-ion transport in skeleton structures. Mater Res Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(76)90077-510.1016/0025-5408(76)90077-5 ↗
52. Bukun NG (1996) Superionic transitions in NASICON-type solid electrolytes. Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0237587010.1007/BF02375870 ↗
53. Guin M, Tietz F (2015) Survey of the transport properties of sodium superionic conductor materials for use in sodium batteries. J Power Sources. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.13710.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.137 ↗
54. Park H, Jung K, Nezafati M, Kim C-S, Kang B (2016) Sodium ion diffusion in Nasicon (Na3Zr2Si2PO12) solid electrolytes: effects of excess sodium. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b0999210.1021/acsami.6b09992 ↗
55. McEntire BJ, Bartlett RA, Miller GR, Gordon RS (1983) Effect of decomposition on the densification and properties of Nasicon ceramic electrolytes. J Am Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1983.tb10541.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.1983.tb10541.x ↗
56. Nicholas VA, Heyns AM, Kingon AI, Clark JB (1986) Reactions in the formation of Na3Zr2Si2PO12. J Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0054793510.1007/BF00547935 ↗
57. Exner J, Pöpke H, Fuchs F-M, Kita J, Moos R (2018) Annealing of Gadolinium-Doped Ceria (GDC) films produced by the aerosol deposition method. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1111207210.3390/ma11112072 ↗
58. Khan A, Ahn C-W, Ryu J, Yoon W-H, Hahn B-D, Choi J-J, Kim J-W, Park D-S (2014) Effect of annealing on properties of lithium aluminum germanium phosphate electrolyte thick films prepared by aerosol deposition. Met Mater Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-014-1018-910.1007/s12540-014-1018-9 ↗
59. Exner J, Schubert M, Hanft D, Stöcker T, Fuierer P, Moos R (2016) Tuning of the electrical conductivity of Sr(Ti, Fe)O3 oxygen sensing films by aerosol co-deposition with Al2O3. Sens Actuators, B Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.03310.1016/j.snb.2016.02.033 ↗
60. Murat Bektas—BaFe(1-x)-0.01Al0.01TaxO3-δ: A material for temperature independent resistive and thermoelectric oxygen sensors (2022). https://www.shaker.de/de/content/catalogue/index.asp?lang=de&ID=8&ISBN=978-3-8440-7459-8. Accessed 12 May 2022
61. Ryu J, Park D-S, Schmidt R (2011) In-plane impedance spectroscopy in aerosol deposited NiMn2O4 negative temperature coefficient thermistor films. J Appl Phys. https://doi.org/10.1063/1:359230010.1063/1:3592300 ↗
62. Schubert M, Münch C, Schuurman S, Poulain V, Kita J, Moos R (2018) Characterization of nickel manganite NTC thermistor films prepared by aerosol deposition at room temperature. J Eur Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.09.00510.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.09.005 ↗
63. Ruan Y, Song S, Liu J, Liu P, Cheng B, Song X, Battaglia V (2017) Improved structural stability and ionic conductivity of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolyte by rare earth metal substitutions. Ceram Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.09510.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.095 ↗
64. Fuentes R (2001) Influence of microstructure on the electrical properties of NASICON materials. Solid State Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00701-910.1016/S0167-2738(01)00701-9 ↗
65. Chen D, Luo F, Zhou W, Zhu D (2018) Influence of Nb5+, Ti4+, Y3+ and Zn2+ doped Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolyte on its conductivity. J Alloy Compd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.11610.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.116 ↗
66. Khakpour Z (2016) Influence of M: Ce4+, Gd3+ and Yb3+ substituted Na3+xZr2-xMxSi2PO12 solid NASICON electrolytes on sintering, microstructure and conductivity. Electrochim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.19910.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.199 ↗