Preparation and characterization of photocatalytic TiO2 films on functionalized stainless steel
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, TiO2 was synthesized using controlled hydrolysis of TiCl4, followed by dialysis. We produced a transparent emulsion that was later dried into TiO2 powder. TiO2 photocatalyst films were deposited applying the technique of pulsed electrophoretic deposition, which decreased bubble formation caused by direct current. The substrates were bare stainless steel (SS) and stainless steel pre-functionalized in a conversion bath. Film surface morphology, crystallinity, elemental composition, and wettability were determined using XRD, SEM–EDAX, and contact angle measurements. The mechanical properties were determined by nano-indentation test. The adhesion was investigated using scratch test. The obtained results showed that the TiO2 film over a conversion layer had better adhesion and mechanical properties than TiO2 over bare SS. The optical characteristics of TiO2 films were tested using PL measurement. The photocatalytic decolourization of the amido black-10B dye was studied over TiO2 coating under UV and visible light irradiation. TiO2 film over a conversion layer without heat treatment exhibited the best photocatalytic activity as a result of its crystalline size and three-phase structure as well as the synergetic effect of TiO2 and Fe2O3.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Electrophoretic Deposition in Materials Science · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (93)
Show source-provided references
1. Zangeneh H, Zinatizadeh AAL, Habibi M, Akia M, Hasnain IM (2015) Photocatalytic oxidation of organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater using different modified titanium dioxides: a comparative review. J Ind Eng Chem 26:1–3610.1016/j.jiec.2014.10.043 ↗
2. Grätzel M (2001) Review article: photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 414:338–34410.1038/35104607 ↗
3. Fox MA, Dulay MT (1993) Heterogeneous photocatalysis. Chem Rev 93:341–35710.1021/cr00017a016 ↗
4. Wang R, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A, Chikuni M, Kojima E, Kitamura A, Shimohigoshi TM (1997) Watanabe light-induced amphiphilic surfaces. Nature 388:431–43210.1038/41233 ↗
5. Kamat PV (1993) Photochemistry on nonreactive and reactive (semiconductor) surfaces. Chem Rev 93:267–30010.1021/cr00017a013 ↗
6. Ismail M, Bousselmi L (2010) Effect of adsorption on the photocatalysis performance of anthraquinone dye. Water Sci Technol 61:2539–254810.2166/wst.2010.199 ↗
7. Bousselmi L, Geissen SU, Schroeder H (2004) Textile wastewater treatment and reuse by solar catalysis: results from a pilot plant in Tunisia. Water Sci Technol 49:331–33710.2166/wst.2004.0298 ↗
8. Wang XT, Wei QY, Zhang L, Sun HF, Li H, Zhang QX (2016) CdTe/TiO2 nanocomposite material for photogenerated cathodic protection of 304 stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng, B 208:22–2810.1016/j.mseb.2016.02.006 ↗
9. Zhang L, Wang XT, Liu FG, Sun HF, Li H, Wei QY, Hou BR (2015) Photogenerated cathodic protection of 304ss by ZnSe/TiO2 NTs under visible light. Mater Lett 143:116–11910.1016/j.matlet.2014.12.047 ↗
10. Tomaszek R, Pawlowski L, Gengembre L, Laureyns J, Znamirowski Z, Zdanowski J (2006) Microstructural characterization of plasma sprayed TiO2 functional coating with gradient of crystal grain size. Surf Coat Technol 201:45–5610.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.10.033 ↗
11. Shi P, Ng WF, Wong MH, Cheng FT (2009) Improvement of corrosion resistance of pure magnesium in Hanks’ solution by microarc oxidation with sol–gel TiO2 sealing. J Alloy Compd 469:286–29210.1016/j.jallcom.2008.01.102 ↗
12. Santillan MJ, Quaranta N, Boccaccini AR (2010) Titania and titania–silver nanocomposite coatings grown by electrophoretic deposition from aqueous suspensions. Surf Coat Technol 205:2562–257110.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.10.001 ↗
13. Sun Y, Zhitomirsky I (2012) Electrophoretic deposition of titanium dioxide using organic acids as charging additives. Mater Lett 73:190–19310.1016/j.matlet.2012.01.037 ↗
14. Tang F, Uchikoshi T, Ozawa K, Sakka Y (2006) Effect of polyethylenimine on the dispersion and electrophoretic deposition of nano-sized titania aqueous suspensions. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:1555–156010.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.03.240 ↗
15. Besra L, Uchikoshi T, Suzuki TS, Sakka Y (2008) Bubble-free aqueous electrophoretic deposition (EPD) by pulse-potential application. J Am Ceram Soc 91:315410.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02591.x ↗
16. Laamari M, Ben Youssef A, Bousselmi L (2016) TiO2 photoanodes developed by cathodic electrophoretic deposition in aqueous media: effect of the applied voltage. J Adv Oxid Technol 19:165–170
17. Laamari M, Ben Youssef A, Bousselmi L (2016) TiO2 electrophoretic deposition of titanium dioxide films on cooper in aqueous media. Water Sci Technol 74(2):424–43010.2166/wst.2016.197 ↗
18. Besra L, Liu M (2007) A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Prog Mater Sci 52:1–6110.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.07.001 ↗
19. Wang S, Huang B (2008) Field emission properties of Ag/SiO2/carbon nanotube films by pulsed voltage co-electrophoretic deposition. Thin Solid Film 517:1245–125010.1016/j.tsf.2008.05.004 ↗
20. Naim MN, Kuwata M, Kamiya H, Lenggoro IW (2009) Deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles in surfactant-containing aqueous suspension by a pulsed DC charging-mode electrophoresis. J Ceram Soc Jpn 117:127–13210.2109/jcersj2.117.127 ↗
21. Naim MN, Kuwata M, Kamiya H, Lenggoro IW (2010) Electrophoretic packing structure from aqueous nanoparticle suspension in pulse DC charging. Colloids Surf A 360:13–1910.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.01.057 ↗
22. Santillán MJ, Membrives F, Quaranta N, Boccaccini AR (2008) Characterization of TiO2 nanoparticle suspensions for electrophoretic deposition. J Nanopart Res 10:78710.1007/s11051-007-9313-8 ↗
23. Lin CK, Yang TJ, Feng YC, Tsung TT, Su CY (2006) Characterization of elecrophoretically deposited nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films. Surf Coat Technol 200:318410.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.07.040 ↗
24. Dor S, Rühle S, Ofir S, Adler M, Grinis L, Zaban A (2009) The influence of suspension composition and deposition mode on the electrophoretic deposition of TiO2 nanoparticle agglomerates. Colloids Surf A 342(1–3):7010.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.04.009 ↗
25. Tan W, Yin X, Zhou X, Zhang J, Xiao X, Lin Y (2009) Electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystalline TiO2 films on Ti substrates for use in flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Chem Acta 54(19):4467–447210.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.037 ↗
26. Lebrette S, Pagnoux C, Abélard P (2004) Stability of aqueous TiO2 suspensions: influence of ethanol. J Colloid Interface Sci 280:40010.1016/j.jcis.2004.07.033 ↗
27. Lebrette S, Pagnoux C, Abélard P (2006) Fabrication of titania dense layers by electrophoretic deposition in aqueous media. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:272710.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.05.009 ↗
28. Hanaor D, Michelazzi M, Veronesi P, Leonelli C, Romagnoli M, Sorrell C (2011) Anodic aqueous electrophoretic deposition of titanium dioxide using carboxylic acids as dispersing agents. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:1041–104710.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.12.017 ↗
29. Shan CX, Hou X, Choy KL (2008) Corrosion resistance of TiO2 films grown on stainless steel by atomic layer deposition. Surf Coat Technol 202:2399–240210.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.066 ↗
30. Krishna DSR, Sun Y, Chena Z (2011) Magnetron sputtered TiO2 films on a stainless steel substrate: Selective rutile phase formation and its tribological and anti-corrosion performance. Thin Solid Films 519:4860–486410.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.042 ↗
31. Ribeiro R, Sousa M, Araújo FO, Costa JAP, Nishimoto A, Viana BC, Jr, Alves C (2016) Deposition of TiO2 film on duplex stainless steel substrate using the cathodic cage plasma technique. Mater Res 19:1207–121210.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0532 ↗
32. Foruzanmehr M, Hosainalipour SM, Tehrani SM, Aghaeipour M (2014) Nano-structure TiO2 film coating on 316L stainless steel via sol-gel technique for blood compatibility Improvement. Nanomed J 1:128–136
33. Nurhayati E, Yang H, Chen C, Liu C, Juang Y, Huang C, Hu C (2016) Electro-photocatalytic fenton decolorization of orange G using mesoporous TiO2/stainless steel mesh photo-electrode prepared by the sol-gel dip-coating method. Int J Electrochem Sci 11:3615–363210.20964/110346 ↗
34. Bamoulid L, Maurette MT, De Caro D, Beb Bachir A, Aries L, El Hajjaji S, Benoît-Marquié F, Ansart F (2008) An efficient protection of stainless steel against corrosion: combination of a conversion layer and titanium dioxide deposit. J Surf Coat Technol 202:520–502610.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.05.011 ↗
35. You X, Chen F, Zhang J (2005) Effects of calcination on the physical and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 powders prepared by sol-gel template method. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 34:181–18710.1007/s10971-005-1358-5 ↗
36. Moser J, Gratzel M (1982) Photochemistry with colloidal semiconductors. Laser studies of halide oxidation in colloidal dispersions of TiO2 and α-Fe2O3. Helv Chim Acta 65:1436–144410.1002/hlca.19820650517 ↗
37. Moser J, Gratzel M (1983) Light-induced electron transfer in colloidal semiconductor dispersions: single vs. dielectronic reduction of acceptors by conduction-band electrons. J Am Chem Soc 105:6547–655510.1021/ja00360a003 ↗
38. Cordero-Arias L, Cabanas-Polo S, Gilabert J, Goudouri OM, Sanchez E, Virtanen S, Boccaccini AR (2014) Electrophoretic deposition of nanostructured TiO2/alginate and TiO2-bioactive glass/alginate composite coatings on stainless steel. Adv Appl Ceram 113:42–4910.1179/1743676113Y.0000000096 ↗
39. Bakardjieva S, Stengl V, Szatmary L, Subrt J, Lukac J, Murafa N, Niznansky D, Cizek K, Jirkovsky J, Petrova N (2006) Transformation of brookite-type TiO2 nanocrystals to rutile: correlation between microstructure and photoactivity. J Mater Chem 16:1709–171610.1039/b514632a ↗
40. Ipaz L, Caicedo JC, Esteve J, Espinoza-Beltran FJ, Zambrano G (2012) Improvement of mechanical and tribological properties in steel surfaces by using titanium–aluminium/20 titanium–aluminium nitride multilayered system. Appl Surf Sci 258:3805–381410.1016/j.apsusc.2011.12.033 ↗
41. Maleki SA, Mirzaeia M, Azimia A (2015) COD reduction by TiO2/graphene photocatalytic treatment of ethylene dichloride in wastewater. Desalin Water Treat 57:13207–1321210.1080/19443994.2015.1056840 ↗
42. Hsu HC, Cheng CS, Chang CC, Yang S, Chang CS, Hsieh WF (2005) Orientation-enhanced growth and optical properties of ZnO nanowires grown on porous silicon substrates. Nanotechnology 16:297–30110.1088/0957-4484/16/2/021 ↗
43. Boukhachem A, Ouni B, Karyaoui M, Madani A, Chtourou R, Amlouk M (2012) Structural, opto-thermal and electrical properties of ZnO: Mo sprayed thin films. Mater Sci Semicond Process 15:282–29210.1016/j.mssp.2012.02.014 ↗
44. Zhang H, Banfield JF (2000) Understanding polymorphic phase transformation behavior during growth of nanocrystalline aggregates: insights from TiO2. J Phys Chem B 104:3481–348710.1021/jp000499j ↗
45. Li W, Ni C, Lin H, Huang CP, Ismat Shah S (2004) Size dependence of thermal stability of TiO2 nanoparticles. J Appl Phys 96:666310.1063/1.1807520 ↗
46. Zhang WF, He YL, Zhang MS, Yin Z, Chen Q (2000) Raman scattering study on anatase TiO2 nanocrystals. J Phys D Appl Phys 33:91210.1088/0022-3727/33/8/305 ↗
47. Zhang J, Li M, Feng Z, Chen J, Li C (2006) UV raman spectroscopic study on TiO2. I. Phase transformation at the surface and in the bulk. J Phys Chem 110:92710.1021/jp0552473 ↗
48. Wang L, Egerton T (2012) The effect of transition metal on the optical properties and photoactivity of nano-particulate titanium dioxide. J Mater Science Res 1:19–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v1n4p1910.5539/jmsr.v1n4p19 ↗
49. Ould-Chikh S, Proux O, Afanasiev P, Khrouz L, Hedhili MN, Anjum DH, Harb M, Geantet C, Basset JM, Puzenat E (2014) Photocatalysis with chromium-doped TiO2: bulk and surface doping. Chemsuschem 7:1361–137110.1002/cssc.201300922 ↗
50. Zhu J, Chen F, Zhang J, Chen H, Anpo M (2006) Fe3+–TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by combining sol–gel method with hydrothermal treatment and their characterization. J Photochem Photobiol, A 18:196–20410.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.10.017 ↗
51. Zhu J, Zheng W, He B, Zhang J, Anpo M (2004) Characterization of Fe–TiO2 photocatalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method and their photocatalytic reactivity for photodegradation of XRG dye diluted in water. J Mol Catal A: Chem 216:35–4310.1016/j.molcata.2004.01.008 ↗
52. Yung LC, Fei CC, Mandeep JC, Amin N, Laic KW (2015) Bulk substrate porosity verification by applying Monte Carlo modeling and Castaing’s formula using energy-dispersive X-rays. J Electron Imaging 24:06110510.1117/1.JEI.24.6.061105 ↗
53. El-Hossary FM, Negm NZ, Khalil SM, Abed El-Rahman AM, Raaif M, Mändl S (2010) Effect of annealing temperature on hardness, thickness and phase structure of carbonitrided 304 stainless steel. Appl Phys A 99:489–49510.1007/s00339-010-5564-9 ↗
54. Yoo DJ, Tamaki J, Park SJ, Miura N, Yamazoe N (1995) Effects of thickness and calcination temperature on tin dioxide sol-derived thin-film senso. J Electrochem Soc 142:105–10710.1149/1.2044328 ↗
55. Mechiakh R, Ben Sedrine N, Ben Naceur J, Chtourou R (2011) Elaboration and characterization of nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films prepared by sol–gel dip-coating. Surf Coat Technol 206(2–3):243–24910.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.06.053 ↗
56. Bakri AS, Sahdan MZ, Adriyanto FN, Raship NA, Said NDM, Abdullah SA, Rahim MS (2017) Effect of annealing temperature of titanium dioxide thin films on structural and electrical properties. Am Inst Phys 1788:030030
57. Kim KD, Pfadler T, Zimmermann E, Feng Y, Dorman JA, Weickert J, Schmidt-Mende L (2015) Decoupling optical and electronic optimization of organic solar cells using high performance temperature-stable TiO2/Ag/TiO2 electrodes. Appl Mater 3:10610510.1063/1.4933414 ↗
58. Sedghi A, Miankushki HN (2015) The effect of drying and thickness of TiO2 electrodes on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. Int J Electrochem Sci 10:3354–336210.1016/S1452-3981(23)06545-8 ↗
59. Domtau DL, Simiyu J, Ayieta EO, Muthoka B, Mwabora JM (2016) Optical and electrical properties dependence on thickness of screen-printed TiO2 thin films. J Mater Phys Chem 4:1–3
60. Gaillard Y, Rico YJ, Jimenez-Pique E, González-Elipe AR (2009) Nanoindentation of TiO2 thin films with different microstructures. J Phys D Appl Phys 42(14):145305–14531410.1088/0022-3727/42/14/145305 ↗
61. Yaghoubi H, Taghavinia N, Keshavarz Alamdari E, Volinsky AA (2010) Nanomechanical properties of TiO2 granular thin films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2(9):2629–263610.1021/am100455q ↗
62. Dukhyun C, Sangmin L, Changwoo L, Pyungsoo L, Junghyun L, Kunhong L, Hyunchul P, Woonbong H (2007) Dependence of the mechanical properties of nanohoneycomb structures on porosity. J Micromech Microeng 17:50110.1088/0960-1317/17/3/012 ↗
63. Sanders PG, Eastman JA, Weertman JR (1997) Elastic and tensile behavior of nanocrystalline copper and palladium. Acta Mater 45:4019–402510.1016/S1359-6454(97)00092-X ↗
64. Vaz F, Machado P, Rebouta L, Cerqueira P, Goudeau PH, Rivière JP, Alves E, Pischow K, Rijk J (2003) Mechanical characterization of reactively magnetron-sputtered TiN films. Surf Coat Technol 174–175:375–38210.1016/S0257-8972(03)00711-4 ↗
65. Oliver WC, Pharr GM (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res 7:156410.1557/JMR.1992.1564 ↗
66. Yu J, Zhao X, Yu JC, Zhong G, Han J, Zhao Q (2001) The grain size and surface hydroxyl content of superhydrophilic TiO2/SiO2 composite nanometer thin films. J Mater Sci Lett 20:1745–174810.1023/A:1012458411717 ↗
67. Sirghi L (2016) Plasma synthesis of photocatalytic TiOx thin films. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 25:33003–3301610.1088/0963-0252/25/3/033003 ↗
68. Kobayashi T, Konishi S (2015) TiO2 patterns with wide photo-induced wettability change by a combination of reactive sputtering process and surface modification in a microfluidic channel. J Micromech Microeng 25:115014–11502610.1088/0960-1317/25/11/115014 ↗
69. Kolouch A, Horáková M, Hájková P, Heyduková E, Exnar P, Apatenka P (2006) Relationship between photocatalytic activity, hydrophilicity and photoelectric properties of TiO2 thin films. Probl At Sci Technol 6:198–200
70. Mathew S, Amit KP, Thomas B, Rakesh PP, Misha H, Libish TM, Radhakrishnan P, Nampoori VP, Vallabhan CP (2012) UV-visible photoluminescence of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal method. J Fluoresc 22:156310.1007/s10895-012-1096-3 ↗
71. Mattioli G, Filippone F, Alippi P, Bonapasta AM (2008) Ab initio study of the electronic states induced by oxygen vacancies in rutile and anatase TiO2. Phys Rev B 78:241201-1–241201-410.1103/PhysRevB.78.241201 ↗
72. Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhao XS, Ray AK (2006) Photodegradation of benzoic acid over metal-doped TiO2. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:350310.1021/ie051098z ↗
73. Liu B, Zhao X, Zhang N, Zhao Q, He X, Feng J (2005) Photocatalytic mechanism of TiO2–CeO2 films prepared by magnetron sputtering under UV and visible light. Surf Sci 595:20310.1016/j.susc.2005.08.016 ↗
74. Liu B, Wen L, Zhao X (2007) The photoluminescence spectroscopic study of anatase TiO2 prepared by magnetron sputtering. Mater Chem Phys 106:35010.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.012 ↗
75. Chang CH, Liu CH, Chen C, Cheng HE, Luc TC (2012) The differences in optical characteristics of TiO2 and TiO2/AAO nanotube arrays fabricated by atomic layer deposition. J Electrochem Soc 159:136–14010.1149/2.045205jes ↗
76. Preclikova J, Galar P, Trojanek F, Danis S, Rezek B, Gregora I, Němcová Y, Malý P (2010) Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films: influence of ambient conditions on surface and volume related photoluminescence. J Appl Phys 108:11350210.1063/1.3512982 ↗
77. Liu J, Li J, Sedhain A, Lin J, Jiang H (2008) Structure and photoluminescence study of TiO2 nanoneedle texture along vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays. J Phys Chem C 112:1712710.1021/jp8060653 ↗
78. Sadeghzadeh-Attar A (2016) Structural and optical characteristic of single crystal rutile–titania nanowire arrays prepared in alumina membranes. Mater Chem Phys 1–710.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.07.016 ↗
79. Klubnuan S, Suwanboon S, Amornpitoksuk P (2016) Effects of optical band gap energy, band tail energy and particle shape on photocatalytic activities of different ZnO nanostructures prepared by a hydrothermal method. Opt Mater 53:134–14110.1016/j.optmat.2016.01.045 ↗
80. Yu JG, Yu HG, Cheng B, Zhao XJ, Yu JC, Ho WK (2003) The effect of calcination temperature on the surface microstructure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films prepared by liquid phase deposition. J Phys Chem B 107:13871–1387910.1021/jp036158y ↗
81. Rashed MN, El-Amin ZZ (2007) Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous TiO2 under different solar irradiation sources. Int J Phys Sci 2:73
82. Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT (1995) Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95:73510.1021/cr00035a013 ↗
83. Liu H, Cheng S, Wu M, Wu H, Zhang J, Li W, Cao C (2000) Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of sulfosalicylic acid and its electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation. J Phys Chem A 104:7016–702010.1021/jp000171q ↗
84. Banisharif A, Khodadadi AA, Mortazavi Y, Firooz AA, Beheshtian J, Agaha S, Menbari S (2015) Highly active Fe2O3-doped TiO2 photocatalyst for degradation of trichloroethylene in air under UV and visible light irradiation: experimental and computational studies. Appl Catal B 165:209–22110.1016/j.apcatb.2014.10.023 ↗
85. Wang M, Pyeon M, Gönüllü Y, Kaouk A, Shen S, Guo L, Mathur S (2015) Constructing Fe2O3/TiO2 core-shell photoelectrodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nanoscale 7(22):10094–1010010.1039/C5NR01493J ↗
86. Noh E, Noh KJ, Yun KS, Kim BR, Jeonh HJ, Oh HJ, Jung SC, Kang WS, Kim SJ (2013) Enhanced water splitting by Fe2O3–TiO2–FTO photoanode with modified energy band structure. Sci World J 2013:723201–72320910.1155/2013/723201 ↗
87. Shinde SS, Bhosale CH, Rajpure KY (2011) Photocatalytic oxidation of salicylic acid and 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solutions mediated by modified AlFe2O3 catalyst under sunlight. J Mol Catal A: Chem 347:65–7210.1016/j.molcata.2011.07.012 ↗
88. Fateh R, Dillert R, Bahnemann DW (2014) Self-cleaning properties, mechanical stability, and adhesion strength of transparent photocatalytic TiO2-ZnO coatings on polycarbonate. Appl Mater Interfaces 6:2270–227810.1021/am4051876 ↗
89. Çomakl O, Yetim T, Çelik A (2014) The effect of calcination temperatures on wear properties of TiO2 coated CP-Ti. Surf Coat Technol 246:34–3910.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.02.059 ↗
90. Lackner JM, Waldhauser W, Ebner R, Major B, Schoberl T (2004) Pulsed laser deposition of titanium oxide coatings at room temperature-structural, mechanical and tribological properties. Surf Coat Technol 180–181:585–59010.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.099 ↗
91. Bendavid A, Martin PJ, Takikawa H (2000) Deposition and modification of titanium dioxide thin films by filtered arc deposition. Thin Solid Films 360:241–24910.1016/S0040-6090(99)00937-2 ↗
92. Kern P, Schwaller P, Michler J (2006) Electrolytic deposition of titania films as interference coatings on biomedical implants: microstructure, chemistry and nano-mechanical properties. Thin Solid Films 494:279–28610.1016/j.tsf.2005.09.068 ↗
93. Sun T (2004) Tribological rutile-TiO2 coating on aluminium alloy. Appl Surf Sci 233:328–33510.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.241 ↗