Microstructural characterization of Al4C3 in aluminum–graphite composite prepared by electron-beam melting
Source abstract
Abstract
We prepared graphite-infused aluminum composites by electron-beam vacuum melting and electromagnetic stirring with 0% and 4 wt% graphite addition. Bulk density of 2.69 g/cm3 was measured for samples with 0% graphite addition (AlCv0) and 2.66 g/cm3 for samples with 4 wt% graphite addition (AlCv4). Both are > 99% of their theoretical values. X-ray diffraction indicated that AlCv0 is phase pure, while the AlCv4 sample is a composite consisting of aluminum, Al4C3, and graphite. Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed pockets of carbon-rich phase of 10–50 μm in sizes dispersed in the Al matrix in AlCv4. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed that Al4C3 crystallites of 1–2 μm sizes are mostly located near the outer shell of the pockets of carbon-rich phase and with undissolved graphite at the center. Thermal conductivity of 107.8 W/m K was measured for the AlCv4 and 226.7 W/m K for the AlCv0. Our work demonstrated the feasibility of producing pore-free high-density graphite-infused aluminum composite materials by electron-beam melting and electromagnetic stirring in vacuum.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced ceramic materials synthesis · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · MXene and MAX Phase Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (27)
Show source-provided references
1. Hatch JE (1984) Aluminum properties and physical metallurgy. ASM International, Ohio, pp 379–397 (Chapter 10)
2. Zweben C (1992) Metal-matrix composites for electronic packaging. JOM 44(7):15–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0322227010.1007/BF03222270 ↗
3. Chung DDL (2001) Materials for thermal conduction. Appl Thermal Eng 21:1593–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(01)00042-410.1016/S1359-4311(01)00042-4 ↗
4. Qu XH, Zhang L, Wu M, Ren SB (2011) Review of metal matrix composites with high thermal conductivity for thermal management applications. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 21:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0071(12)60029-X10.1016/S1002-0071(12)60029-X ↗
5. Prieto R, Molina JM, Narciso J, Louis E (2008) Fabrication and properties of graphite flakes/metal composites for thermal management applications. Scr Mater 59:11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.02.02610.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.02.026 ↗
6. Liu J, Zheng Z, Wang J, Wu Y, Tang W, Lu J (2008) Pressureless infiltration of liquid aluminum alloy into SiC preforms to form near-net-shape SiC/Al composites. J Alloys Compd 465:239–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.05510.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.055 ↗
7. Molina JM, Narciso J, Weber L, Mortensen A, Louis E (2008) Thermal conductivity of Al–SiC composites with monomodal and bimodal particle size distribution. Mater Sci Eng A 480:483–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.07.02610.1016/j.msea.2007.07.026 ↗
8. RodrÍguez A, Sánchez SA, Narciso J, Louis E, RodrÍguez-Reinoso F (2005) Pressure infiltration of Al-Si alloys into compacts made of carbon particles. J Mater Sci 40:2519–2523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1985-910.1007/s10853-005-1985-9 ↗
9. Molina JM, Saravanan RA, Arpón R, Garcίa-Cordovilla C, Louis E, Narciso J (2002) Pressure infiltration of liquid aluminium into packed SiC particulate with a bimodal size distribution. Acta Mater 50:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00348-210.1016/S1359-6454(01)00348-2 ↗
10. Bakir M, Jasiuk I (2017) Novel metal-carbon nanomaterials: a review on covetics. Adv Mater Lett 8:884–890. https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2017.159810.5185/amlett.2017.1598 ↗
11. Salamanca-Riba LG, Isaacs RA, LeMieux MC, Wan J, Gaskell K, Jiang Y, Wuttig M, Mansour AN, Rashkeev SN, Kuklja MM, Zavalij PY, Santiago JR, Hu L (2015) Synthetic crystals of silver with carbon: 3D epitaxy of carbon nanostructures in the silver lattice. Adv Func Mater 25:4768–4777. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20150115610.1002/adfm.201501156 ↗
12. Jaim HMI, Isaacs RA, Rashkeeva SN, Kuklja M, Cole DP, LeMieux MC, Jasiuk I, Nilufar S, Salamanca-Riba LG (2016) Sp2 carbon embedded in Al-6061 and Al-7075 alloys in the form of crystalline graphene nanoribbons. Carbon 107:56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.05.05310.1016/j.carbon.2016.05.053 ↗
13. Balachandran U, Ma B, Dorris SE, Koritola RE, Forrest DR (2016) Nanocarbon-infused metals: A new class of covetic materials for energy applications. In: Proceedings of the materials science and technology technical meeting (MS&T16), Salt Lake City, UT, 23–27 October 2016
14. Ueno T, Yoshioka T, Ogawa J, Ozoe N, Sato K, Yoshino K (2009) Highly thermal conductive metal/carbon composites by pulsed electric current sintering. Synth Met 159:2170–2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.10.00610.1016/j.synthmet.2009.10.006 ↗
15. Choi HJ, Min BH, Shin JH, Bae DH (2011) Strengthening in nanostructured 2024 aluminum alloy and its composites containing carbon nanotubes. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 42:1438–1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.06.00810.1016/j.compositesa.2011.06.008 ↗
16. Prieto R, Molina JM, Narciso J, Louis E (2011) Thermal conductivity of graphite flakes–SiC particles/metal composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 42:1970–1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.02210.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.022 ↗
17. Deng C, Zhang XX, Wang D, Lin Q, Li A (2007) Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes/aluminum matrix composites. Mater Lett 61:1725–1728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.11910.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.119 ↗
18. Sahoo B, Kumar R, Joseph J, Sharma A, Paul J (2017) Preparation of aluminum 6063-graphite surface composites by an electrical resistance heat assisted pressing technique. Surf Coat Technol 309:563–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.01110.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.011 ↗
19. Barekar N, Tzamtzis S, Dhindaw BK, Patel J, Babu NH, Fan Z (2009) Processing of aluminum–graphite particulate metal matrix composites by advanced shear technology. J Mater Eng Perform 18:1230–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-009-9362-510.1007/s11665-009-9362-5 ↗
20. Nayan N, Saikrishna GCN, Ramaiah KV, Bhaumik SK, Nair KS, Mittal MC (2007) Vacuum induction melting of NiTi shape memory alloys in graphite crucible. Mater Sci Eng A 465:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.03910.1016/j.msea.2007.04.039 ↗
21. See for example, ASTM E2585 Standard (2015) Standard practice for thermal diffusivity by the flash method. STM International, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/e2585-09r15 ; ASTM E1461 Standard (2011) Standard test method for thermal diffusivity by the flash method. STM International, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/e1461-1310.1520/e2585-09r15 10.1520/e1461-13 ↗
22. Parker WJ, Jenkins RJ, Butler CP, Abbott GL (1961) Flash method of determining thermal diffusivity heat capacity and thermal conductivity. J Appl Phys 32:1679–1984. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.172841710.1063/1.1728417 ↗
23. Solozheko VL, Kurakevych OO (2005) Equation of state of aluminum carbide Al4C3. Solid State Commun 133:385–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2004.11.03010.1016/j.ssc.2004.11.030 ↗
24. Lide DR et al (1994) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th edn. CRC Press, Inc, Ann Arbor
25. Monje IE, Louis E, Molina JM (2016) Role of Al4C3 on the stability of the thermal conductivity of Al/diamond composites subjected to constant or oscillating temperature in a humid environment. J Mater Sci 51:8027–8036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0072-810.1007/s10853-016-0072-8 ↗
26. Feng YB, Yang B, Dai YN (2014) Thermodynamics on formation of C, Al4C3 and Al2O3 in AlCl disproportionation process in vacuum to produce aluminum. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 24:3366–3371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63478-610.1016/S1003-6326(14)63478-6 ↗
27. Lee M, Choi Y, Sugio K, Matsugi K, Sasaki G (2014) Effect of aluminum carbide on thermal conductivity of the unidirectional CF/Al composites fabricated by low pressure infiltration process. Compos Sci Technol 97:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.03.02210.1016/j.compscitech.2014.03.022 ↗