Enhancing the integration of bentonite clay with polycaprolactone by intercalation with a cationic surfactant: effects on clay orientation and composite tensile properties
Source abstract
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanocomposites reinforced with different clay loadings (1.5, 3 and 5 wt%) of neat and organo-modified bentonites were successfully fabricated using twin-screw melt extrusion followed by melt compression. The whole processing of the materials, including the organic modification of bentonite with benzalkonium chloride (CBK), which is a mixture of cationic surfactants with biocide properties, and the preparation of the nanocomposites by melt extrusion, was fully carried out at pilot scale. The resulting materials were structurally, thermally and mechanically characterized. Our results suggest that while raw natural bentonite acted as a regular inorganic reinforcement, CBK intercalation enhanced the compatibility of the clay with the polymeric matrix, evidenced in an increase in the tensile strength and Young's modulus in a factor of ca. 2 respect to neat PCL values, with only a 3 wt% organoclay loading. The modified clay presented a strong orientation within the matrix due to the material processing and manufacture, registered by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties · Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (61)
Show source-provided references
1. Neppalli R, Causin V, Marega C, Saini R, Mba M, Marigo A (2011) Structure, morphology, and biodegradability of poly (ε-caprolactone)-based nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci 51:1489–1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.2194810.1002/pen.21948 ↗
2. Guarás MP, Alvarez VA, Ludueña LN (2016) Biodegradable nanocomposites based on starch/polycaprolactone/compatibilizer ternary blends reinforced with natural and organo-modified montmorillonite. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4416310.1002/app.44163 ↗
3. Cesur S, Köroğlu C, Yalçın HT (2018) Antimicrobial and biodegradable food packaging applications of polycaprolactone/organo nanoclay/chitosan polymeric composite films. J Vinyl Addit Technol 24:376–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.2160710.1002/vnl.21607 ↗
4. Ahmed MK, Mansour SF, Al-Wafi R, Afifi M, Uskoković V (2020) Gold as a dopant in selenium-containing carbonated hydroxyapatite fillers of nanofibrous ε-polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Pharm 577:118950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.11895010.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118950 ↗
5. Prasad A, Kandasubramanian B (2019) Fused deposition processing polycaprolactone of composites for biomedical applications. Polym Plast Technol Mater 58:1365–1398. https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2018.156311710.1080/25740881.2018.1563117 ↗
6. Lee CY, Sayyar S, Molino PJ, Wallace GG (2020) A robust 3D printed multilayer conductive graphene/polycaprolactone composite electrode. Mater Chem Front 4:1664–70. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QM00780F10.1039/C9QM00780F ↗
7. Luo W, Zhang S, Lan Y, Huang C, Wang C, Lai X et al (2018) 3D printed porous polycaprolactone/oyster shell powder (PCL/OSP) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Res Express 5:045403. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aab91610.1088/2053-1591/aab916 ↗
8. Nones J, Riella HG, Trentin AG, Nones J (2015) Effects of bentonite on different cell types: a brief review. Appl Clay Sci 105–106:225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.12.03610.1016/j.clay.2014.12.036 ↗
9. Jlassi K, Chandran S, Poothanari MA, Benna-Zayani M, Thomas S, Chehimi MM (2016) Clay/polyaniline hybrid through diazonium chemistry: conductive nanofiller with unusual effects on interfacial properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Langmuir Am Chem Soc 32:3514–3524. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b0445710.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04457 ↗
10. Heydari A, Sheibani H (2015) Fabrication of poly (β-cyclodextrin-co-citric acid)/bentonite clay nanocomposite hydrogel: thermal and absorption properties. RSC Adv R Soc Chem 5:82438–82449. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA12423A10.1039/C5RA12423A ↗
11. Silva SML, Araújo PER, Ferreira KM, Canedo EL, Carvalho LH, Raposo CMO (2009) Effect of clay/water ratio during bentonite clay organophilization on the characteristics of the organobentonites and its polypropylene nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci 49:1696–1702. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.2139910.1002/pen.21399 ↗
12. Lamas DG, de Oliveira NM, Kellermann G, Craievich AF (2017) X-ray diffraction and scattering by nanomaterials. In: Da Róz AL, Ferreira M, de Lima LF, Oliveira ON (eds) Nanocharacterization techniques. William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, pp 111–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-49778-7.00005-910.1016/B978-0-323-49778-7.00005-9 ↗
13. Craievich AF (2016) Small-angle X-ray scattering by nanostructured materials. In: Klein L, Aparicio M, Jitianu A (eds) Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_37-110.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_37-1 ↗
14. Engström J, Jimenez AM, Malmström E (2020) Nanoparticle rearrangement under stress in networks of cellulose nanofibrils using in situ SAXS during tensile testing. Nanoscale R Soc Chem 12:6462–71. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR10964A10.1039/C9NR10964A ↗
15. Haberl JM, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Mihut AM, Dietsch H, Hirt AM, Mezzenga R (2013) Liquid-crystalline elastomer-nanoparticle hybrids with reversible switch of magnetic memory. Adv Mater 25:1787–1791. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20120440610.1002/adma.201204406 ↗
16. Vallooran JJ, Bolisetty S, Mezzenga R (2011) Macroscopic alignment of lyotropic liquid crystals using magnetic nanoparticles. Adv Mater 23:3932–3937. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20110176010.1002/adma.201101760 ↗
17. Paineau E, Dozov I, Philippe A-M, Bihannic I, Meneau F, Baravian C et al (2012) In-situ SAXS study of aqueous clay suspensions submitted to alternating current electric fields. J Phys Chem B Am Chem Soc 116:13516–13524. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp306472810.1021/jp3064728 ↗
18. Hmeidat NS, Pack RC, Talley SJ, Moore RB, Compton BG (2020) Mechanical anisotropy in polymer composites produced by material extrusion additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf 34:101385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.10138510.1016/j.addma.2020.101385 ↗
19. Nawani P, Burger C, Rong L, Chu B, Hsiao BS, Tsou AH et al (2010) Characterization of nanoclay orientation in polymer nanocomposite film by small-angle X-ray scattering. Polymer 51:5255–5266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.04810.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.048 ↗
20. Pan C, Zhang J, Kou K, Zhang Y, Wu G (2018) Investigation of the through-plane thermal conductivity of polymer composites with in-plane oriented hexagonal boron nitride. Int J Heat Mass Transf 120:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.01510.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.015 ↗
21. Li B, Dong S, Wu X, Wang C, Wang X, Fang J (2017) Anisotropic thermal property of magnetically oriented carbon nanotube/graphene polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 147:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.05.00610.1016/j.compscitech.2017.05.006 ↗
22. Ye D, Lei X, Li T, Cheng Q, Chang C, Hu L et al (2019) Ultrahigh Tough, super clear, and highly anisotropic nanofiber-structured regenerated cellulose films. ACS Nano Am Chem Soc 13:4843–4853. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b0208110.1021/acsnano.9b02081 ↗
23. Ehrburger-Dolle F, Morfin I, Bley F, Livet F, Heinrich G, Chushkin Y et al (2019) Anisotropic and heterogeneous dynamics in stretched elastomer nanocomposites. Soft Matter R Soc Chem 15:3796–3806. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM02289E10.1039/C8SM02289E ↗
24. Galgali G, Agarwal S, Lele A (2004) Effect of clay orientation on the tensile modulus of polypropylene–nanoclay composites. Polymer 45:6059–6069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.02710.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.027 ↗
25. Wang X, Gao Y, Mao K, Xue G, Chen T, Zhu J et al (2006) Unusual rheological behavior of liquid polybutadiene rubber/clay nanocomposite gels: the role of polymer−clay interaction, clay exfoliation, and clay orientation and disorientation. Macromol Am Chem Soc 39:6653–6660. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma060549410.1021/ma0605494 ↗
26. Weon J-I, Sue H-J (2005) Effects of clay orientation and aspect ratio on mechanical behavior of nylon-6 nanocomposite. Polymer 46:6325–6334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.09410.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.094 ↗
27. Yook S, Es-haghi SS, Yildirim A, Mutlu Z, Cakmak M (2019) Anisotropic hydrogels formed by magnetically-oriented nanoclay suspensions for wound dressings. Soft Matter R Soc Chem 15:9733–9741. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM01789E10.1039/C9SM01789E ↗
28. He H, Ma L, Zhu J, Frost RL, Theng BKG, Bergaya F (2014) Synthesis of organoclays: a critical review and some unresolved issues. Appl Clay Sci 100:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.02.00810.1016/j.clay.2014.02.008 ↗
29. Tsai T-Y, Lu S-T, Li C-H, Huang C-J, Liu J-X, Chen L-C (2008) Effect of bifunctional modifiers of the clay on the morphology of novolac cured epoxy resin/clay nanocomposites. Polym Compos 29:1098–1105. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2051310.1002/pc.20513 ↗
30. Özdemir G, Yapar S, Limoncu MH (2013) Preparation of cetylpyridinium montmorillonite for antibacterial applications. Appl Clay Sci 72:201–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.01.01010.1016/j.clay.2013.01.010 ↗
31. Nones J, Nones J, Poli A, Trentin AG, Riella HG, Kuhnen NC (2016) Organophilic treatments of bentonite increase the adsorption of aflatoxin B1 and protect stem cells against cellular damage. Colloids Surf B 145:555–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.06110.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.061 ↗
32. Luo W, Sasaki K, Hirajima T (2015) Surfactant-modified montmorillonite by benzyloctadecyldimethylammonium chloride for removal of perchlorate. Colloids Surf A 481:616–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.02510.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.025 ↗
33. Moya R, Rodríguez-Zúñiga A, Vega-Baudrit J, Álvarez V (2015) Effects of adding nano-clay (montmorillonite) on performance of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in Carapa guianensis, a tropical species. Int J Adhes Adhes 59:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.02.00410.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.02.004 ↗
34. He H, Ma Y, Zhu J, Yuan P, Qing Y (2010) Organoclays prepared from montmorillonites with different cation exchange capacity and surfactant configuration. Appl Clay Sci 48:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.11.02410.1016/j.clay.2009.11.024 ↗
35. Türker S, Yarza F, Sánchez RMT, Yapar S (2017) Surface and interface properties of benzethonium chloride-montmorillonite. Colloids Surf A 520:817–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.01910.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.019 ↗
36. Gallo C, Rizzo P, Guerra G (2019) Intercalation compounds of a smectite clay with an ammonium salt biocide and their possible use for conservation of cultural heritage. Heliyon 5:e02991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e0299110.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02991 ↗
37. Marco-Brown JL, Guz L, Olivelli MS, Schampera B, Torres Sánchez RM, Curutchet G et al (2018) New insights on crystal violet dye adsorption on montmorillonite: kinetics and surface complexes studies. Chem Eng J 333:495–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.17210.1016/j.cej.2017.09.172 ↗
38. Ludueña L, Morán J, Alvarez V (2015) Biodegradable polymer/clay nanocomposites. In: Thakur VK, Thakur MK (eds) Eco-friendly polymer nanocomposites processing and properties. New Delhi, Springer India, pp 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2470-9_410.1007/978-81-322-2470-9_4 ↗
39. Ojijo V, Sinha Ray S (2013) Processing strategies in bionanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38:1543–1589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.01110.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.011 ↗
40. Najafi N, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ (2012) Polylactide (PLA)-clay nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding in the presence of a chain extender. Compos Sci Technol 72:608–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.00510.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.005 ↗
41. Merino D, Ludueña LN, Alvarez VA (2018) Dissimilar tendencies of innovative green clay organo-modifier on the final properties of poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanocomposites. J Polym Environ 26:716–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-0994-510.1007/s10924-017-0994-5 ↗
42. Ollier Primiano RP, Lanfranconi MR, Alvarez VA, Ludueña LN (2018) Polycaprolactone/organoclay biodegradable nanocomposites: dissimilar tendencies of different clay modifiers. VBRI Press. https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2018.182810.5185/amlett.2018.1828 ↗
43. Lanfranconi M, Alvarez VA, Ludueña LN (2016) Isothermal crystallization of polycaprolactone/modified clay biodegradable nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim 126:1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5734-x10.1007/s10973-016-5734-x ↗
44. Ludueña L, Stocchi A, Alvarez V (2016) Fracture behavior of polycaprolactone/clay nanocomposites. J Compos Mater SAGE Publ Ltd STM 50:3863–3872. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831562650510.1177/0021998315626505 ↗
45. Ludueña L, Kenny J, Vázquez A, Alvarez V (2014) Effect of extrusion conditions and post-extrusion techniques on the morphology and thermal/mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/clay nanocomposites. J Compos Mater SAGE Publ Ltd STM 48:2059–2070. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831349410310.1177/0021998313494103 ↗
46. Ludueña LN, Vázquez A, Alvarez VA (2013) Effect of the type of clay organo-modifier on the morphology, thermal/mechanical/impact/barrier properties and biodegradation in soil of polycaprolactone/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 128:2648–2657. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.3842510.1002/app.38425 ↗
47. Ludueña LN, Kenny JM, Vázquez A, Alvarez VA (2011) Effect of clay organic modifier on the final performance of PCL/clay nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 529:215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.09.02010.1016/j.msea.2011.09.020 ↗
48. Ludueña LN, Alvarez VA, Vazquez A (2007) Processing and microstructure of PCL/clay nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 460–461:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.10410.1016/j.msea.2007.01.104 ↗
49. Tighe CJ, Cabrera RQ, Gruar RI, Darr JA (2013) Scale up production of nanoparticles: continuous supercritical water synthesis of Ce–Zn Oxides. Ind Eng Chem Res Am Chem Soc 52:5522–5528. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302564210.1021/ie3025642 ↗
50. Brycki B, Małecka I, Koziróg A, Otlewska A (2017) Synthesis, structure and antimicrobial properties of novel benzalkonium chloride analogues with pyridine rings. Mol Multidiscip Digit Publ Inst 22:130. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2201013010.3390/molecules22010130 ↗
51. Rodríguez-Melcón C, Riesco-Peláez F, García-Fernández C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R (2019) Susceptibility of listeria monocytogenes planktonic cultures and biofilms to sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride. Food Microbiol 82:533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.02010.1016/j.fm.2019.03.020 ↗
52. Yam WY, Ismail J, Kammer HW, Schmidt H, Kummerlöwe C (1999) Polymer blends of poly (ε-caprolactone) and poly (vinyl methyl ether)—thermal properties and morphology. Polymer 40:5545–5552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00807-610.1016/S0032-3861(98)00807-6 ↗
53. Lv Q, Xu C, Wu D, Wang Z, Lan R, Wu L (2017) The role of nanocrystalline cellulose during crystallization of poly (ε-caprolactone) composites: nucleation agent or not? Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 92:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.10.03510.1016/j.compositesa.2016.10.035 ↗
54. Strobl GR, Schneider MJ, Voigt-Martin IG (1980) Model of partial crystallization and melting derived from small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopic studies on low-density polyethylene. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 18:1361–1381. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.18018061510.1002/pol.1980.180180615 ↗
55. Nojima S, Terashima Y, Ashida T (1986) Small-angle X-ray scattering study of the morphology of blends of poly (ε-caprolactone) and polystyrene oligomer. Polymer 27:1007–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(86)90064-910.1016/0032-3861(86)90064-9 ↗
56. Ambrosi M, Raudino M, Diañez I, Martínez I (2019) Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)/pluronic blends. Eur Polym J 120:109189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.01610.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.016 ↗
57. Altomare A, Corriero N, Cuocci C, Falcicchio A, Moliterni A, Rizzi R (2015) QUALX2.0: a qualitative phase analysis software using the freely available database POW_COD. J Appl Crystallogr Int Union Crystallogr 48:598–603. https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057671500231910.1107/S1600576715002319 ↗
58. Park MS, Kim JK (2002) Phase behavior and crystallization of a poly(ethylene oxide)/cellulose acetate butyrate blend. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 40:1673–1681. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1022510.1002/polb.10225 ↗
59. Liu F, Vyas C, Poologasundarampillai G, Pape I, Hinduja S, Mirihanage W et al (2018) Structural evolution of PCL during melt extrusion 3D printing. Macromol Mater Eng 303:1700494. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.20170049410.1002/mame.201700494 ↗
60. Hadj-Hamou AS, Metref F, Yahiaoui F (2017) Thermal stability and decomposition kinetic studies of antimicrobial PCL/nanoclay packaging films. Polym Bull 74:3833–3853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-1929-y10.1007/s00289-017-1929-y ↗
61. Mallakpour S, Nouruzi N (2016) Effect of modified ZnO nanoparticles with biosafe molecule on the morphology and physiochemical properties of novel polycaprolactone nanocomposites. Polymer 89:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.03810.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.038 ↗