Permeability of natural fiber reinforcement for liquid composite molding processes
Source abstract
Abstract
We investigate the influence of liquid type on the saturated permeability of natural fabrics in liquid composite molding processes. The permeability of flax woven fabric was characterized with two different liquids which have different viscosity, wettability, and sorption characteristics with flax fiber. From the experimental data, it was observed that the saturated permeability values were different for the liquid type. The fiber swell during the mold filling process and the corresponding change of fabric microstructure were assumed to be the main reason for this dependency of saturated permeability on the liquid type. The fiber swell due to the liquid sorption was characterized as a function of time, and the corresponding change of fiber diameter was investigated. The effective fiber volume fraction of wet natural fabric was defined in terms of fiber swelling ratio. The predictions by the classical Kozeny–Carman model and by the modified Kozeny–Carman model with two model constants were compared with the experimental data. It was shown that the modified Kozeny–Carman equation considering fiber swell could predict very well the saturated permeability of natural fabrics regardless of liquid type.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Textile materials and evaluations · Mechanical Behavior of Composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (24)
Show source-provided references
1. Bismarck A, Mishra S, Lampke T (2005) Chapter 2: plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In: Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, pp 36–112
2. Marsh G (2003) Next step for automotive materials. Mater Today 6(4):36–4310.1016/S1369-7021(03)00429-2 ↗
3. Masoodi R, Pillai KM, Grahl N, Tan H (2012) Numerical simulation of LCM mold-filling during the manufacture of natural fiber composites. Reinf Plast Compos 31:363–37810.1177/0731684412438629 ↗
4. Baley C (2002) Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile stiffness increase. Composites A 33:939–94810.1016/S1359-835X(02)00040-4 ↗
5. Bledzki A, Gassan J (1999) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci 24(2):221–27410.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5 ↗
6. Ma Y, Shishoo R (1999) Permeability characterization of different architectural fabrics. J Compos Mater 33(8):729–74910.1177/002199839903300805 ↗
7. Steenkamer DA, Mcknight SH, Wilkins DJ, Karbhari VM (1995) Experimental characterization of permeability of fiber wetting for liquid moulding. J Mater Sci 30:3207–3215. doi: 10.1007/BF0120923910.1007/BF01209239 ↗
8. Luo YW, Verpoest I, Hoes K, Vanhule M, Sol H, Cardon A (2001) Permeability measurement of textile reinforcements with several test liquids. Composites A 32(10):1497–150410.1016/S1359-835X(01)00049-5 ↗
9. Hammond VH, Loos AC (1997) The effects of fluid type and viscosity on the steady-state and advancing front permeability behavior of textile preforms. J Reinf Plast Compos 16(1):50–7210.1177/073168449701600105 ↗
10. Masoodi R, Tan H, Pillai KM (2012) Numerical simulation of liquid absorption in paper-like swelling porous media. AIChE J 58(8):2536–254410.1002/aic.12759 ↗
11. Languri EM, Moore RD, Masoodi R, Pillai KM, Sabo R (2010) An approach to model resin flow through swelling porous media made of natural fibers. In: The 10th international conference on flow processes in composite materials (FPCM10), Monte Verità, Ascona, Swiss, 11–15 July 2010
12. Arbter R et al (2011) Experimental determination of the permeability of textiles: a benchmark exercise. Composites A 42:1157–116810.1016/j.compositesa.2011.04.021 ↗
13. Kestin J, Sokolov M, Wakeham WA (1978) Viscosity of liquid water in the range −8 °C to 150 °C. J Phys Chem Ref Data 7(3):941–94810.1063/1.555581 ↗
14. Naik NK, Sirisha M, Inani A (2014) Permeability characterization of polymer matrix composites by RTM/VARTM. Prog Aerosp Sci 65:22–4010.1016/j.paerosci.2013.09.002 ↗
15. Charlet K, Jernot JP, Bréard J, Gomina M (2012) Scattering of morphological and mechanical properties of flax fibres. Ind Crops Prod 32(3):220–22410.1016/j.indcrop.2010.04.015 ↗
16. Pillai KM (2004) Modeling the unsaturated flow in liquid composite molding processes: a review and some thoughts. J Compos Mater 38(23):2097–211810.1177/0021998304045585 ↗
17. Dungan FD, Sastry AM (2002) Saturated and unsaturated polymer flows: microphenomena and modeling. J Compos Mater 36(13):1581–160310.1177/0021998302036013179 ↗
18. Park CH, Lee WI (2011) Modeling void formation and unsaturated flow in liquid composite molding processes: a survey and review. J Reinf Plast Compos 30(11):957–97710.1177/0731684411411338 ↗
19. Rodriguez E, Giacomelli F, Vazquez A (2004) Permeability–porosity relationship in RTM for different fiberglass and natural reinforcements. J Compos Mater 38(3):259–26810.1177/0021998304039269 ↗
20. Francucci G, Rodríguez ES, Vázquez A (2011) Study of saturated and unsaturated permeability in natural fiber fabrics. Composites A 41:16–2110.1016/j.compositesa.2009.07.012 ↗
21. Skartsis L, Khomami B, Kardos JL (1992) Resin flow through fiber beds during composite manufacturing processes. Part II: numerical and experimental studies of Newtonian flow through ideal and actual fiber beds. Polym Eng Sci 32(4):231–23910.1002/pen.760320403 ↗
22. Um MK, Lee WI (1997) A study on permeability of unidirectional fiber beds. J Reinf Plast Compos 16(17):1575–159010.1177/073168449701601704 ↗
23. Gebart B (1992) Permeability of unidirectional reinforcements for RTM. J Compos Mater 26:1100–113310.1177/002199839202600802 ↗
24. http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ . Accessed 13 June 201410.32964/TJ13.6 ↗