journal article·2019-02

Electroconductive performance of polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composites synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization

Xuan Tin Tran, Sung Soo Park, Sinae Song, Muhammad Salman Haider, Syed Muhammad Imran, Manwar Hussain, Hee Taik Kim

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 54· Issue 4
Publisher page

Abstract

We report a novel approach to the fabrication of polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (PPy/rGO/CNT) composites. Firstly, the growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) and the partial reduction of graphene oxide occurred simultaneously within 10 s under ambient conditions using a microwave-assisted approach. Polypyrrole (PPy) was then integrated with reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (rGO/CNT) hybrid materials through in situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, which acts as a stabilizing and doping agent. The morphological, structural, electrical, and thermal properties of PPy/rGO/CNT composites are discussed in detail, and a possible formation mechanism is proposed. The results indicate that introducing rGO/CNT into the PPy polymer can improve both the thermal and electrical properties of the polymer. Enhanced conductivity of 1214.16 S/m was observed in the sample with 5 wt% rGO/CNT loading with a pressing pressure of 10 MPa compared to that in individual PPy and PPy/GO samples pressed at the same pressing pressure. This study provides a simple approach to the preparation of PPy/rGO/CNT composites with tunable electrical properties for a variety of potential electronic applications.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Conducting polymers and applications · Graphene research and applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (73)

Show source-provided references
1. Hazarika A, Deka BK, Kim DY et al (2016) Microwave-induced hierarchical iron-carbon nanotubes nanostructures anchored on polypyrrole/graphene oxide-grafted woven Kevlar® fiber. Compos Sci Technol 129:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.04.02210.1016/j.compscitech.2016.04.022 ↗
2. Liu Z, Zhang L, Poyraz S et al (2014) An ultrafast microwave approach towards multi-component and multi-dimensional nanomaterials. RSC Advances 4:9308–9313. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra47086e10.1039/c3ra47086e ↗
3. Wang B, Qiu J, Feng H, Sakai E (2015) Preparation of graphene oxide/polypyrrole/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite and its application in supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 151:230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.15310.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.153 ↗
4. Zhang LM, Sui XL, Zhao L et al (2017) Three-dimensional hybrid aerogels built from graphene and polypyrrole-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a high-efficiency Pt-based catalyst support. Carbon 121:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.02310.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.023 ↗
5. Zhang Ren, Wang Liu (2010) Graphene oxide-assisted dispersion of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes in aqueous media. J Phys Chem C 35:11435–11440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp103745g10.1021/jp103745g ↗
6. Jyothirmayee Aravind SS, Eswaraiah V, Ramaprabhu S (2011) Facile synthesis of one-dimensional graphene wrapped carbon nanotube composites by chemical vapour deposition. J Mater Chem 21:15179–15182. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12731d10.1039/c1jm12731d ↗
7. Dong X, Li B, Wei A et al (2011) One-step growth of graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid materials by chemical vapor deposition. Carbon 49:2944–2949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.00910.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.009 ↗
8. Bajpai R, Wagner HD (2015) Fast growth of carbon nanotubes using a microwave oven. Carbon 82:327–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.10.07710.1016/j.carbon.2014.10.077 ↗
9. Liu Z, Wang J, Kushvaha V et al (2011) Poptube approach for ultrafast carbon nanotube growth. Chem Commun 47:9912–9914. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc13359d10.1039/c1cc13359d ↗
10. Worsley MA, Pauzauskie PJ, Olson TY et al (2010) Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 132:14067–14069. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja107229910.1021/ja1072299 ↗
11. Nardecchia S, Carriazo D, Ferrer ML et al (2013) Three dimensional macroporous architectures and aerogels built of carbon nanotubes and/or graphene: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 42:794–830. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35353a10.1039/c2cs35353a ↗
12. Bi H, Yin K, Xie X et al (2012) Low temperature casting of graphene with high compressive strength. Adv Mater 24:5124–5129. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20120151910.1002/adma.201201519 ↗
13. Park H, Kim JW, Hong SY et al (2018) Microporous polypyrrole-coated graphene foam for high-performance multifunctional sensors and flexible supercapacitors. Adv Func Mater 18:1707017-1–1707017-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20170701310.1002/adfm.201707013 ↗
14. Idowu A, Boesl B, Agarwal A (2018) 3D graphene foam-reinforced polymer composites—A review. Carbon 135:52–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.02410.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.024 ↗
15. Chen G, Liu Y, Liu F, Zhang X (2014) Fabrication of three-dimensional graphene foam with high electrical conductivity and large adsorption capability. Appl Surf Sci 311:808–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.17110.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.171 ↗
16. Woodward RT, Fam DWH, Anthony DB et al (2016) Hierarchically porous carbon foams from pickering high internal phase emulsions. Carbon 101:253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.00210.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.002 ↗
17. Silverstein MS (2014) PolyHIPEs: recent advances in emulsion-templated porous polymers. Prog Polym Sci 39:199–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.00310.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.003 ↗
18. Sun T, Zhang Z, Xiao J et al (2013) Facile and green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles-graphene-carbon nanotube material with high catalytic activity. Sci Rep 3:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0252710.1038/srep02527 ↗
19. Bai Y, Du M, Chang J et al (2014) Supercapacitors with high capacitance based on reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes/NiO composite electrodes. J Mater Chem A 2:3834–3840. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA15004F10.1039/C3TA15004F ↗
20. Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ji Y et al (2015) Synthesis of Ag nanoparticle–carbon nanotube–reduced graphene oxide hybrids for highly sensitive non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide detection. RSC Advances 5:39037–39041. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA04246A10.1039/C5RA04246A ↗
21. Choi CH, Chung MW, Kwon HC et al (2014) Nitrogen-doped graphene/carbon nanotube self-assembly for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in acid media. Appl Catal B 144:760–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.02110.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.021 ↗
22. Sridhar V, Lee I, Chun HH, Park H (2015) Microwave synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes anchored on graphene substrates. Carbon 87:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.01.06310.1016/j.carbon.2015.01.063 ↗
23. Li Z, Yang B, Su Y et al (2016) Ultrafast growth of carbon nanotubes on graphene for capacitive energy storage. Nanotechnology 27:1707017-1–1707017-10. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/2/02540110.1088/0957-4484/27/2/025401 ↗
24. Algadri NA, Hassan Z, Ibrahim K, Bououdina M (2017) Effect of ferrocene catalyst particle size on structural and morphological characteristics of carbon nanotubes grown by microwave oven. J Mater Sci 52:12772–12782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1381-210.1007/s10853-017-1381-2 ↗
25. Yoon B-J, Hong EH, Jee SE et al (2005) Fabrication of flexible carbon nanotube field emitter arrays by direct microwave irradiation on organic polymer substrate. J Am Chem Soc 127:8234–8235. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja043823n10.1021/ja043823n ↗
26. Hong EH, Lee K-H, Oh SH, Park C-G (2003) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using microwave radiation. Adv Func Mater 13:961–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20030439610.1002/adfm.200304396 ↗
27. Zhang X, Liu Z (2012) Recent advances in microwave initiated synthesis of nanocarbon materials. Nanoscale 4:707–714. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2NR11603K10.1039/C2NR11603K ↗
28. Nie H, Cui M, Russell TP (2013) A route to rapid carbon nanotube growth. Chem Commun 49:5159. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc41746h10.1039/c3cc41746h ↗
29. Bibi S, Ullah H, Ahmad SM et al (2015) Molecular and electronic structure elucidation of polypyrrole gas sensors. J Phys Chem C 119:15994–16003. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b0324210.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03242 ↗
30. Li Y, Ye D, Liu W et al (2017) A three-dimensional core-shell nanostructured composite of polypyrrole wrapped MnO2/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube for high performance lithium ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 493:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.00810.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.008 ↗
31. Peng YJ, Wu TH, Hsu CT et al (2014) Electrochemical characteristics of the reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composites for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. J Power Sources 272:970–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.02210.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.022 ↗
32. Ding B, Lu X, Yuan C et al (2012) One-step electrochemical composite polymerization of polypyrrole integrated with functionalized graphene/carbon nanotubes nanostructured composite film for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim Acta 62:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.01110.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.011 ↗
33. Zhou H, Zhai HJ (2016) A highly flexible solid-state supercapacitor based on the carbon nanotube doped graphene oxide/polypyrrole composites with superior electrochemical performances. Organic Electronics: physics, materials, applications 37:197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.06.03610.1016/j.orgel.2016.06.036 ↗
34. Yan M, Vetter CA, Gelling VJ (2013) Corrosion inhibition performance of polypyrrole Al flake composite coatings for Al alloys. Corros Sci 70:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.12.01910.1016/j.corsci.2012.12.019 ↗
35. Hojjat Ansari M, Basiri Parsa J, Arjomandi J (2017) Application of conducting polyaniline, o-anisidine, o-phenetidine and o-chloroaniline in removal of nitrate from water via electrically switching ion exchange: modeling and optimization using a response surface methodology. Sep Purif Technol 179:104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.00210.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.002 ↗
36. Bora C, Dolui SK (2012) Fabrication of polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanocomposites by liquid/liquid interfacial polymerization and evaluation of their optical, electrical and electrochemical properties. Polymer (UK) 53:923–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.12.05410.1016/j.polymer.2011.12.054 ↗
37. Khamlich S, Barzegar F, Nuru ZY et al (2014) Polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposite: high conductivity and low percolation threshold. Synth Met 198:101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.10.00410.1016/j.synthmet.2014.10.004 ↗
38. Manivel P, Kanagaraj S, Balamurugan A, et al (2014) Rheological behavior—Electrical and thermal properties of polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4064210.1002/app.40642 ↗
39. Omastová M, Trchova M, Kovarova J, Stejskal J (2003) Synthesis and structural study of polypyrrole prepared in the presence of surfactants. Synth Met 138:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)00498-810.1016/S0379-6779(02)00498-8 ↗
40. Tabačiarová J, Mičušík M, Fedorko P, Omastová M (2015) Study of polypyrrole aging by XPS, FTIR and conductivity measurements. Polym Degrad Stab 120:392–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.02110.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.021 ↗
41. Lu X, Zhang F, Dou H et al (2012) Preparation and electrochemical capacitance of hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole/carbon nanotube ternary composites. Electrochim Acta 69:160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.10710.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.107 ↗
42. Lu X, Dou H, Yuan C et al (2012) Polypyrrole/carbon nanotube nanocomposite enhanced the electrochemical capacitance of flexible graphene film for supercapacitors. J Power Sour 197:319–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.08.11210.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.08.112 ↗
43. Zhou H, Zhai H-J, Zhi X (2018) Enhanced electrochemical performances of polypyrrole/carboxyl graphene/carbon nanotubes ternary composite for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 290:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.03910.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.039 ↗
44. Wu TM, Chang HL, Lin YW (2009) Synthesis and characterization of conductive polypyrrole/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites with improved solubility and conductivity. Compos Sci Technol 69:639–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.12.01010.1016/j.compscitech.2008.12.010 ↗
45. Bose S, Kuila T, Uddin ME et al (2010) In-situ synthesis and characterization of electrically conductive polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposites. Polymer 51:5921–5928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.01410.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.014 ↗
46. Stejskal J, Omastová M, Fedorova S et al (2003) Polyaniline and polypyrrole prepared in the presence of surfactants: a comparative conductivity study. Polymer 44:1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00906-010.1016/S0032-3861(02)00906-0 ↗
47. Rawal I, Kaur A (2014) Effect of anionic surfactant concentration on the variable range hopping conduction in polypyrrole nanoparticles. J Appl Phys https://doi.org/10.1063/1.486317910.1063/1.4863179 ↗
48. Hummers WS, Offeman RE (1958) Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 80:1339. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a01710.1021/ja01539a017 ↗
49. Li Z, Yao Y, Lin Z et al (2010) Ultrafast, dry microwave synthesis of graphene sheets. J Mater Chem 20:4781. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm00168f10.1039/c0jm00168f ↗
50. Suarez-Martinez I, Grobert N, Ewels CP (2012) Nomenclature of sp 2 carbon nanoforms. Carbon 50:741–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.00210.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.002 ↗
51. Hsu FH, Wu TM (2012) In situ synthesis and characterization of conductive polypyrrole/graphene composites with improved solubility and conductivity. Synth Met 162:682–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.02.02510.1016/j.synthmet.2012.02.025 ↗
52. Ivanova MV, Lamprecht C, Jimena Loureiro M et al (2012) Pharmaceutical characterization of solid and dispersed carbon nanotubes as nanoexcipients. Int J Nanomed 7:403–415. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S2744210.2147/IJN.S27442 ↗
53. Sharma P, Bhalla V, Dravid V et al (2012) Enhancing electrochemical detection on graphene oxide-CNT nanostructured electrodes using magneto-nanobioprobes. Scientific Reports 2:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0087710.1038/srep00877 ↗
54. Wang X, Yang C, Li H, Liu P (2013) Synthesis and electrochemical performance of well-defined flake-shaped sulfonated graphene/polypyrrole composites via facile in situ doping polymerization. Electrochim Acta 111:729–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.14510.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.145 ↗
55. Naikoo RA, Tomar R (2018) Fabrication of a novel zeolite-X/reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposite and its role in sensitive detection of CO. Mater Chem Phys 211:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.02.02110.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.02.021 ↗
56. Wang R, Wang Y, Xu C et al (2013) Facile one-step hydrazine-assisted solvothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide: reduction effect and mechanisms. RSC Adv 3:1194–1200. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21825a10.1039/c2ra21825a ↗
57. Sanches EA, Alves SF, Soares JC, et al (2015) Nanostructured polypyrrole powder: a structural and morphological characterization. J Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/12967810.1155/2015/129678 ↗
58. Asghari E, Ashassi-Sorkhabi H, Charmi GR et al (2016) A facile electrochemical strategy for synthesis of 3D nanodimensional polypyrrole structures using self-assembled layers of pyrrole monomers. Prog Org Coat 101:130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.07.01510.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.07.015 ↗
59. Machida S, Miyata S, Techagumpuch A (1989) Chemical synthesis of highly electrically conductive polypyrrole. Synth Met 31:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(89)90798-410.1016/0379-6779(89)90798-4 ↗
60. Lu X, Dou H, Yang S et al (2011) Fabrication and electrochemical capacitance of hierarchical graphene/polyaniline/carbon nanotube ternary composite film. Electrochim Acta 56:9224–9232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.14210.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.142 ↗
61. Zhang D, Zhang X, Chen Y et al (2011) Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors. J Power Sour 196:5990–5996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.09010.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.090 ↗
62. Tian B, Zerbi G (1990) Lattice dynamics and vibrational spectra of polypyrrole. J Chem Phys 92:3886–3891. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.45779410.1063/1.457794 ↗
63. Tian B, Zerbi G (1990) Lattice dynamics and vibrational spectra of pristine and doped polypyrrole: effective conjugation coordinate. J Chem Phys 92:3892–3898. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.45779510.1063/1.457795 ↗
64. Zhong J, Gao S, Xue G, Wang B (2015) Study on enhancement mechanism of conductivity induced by graphene oxide for Polypyrrole nanocomposites. Macromolecules 48:1592–1597. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma502449k10.1021/ma502449k ↗
65. Lei J, Cai Z, Martin CR (1992) Effect of reagent concentrations used to synthesize polypyrrole on the chemical characteristics and optical and electronic properties of the resulting polymer. Synthetic Metals 46:53–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(92)90318-D10.1016/0379-6779(92)90318-D ↗
66. Gao YS, Xu JK, Lu LM et al (2014) Overoxidized polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposite with good electrochemical performance as novel electrode material for the detection of adenine and guanine. Biosens Bioelectron 62:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.04410.1016/j.bios.2014.06.044 ↗
67. Muller D, Rambo CR, Porto LM et al (2013) Structure and properties of polypyrrole/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites. Carbohyd Polym 94:655–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.04110.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.041 ↗
68. Truong VT (1992) Thermal degradation of polypyrrole: effect of temperature and film thickness. Synth Met 52:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(92)90017-D10.1016/0379-6779(92)90017-D ↗
69. Sahoo S, Karthikeyan G, Nayak GC, Das CK (2011) Electrochemical characterization of in situ polypyrrole coated graphene nanocomposites. Synth Met 161:1713–1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2011.06.01110.1016/j.synthmet.2011.06.011 ↗
70. Zang L, Qiu J, Yang C, Sakai E (2016) Preparation and application of conducting polymer/Ag/clay composite nanoparticles formed by in situ UV-induced dispersion polymerization. Sci Rep 6:20470. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep2047010.1038/srep20470 ↗
71. Joo J, Lee JK, Lee SY et al (2000) Physical characterization of electrochemically and chemically synthesized polypyrroles. Macromolecules 33:5131–5136. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma991418o10.1021/ma991418o ↗
72. Imran SM, Salman A, Shao GN et al (2016) Study of the electroconductive properties of conductive polymers-graphene/graphene oxide nanocomposites synthesized via in situ emulsion polymerization. Polym Polym Compos 16:101–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2417910.1002/pc.24179 ↗
73. D. Fichou, G. Horowitz (2000) Molecular and polymer semiconductors, conductors, and superconductors: overview. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/01000-710.1016/B0-08-043152-6/01000-7 ↗