Growth of zinc oxide nanorod structures: pressure controlled hydrothermal process and growth mechanism
Source abstract
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods of various morphologies are grown on zinc substrate by pressure-assisted hydrothermal process and the growth mechanism is investigated with the help of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results. Hydrothermally reacted ZnO2 nanostructure bottom-up formation from Zn substrate is a useful process employed here. A systematic study on the role of process control parameters such as pressure and temperature on nanorod growth has been carried out. Correlation among the process parameters to form ordered nanostructures is established. The effect of pressure on the diameter and length of the grown ZnO nanorod structures is studied, which is precisely tunable. With a decrease in pressure from 500 to 400 kPa, the nanorod diameter is reduced by 22.2 %, while its length is increased by 24.8 %. At lower vapor pressure, the nanorod tips are sharper, whereas at higher vapor pressure they are flat. These variations along with a detailed analysis of MD simulations helps us hypothesize that pressure plays an important role in governing the diffusion of oxygen atom onto zinc surface and generating wurtzite phase. Simulation results clearly show that ZnO nanorods lift off due to their interaction with the Zn atoms on the substrate and the resulting forces.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: ZnO doping and properties · Copper-based nanomaterials and applications · Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (41)
Show source-provided references
1. Huang MH, Mao S, Feick H, Yan H, Wu Y, Kind H, Weber E, Russo R, Yang P (2001) Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science 292:1897–189910.1126/science.1060367 ↗
2. Keis K, Vayssieres L, Lindquist SE, Hagfeldt A (1999) Nanostructured ZnO electrodes for photovoltaic applications. Nanostruct Mater 12:487–49010.1016/S0965-9773(99)00165-8 ↗
3. Minne SC, Manalis SR, Quate CF (1995) Parallel atomic force microscopy using cantilevers with integrated piezoresistive sensors and integrated piezoelectric actuators. Appl Phys Lett 67:3918–392010.1063/1.115317 ↗
4. Shibata T, Unno K, Makino E, Ito Y, Shimada S (2002) Characterization of sputtered ZnO thin film as sensor and actuator for diamond AFM probe. Sens Actuators A 102:106–11310.1016/S0924-4247(02)00339-4 ↗
5. Burda C, Chen X, Narayanan R, El-Sayed MA (2005) Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Rev 105:1025–110210.1021/cr030063a ↗
6. Yan Y, Zhang Y, Meng G, Zhang L (2006) Synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals with novel hierarchical structures via atmosphere pressure physical vapor deposition method. J Cryst Growth 294:184–19010.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.06.049 ↗
7. Peng X, Wickham J, Alivisatos AP (1998) Kinetics of II–VI and III–V colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal growth: focusing of size distributions. Am Chem Soc 120:5343–534410.1021/ja9805425 ↗
8. Peng X (2003) Mechanisms for the shape-control and shape-evolution of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. Adv Mater 15:459–46310.1002/adma.200390107 ↗
9. Zhao XQ, Kim CR, Lee JY, Heo JH, Shin CM, Ryu H, Chang JH, Lee HC, Son CS, Lee WJ, Jung WG, Tan ST, Zhao JL, Sun XW (2009) Effects of buffer layer annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of hydrothermal growth ZnO. Appl Surf Sci 255:4461–446510.1016/j.apsusc.2008.11.051 ↗
10. Pal E, Hornok V, Oszko A, Dekany I (2009) Hydrothermal synthesis of prism-like and flower-like ZnO and indium-doped ZnO structures. Colloid Surf A 340:1–910.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.01.020 ↗
11. Tong Y, Dong L, Liu Y, Zhao D, Zhang J, Lu Y, Shen D, Fan X (2007) Growth and optical properties of ZnO nanorods by introducing ZnO sols prior to hydrothermal process. Mater Lett 61:3578–358110.1016/j.matlet.2006.11.125 ↗
12. Corso AD, Posternak M, Resta R, Baldereschi A (1994) Ab initio study of piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization in ZnO. Phys Rev B 50:10715–1072110.1103/PhysRevB.50.10715 ↗
13. Tiwary CS, Vishnu D, Kole AK, Brahmanandam J, Mahapatra DR, Kumbhakar P, Chattopadhyay K (2016) Stabilization of the high-temperature and high-pressure cubic phase of ZnO by temperature-controlled milling. J Mater Sci 51:126–137. doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9394-110.1007/s10853-015-9394-1 ↗
14. Zhao Y, Jiang YJ, Fang Y (2007) The influence of substrate temperature on ZnO thin films prepared by PLD technique. J Cryst Growth 307:278–28210.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.07.025 ↗
15. Lim JM, Lee CM (2007) Effects of substrate temperature on the microstructure and photoluminescence properties of ZnO thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition. Thin Solid Films 515:3335–333810.1016/j.tsf.2006.09.007 ↗
16. Akshaya KB, Pritam D, Indrani T, Sriparna C, Shyamal C (2015) Temporal wetting property of ‘‘micro’’ versus ‘‘nano’’ rods of ZnO grown using the pressure dependent aqueous solution method. New J Chem 39:8993–899810.1039/C5NJ01453K ↗
17. Yang J, Lang J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang D, Fan H, Liu H, Wang Y, Gao M (2008) Low-temperature growth and optical properties of ZnO nanorods. J Alloys Compd 450:521–52410.1016/j.jallcom.2006.12.135 ↗
18. Zhang J, Sun L, Liao C, Yan C (2002) A simple route towards tubular ZnO. Chem Commun 262(2002):262–26310.1039/b108863g ↗
19. Wang YW, Zhang LD, Wang GZ, Peng XS, Chu ZQ, Liang CH (2002) Catalytic growth of semiconducting zinc oxide nanowires and their photoluminescence properties. J Cryst Growth 234:171–17510.1016/S0022-0248(01)01661-X ↗
20. Hu JQ, Li Q, Wong NB, Lee CS, Lee ST (2002) Synthesis of uniform hexagonal prismatic ZnO whiskers. Chem Mater 14:1216–121910.1021/cm0107326 ↗
21. Badre C, Pauporte V, Turmine M, Dubot P, Lincot D (2008) Water-repellent ZnO nanowires films obtained by octadecylsilane self-assembled monolayers. Physica E 40:2454–245610.1016/j.physe.2007.10.016 ↗
22. Yamamoto K, Nagasawa K, Ohmori T (2004) Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanowires. Physica E 24:129–13210.1016/j.physe.2004.04.001 ↗
23. Zafar HI, Kimleang K, Martin E, Mohammad A, Muhammad A, Anees A, Magnus W (2013) Hydrothermal growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods using a biocomposite seed layer of ZnO nanoparticles. Materials 6:3584–359710.3390/ma6083584 ↗
24. Haili L, Shujie J, Shanshan B, Hongtao L, Shiyong G, Jinzhong W, Qingjiang Y, Fengyun G, Liancheng Z (2014) Precursor-controlled synthesis of different ZnO nanostructures by the hydrothermal method. Phys Status Solidi A 211:595–60010.1002/pssa.201330037 ↗
25. Liu W, Huang Q, Huang T, Cao P, Han S, Jia F, Zhu D, Ma X, Lul Y (2016) Secondary growth” in hydrothermal synthesis of aligned ZnO nanostructures and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 16(4):4016–402210.1166/jnn.2016.11886 ↗
26. Tong Y, Liu Y, Dong L, Zhao D, Zhang J, Lu Y, Shen D, Fan X (2006) Growth of ZnO nanostructures with different morphologies by using hydrothermal technique. J Phys Chem 110:20263–2026710.1021/jp063312i ↗
27. Demyanets LN, Lyutin VI (2008) Status of hydrothermal growth of bulk ZnO: latest issues and advantages. J Cryst Growth 310:993–99910.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.11.145 ↗
28. Dalal SH, Baptista DL, Teo KBK, Lacerda RG, Jefferson DA, Milne WI (2006) Controllable growth of vertically aligned zinc oxide nanowires using vapour deposition. Nanotechnology 17:4811–481810.1088/0957-4484/17/19/005 ↗
29. Xu S, Wang ZL (2011) One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: solution growth and functional properties. Nano Res 4:1013–109810.1007/s12274-011-0160-7 ↗
30. Henni A, Merrouche A, Telli L, Walter S, Azizi A, Fenineche N (2015) Effect of H2O2 concentration on electrochemical growth and properties of vertically oriented ZnO nanorods electrodeposited from chloride solutions. Mater Sci Semicond Process 40:585–59010.1016/j.mssp.2015.07.046 ↗
31. Meyer B, Marx D (2003) Density-functional study of the structure and stability of ZnO surfaces. Phys Rev B 67:035403–03541410.1103/PhysRevB.67.035403 ↗
32. Wang ZL (2004) Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties, and applications. J Phys 16:R829–R858
33. Shi L, Bao K, Cao J, Qian Y (2009) Growth and characterization of ZnS porous nanoribbon array constructed by connected nanocrystallites. Cryst Eng Comm 11:2308–231210.1039/b909599c ↗
34. Saunders RB, McGlynn E, Henry MO (2011) Theoretical analysis of nucleation and growth of ZnO nanostructures in vapor phase transport growth. Cryst Growth Des 11:4581–458710.1021/cg200828y ↗
35. Liang T, Shan TR, Cheng YT, Devine BD, Noordhoek M, Li Y, Lu Z, Phillpot SR, Sinnott SB (2013) Classical atomistic simulations of surfaces and heterogeneous interfaces with the charge-optimized many body (COMB) potentials. Mater Sci Eng 74:255–27910.1016/j.mser.2013.07.001 ↗
36. Wang W, Pi Z, Lei F, Lu Y (2016) Understanding the tensile behaviors of ultra-thin ZnO nanowires via molecular dynamics simulations. AIP Adv 6:03511110.1063/1.4944499 ↗
37. Rappe AK, Goddard WA (1991) Charge equilibration for molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem 95:3358–336310.1021/j100161a070 ↗
38. Swope WC, Andersen HC, Berens PH, Wilson KR (1982) A computer simulation method for the calculation of equilibrium constants for the formation of physical clusters of molecules: application to small water clusters. J Chem Phys 76:637–64910.1063/1.442716 ↗
39. Nosé S (1984) A unified formulation of the constant temperature molecular dynamics methods. J Chem Phys 81:511–51910.1063/1.447334 ↗
40. Hoover WG (1985) Canonical dynamics: equilibrium phase-space distributions. Phys Rev A 31:1695–169710.1103/PhysRevA.31.1695 ↗
41. Plimpton S (1995) Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics. J Comp Phys 117:1–1910.1006/jcph.1995.1039 ↗