Electrical conductivity of metal powder aggregates and sintered compacts
Source abstract
Abstract
New equations for computing the electrical conductivity of powder aggregates and sintered compacts are proposed. In both cases, the effective or apparent conductivity is a function of the bulk material conductivity, the porosity of the sample and the tap porosity of the starting powder. Additional parameters are required for powder aggregates, such as the conductivity of the oxide covering the particles, the thickness of the oxide layers and the ease of descaling them. The new equations are valid from zero porosity to the tap porosity. Links between the equations and the percolation conduction theory are stated. Measurements of electrical resistance on sintered compacts and powder aggregates subjected to different pressures were performed. The proposed equations have been validated with these data. The electrical conductivity of both sintered compacts and powder aggregates of aluminium, bronze, iron and nickel was determined and compared to the equation predictions, resulting in notably good agreement.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Granular flow and fluidized beds · Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials · Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (48)
Show source-provided references
1. Simchi A, Danninger H (2002) Microstructural changes in Mo steels during sintering and effect on electrical conductivity. Powder Metall 45:307–31410.1179/003258902225007023 ↗
2. Schulz B (1981) Thermal conductivity of porous and highly porous materials. High Temp-High Press 13:649–660
3. Slesar M, Dudrova E, Rudnoyova E (1992) Plain porosity as a microstructural characteristic of sintered materials. Powder Metall Int 24:232–236
4. Simchi A, Danninger H (2000) Electrical conductivity and microstructure of sintered ferrous materials: sintered iron. Powder Metall 43:209–21810.1179/003258900665961 ↗
5. Montes JM, Rodríguez JA, Cuevas FG, Cintas J (2011) Consolidation by electrical resistance sintering of Ti powder. J Mater Sci 46:5197–5207. doi: 10.1007/s10853-011-5456-110.1007/s10853-011-5456-1 ↗
6. Maxwell JC (1998) A treatise on electricity and magnetism. Dover Publications Inc., New York
7. Fricke H (1924) A mathematical treatment of the electric conductivity and capacity of dispersed systems. J Phys Rev 24:575–58710.1103/PhysRev.24.575 ↗
8. Loeb AL (1954) Thermal conductivity: III, a theory of thermal conductivity of porous materials. J Am Ceram Soc 37(2):96–9910.1111/j.1551-2916.1954.tb20107.x ↗
9. Murabayashi M, Takahashi Y, Mukaibo T (1969) Effect of porosity on the thermal conductivity of ThO2. J Nucl Sci Technol 6(11):657–66210.1080/18811248.1969.9732964 ↗
10. Aivazov MI, Domashnev IA (1968) Influence of porosity on the conductivity of hot-pressed titaniumnitride specimens. Poroshk Metall 9(69):51–54
11. Meyer R (1972) The measurement of electrical resistivity to characterize a sintered product. Powder Metall Int 4(2):63–67
12. McLachlan DS (1986) Equation for the conductivity of metal–insulator mixtures. J Phys C 19:1339–134510.1088/0022-3719/19/9/007 ↗
13. Montes JM, Rodríguez JA, Herrera EJ (2003) Thermal and electrical conductivities of sintered powder compacts. Powder Metall 46(3):251–25610.1179/003258903225008544 ↗
14. Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J (2008) Porosity effect on the electrical conductivity of sintered powder compacts. Appl Phys A 92:375–38010.1007/s00339-008-4534-y ↗
15. Torre C (1948) Theory and behaviour of pressed powders. Berg-und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 93:62–67
16. Skorokhod VV, Martynova IF (1977) Irreversible deformation of a sintered porous body of work-hardening plastic metal. Poroshk Metall 4:70–74
17. Segal VM, Reznikov VI, Malyshev VI (1979) Consolidation of powdered materials during hydrostatic loading. Solov’ev Poroshk Metall 6:26–30
18. Garino TJ (2002) Electrical behavior of oxidized metal powders during and after compaction. J Mater Res 17(10):2691–269710.1557/JMR.2002.0389 ↗
19. Lefebvre LP, Pleizier G, Deslandes Y (2001) Electrical resistivity of green powder compacts. Powder Metall 44(3):259–26610.1179/003258901666437 ↗
20. Efros AL (1985) Physics and geometry of disorder percolation theory. MIR, Moscow
21. Torquato S (2009) Random heterogeneous materials: microstructure and macroscopic properties. Springer, New York
22. Sahimi M (2003) Heterogeneous materials I. Springer, New York
23. Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J, Urban P (2011) Electrical conductivity of metal powders under pressure. Appl Phys A 105:935–94710.1007/s00339-011-6515-9 ↗
24. MPIF Standard 46 (2002) Determination of tap density of metal powders. MPIF, Princeton
25. Cytermann R (1987) New way to investigate the dependence of elastic moduli on the microstructure of porous materials. Powder Metall Int 19:27–30
26. Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J (2005) Effective area in powder compacts under uniaxial compression. Mat Sci Eng A 395:208–21310.1016/j.msea.2004.12.023 ↗
27. Ondracek G (1983) Key position of stereology in quantitative microstructure-correlations of multiphase materials. Sci Sinter 15:91–99
28. Montes JM, Cintas J, Rodríguez JA, Herrera EJ (2003) Effective pressure on powders under uniaxial compression. J Mater Sci Lett 22:1669–167110.1023/B:JMSL.0000004644.83683.bf ↗
29. Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J (2006) A new expression for the effective pressure on powders under compression. Comput Mater Sci 36:329–33710.1016/j.commatsci.2005.04.008 ↗
30. Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J, Rodríguez JA, Herrera EJ (2005) The equivalent simple cubic system in trends. Materials science research. Nova Publishers, New York, pp 157–190
31. Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J (2007) Electrical and thermal tortuosity in powder compacts. Granular Matter 9:401–40610.1007/s10035-007-0061-3 ↗
32. Stauffer D, Aharony A (1994) Introduction to percolation theory. Taylor and Francis, London
33. de Gennes PG, Pincus P, Velasco RM, Brochard F (1976) Remarks on polyelectrolyte conformation. J Phys (Paris) 37:1461–147310.1051/jphys:0197600370120146100 ↗
34. German RM (1989) Particle packing characteristics. MPIF, Princeton
35. Euler KJ (1978) The conductivity of compressed powders. A review. J Power Sources 3:117–13610.1016/0378-7753(78)80011-1 ↗
36. Cintas J, Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Herrera EJ (2005) Influence of milling media on the microstructure and mechanical properties of mechanically milled and sintered aluminium. J Mater Sci 40:3911–3915. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-0756-y10.1007/s10853-005-0756-y ↗
37. MPIF Standard 45 (2002) Determination of compressibility of metal powders. MPIF, Princeton
38. Webster GJ (1999) The measurement, instrumentation and sensors handbook. CRC Press-Springer, Boca Raton
39. Brandes EA (ed) (1983) Smithells metals reference book, 6th edn. Butterworths, Oxford
40. Kingery WD, Bowen HK, Uhlmann DR (1976) Introduction to ceramics, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
41. Tsuda N, Nasu K, Fujimori A, Siratori K (2000) Electronic conduction in oxides, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin10.1007/978-3-662-04011-9 ↗
42. Akl AA (2004) Optical properties of crystalline and non-crystalline iron oxide thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis. Appl Surf Sci 221:319–32910.1016/S0169-4332(03)00951-6 ↗
43. Guziewicz M, Grochowski J, Borysiewicz M, Kaminska E, Domagala JZ, Rzodkiewicz W, Witkowski BS, Golaszewska K, Kruszka R, Ekielski M, Piotrowska A (2011) Electrical and optical properties of NiO films deposited by magnetron sputtering. Opt Appl XLI 2:431–440
44. Evans UR (1968) The corrosion and oxidation of metals: first supplementary volume. Edward Arnold, London
45. Li WT, McKenzie DR, McFall WD, Zhang QCH, Wiszniewski W (2000) Breakdown mechanism of Al2O3 based metal-to-metal antifuses. Solid State Electron 44:1557–156210.1016/S0038-1101(00)00125-8 ↗
46. Drobny VF, Pulfrey DL (1979) Properties of reactively-sputtered copper oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films 61:89–9810.1016/0040-6090(79)90504-2 ↗
47. Argento C, Bouvard D (1996) Modelling the effective thermal conductivity of random packing of spheres through densification. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 39(7):1343–135010.1016/0017-9310(95)00257-X ↗
48. Huntz AM, Andrieux M, Molins R (2006) Relation between the oxidation mechanism of nickel, the microstructure and mechanical resistance of NiO films and the nickel purity. II. Mechanical resistance of NiO films. Mater Sci Eng A 417:8–1510.1016/j.msea.2005.08.228 ↗