Influence of surface texturing on scratch/mar visibility for polymeric materials: a review
Source abstract
Abstract
Surface texturing has long played a vital role in determining both the look and feel of modern consumer goods. Recently, texture patterns have also shown to be an effective method for enhancing the scratch resistance of polymeric surfaces, which are more sensitive to scratch damage due to their relatively low strengths and stiffness. This paper examines the emerging studies of scratch-resistant surface textures and analyses the key principles and challenges faced by texture design and the assessment of scratch resistance. The analysis of scratch resistance is broken into three key sections: (1) the influence of the base material on deformation characteristics, (2) the influence of surface texturing on scratch damage and visibility, and (3) the influence of human vision and the capacity of textures to obscure scratch damage. The complex interactions between these three facets highlight the wealth of opportunities for further study in this area, and the need for improved methods for quantifying scratch resistance for these materials. This paper also presents experimental results to demonstrate the variation in scratch damage and texture effects.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions · Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (76)
Show source-provided references
1. Barnes C, Childs T, Henson B, Southee C (2004) Surface finish and touch—a case study in a new human factors tribology. Wear 257(7):740–75010.1016/j.wear.2004.03.018 ↗
2. Baar T, Samadzadegan S, Urban P, Ortiz Segovia MV (2016) Interrelation between gloss and texture perception of 2.5 D-printed surfaces. Electron Imaging 9:1–6
3. Ho Y-X, Landy MS, Maloney LT (2008) Conjoint measurement of gloss and surface texture. Psychol Sci 19(2):196–20410.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02067.x ↗
4. He XD, Torrance KE, Sillion FX, Greenberg DP (1991) A comprehensive physical model for light reflection. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput Graph 25(4):175–18610.1145/127719.122738 ↗
5. Briscoe BJ, Sinha SK (2003) Scratch resistance and localised damage characteristics of polymer surfaces—a review. Materialwiss Werkstofftech 34(10–11):989–100210.1002/mawe.200300687 ↗
6. Xiang C, Sue HJ, Chu J, Coleman B (2001) Scratch behavior and material property relationship in polymers. J Polym Sci Part B 39(1):47–5910.1002/1099-0488(20010101)39:1<47::AID-POLB50>3.0.CO;2-2 ↗
7. Jiang H, Browning R, Sue H-J (2009) Understanding of scratch-induced damage mechanisms in polymers. Polymer 50(16):4056–406510.1016/j.polymer.2009.06.061 ↗
8. Briscoe BJ, Pelillo E, Sinha SK (1996) Scratch hardness and deformation maps for polycarbonate and polyethylene. Polym Eng Sci 36(24):2996–300510.1002/pen.10702 ↗
9. Misra R, Hadal R, Duncan S (2004) Surface damage behavior during scratch deformation of mineral reinforced polymer composites. Acta Mater 52(14):4363–437610.1016/j.actamat.2004.06.003 ↗
10. Hare BA, Moyse A, Sue H-J (2012) Analysis of scratch-induced damages in multi-layer packaging film systems. J Mater Sci 47(3):1389–1398. doi: 10.1007/s10853-011-5917-610.1007/s10853-011-5917-6 ↗
11. Myshkin N, Petrokovets M, Kovalev A (2006) Tribology of polymers: adhesion, friction, wear, and mass-transfer. Tribol Int 38(11):910–921
12. Dasari A, Yu Z-Z, Mai Y-W (2009) Fundamental aspects and recent progress on wear/scratch damage in polymer nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng Rep 63(2):31–8010.1016/j.mser.2008.10.001 ↗
13. Felder E, Bucaille J-L (2006) Mechanical analysis of the scratching of metals and polymers with conical indenters at moderate and large strains. Tribol Int 39(2):70–8710.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.005 ↗
14. Browning R, Hossain MM, Li J, Jones S, Sue H-J (2011) Contrast-based evaluation of mar resistance of thermoplastic olefins. Tribol Int 44(9):1024–103110.1016/j.triboint.2011.04.009 ↗
15. Hamdi M, Sue H-J (2015) Effect of color, gloss, and surface texture perception on scratch and mar visibility in polymers. Mater Des 83:528–53510.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.073 ↗
16. Jiang H, Browning R, Fincher J, Gasbarro A, Jones S, Sue H-J (2008) Influence of surface roughness and contact load on friction coefficient and scratch behavior of thermoplastic olefins. Appl Surf Sci 254(15):4494–449910.1016/j.apsusc.2008.01.067 ↗
17. Chivatanasoontorn V, Tsukise S, Kotaki M (2012) Surface texture effect on scratch behavior of injection molded plastics. Polym Eng Sci 52(9):1862–186710.1002/pen.23142 ↗
18. Myint SM, Minn M, Yaping R, Satyanarayana N, Sinha SK, Bhatia CS (2013) Friction and wear durability studies on the 3D negative fingerprint and honeycomb textured SU-8 surfaces. Tribol Int 60:187–19710.1016/j.triboint.2012.10.020 ↗
19. He B, Chen W, Wang QJ (2008) Surface texture effect on friction of a microtextured poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Tribol Lett 31(3):187–19710.1007/s11249-008-9351-0 ↗
20. Brörmann K, Barel I, Urbakh M, Bennewitz R (2013) Friction on a microstructured elastomer surface. Tribol Lett 50(1):3–1510.1007/s11249-012-0044-3 ↗
21. Weon J-I, Song S-Y, Choi K-Y, Lee S-G, Lee J (2010) Quantitative determination of scratch-induced damage visibility on polymer surfaces. J Mater Sci 45(10):2649–2654. doi: 10.1007/s10853-010-4243-810.1007/s10853-010-4243-8 ↗
22. Jiang H, Browning RL, Hossain MM, Sue H-J, Fujiwara M (2010) Quantitative evaluation of scratch visibility resistance of polymers. Appl Surf Sci 256(21):6324–632910.1016/j.apsusc.2010.04.011 ↗
23. Liu P, Browning RL, Sue H-J, Li J, Jones S (2011) Quantitative scratch visibility assessment of polymers based on Erichsen and ASTM/ISO scratch testing methodologies. Polym Test 30(6):633–64010.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.04.015 ↗
24. Browning RL, Jiang H, Moyse A, Sue H-J, Iseki Y, Ohtani K, Ijichi Y (2008) Scratch behavior of soft thermoplastic olefins: effects of ethylene content and testing rate. J Mater Sci 43(4):1357–1365. doi: 10.1007/s10853-007-2283-510.1007/s10853-007-2283-5 ↗
25. Yu C, Yu H, Liu G, Chen W, He B, Wang QJ (2014) Understanding topographic dependence of friction with micro-and nano-grooved surfaces. Tribol Lett 53(1):145–15610.1007/s11249-013-0252-5 ↗
26. Lin L, Blackman G, Matheson R (2000) A new approach to characterize scratch and mar resistance of automotive coatings. Prog Org Coat 40(1):85–9110.1016/S0300-9440(00)00113-2 ↗
27. Zhang S, Li J (2003) Slip process of stick–slip motion in the scratching of a polymer. Mater Sci Eng A 344(1):182–18910.1016/S0921-5093(02)00409-4 ↗
28. Wong M, Moyse A, Lee F, Sue H-J (2004) Study of surface damage of polypropylene under progressive loading. J Mater Sci 39(10):3293–3308. doi: 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000026930.12462.3d10.1023/B:JMSC.0000026930.12462.3d ↗
29. Gauthier C, Schirrer R (2000) Time and temperature dependence of the scratch properties of poly (methylmethacrylate) surfaces. J Mater Sci 35(9):2121–2130. doi: 10.1039/C6TA06746H10.1039/C6TA06746H ↗
30. Sangermano M, Messori M (2010) Scratch resistance enhancement of polymer coatings. Macromol Mater Eng 295(7):603–61210.1002/mame.201000025 ↗
31. Misra R, Nathani H, Dasari A, Wanjale S, Jog J (2004) The determining role of clay particles on mechanically induced surface damage and associated stress whitening in polybutene–clay nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 386(1):175–18510.1016/S0921-5093(04)00923-2 ↗
32. Thridandapani R, Mudaliar A, Yuan Q, Misra R (2006) Near surface deformation associated with the scratch in polypropylene–clay nanocomposite: a microscopic study. Mater Sci Eng A 418(1):292–30210.1016/j.msea.2005.11.027 ↗
33. Xu S, Tangpong X (2013) Review: tribological behavior of polyethylene-based nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 48(2):578–597. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-6844-x10.1007/s10853-012-6844-x ↗
34. Bertrand-Lambotte P, Loubet J, Verpy C, Pavan S (2001) Nano-indentation, scratching and atomic force microscopy for evaluating the mar resistance of automotive clearcoats: study of the ductile scratches. Thin Solid Films 398:306–31210.1016/S0040-6090(01)01377-3 ↗
35. Ni B, Le Faou A (1996) Scratching behaviour of polymer films using blunt spherical styli. J Mater Sci 31(15):3955–3963. doi: 10.1007/BF0035265610.1007/BF00352656 ↗
36. Hamilton GM (1983) Explicit equations for the stresses beneath a sliding spherical contact. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C 197(1):53–5910.1243/PIME_PROC_1983_197_076_02 ↗
37. Browning R, Lim GT, Moyse A, Sun L, Hung-Jue S (2006) Effects of slip agent and talc surface-treatment on the scratch behavior of thermoplastic olefins. Polym Eng Sci 46(5):60110.1002/pen.20507 ↗
38. Gauthier C, Durier A-L, Fond C, Schirrer R (2006) Scratching of a coated polymer and mechanical analysis of a scratch resistance solution. Tribol Int 39(2):88–9810.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.014 ↗
39. Ozaki S, Inanobe C, Nakano K (2014) Finite element analysis of precursors to macroscopic stick–slip motion in elastic materials: analysis of friction test as a boundary value problem. Tribol Lett 55(1):151–16310.1007/s11249-014-0343-y ↗
40. Briscoe B (1981) Wear of polymers: an essay on fundamental aspects. Tribol Int 14(4):231–24310.1016/0301-679X(81)90050-5 ↗
41. Zheng F, Bai Y, Wang Q, Wang T (2014) Switchable friction properties induced by shape memory effect. J Mater Sci 49(24):8394–8401. doi: 10.1007/s10853-014-8549-910.1007/s10853-014-8549-9 ↗
42. Lafaye S, Gauthier C, Schirrer R (2006) Analysis of the apparent friction of polymeric surfaces. J Mater Sci 41(19):6441–6452. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0710-710.1007/s10853-006-0710-7 ↗
43. Jardret V, Morel P (2003) Viscoelastic effects on the scratch resistance of polymers: relationship between mechanical properties and scratch properties at various temperatures. Prog Org Coat 48(2–4):322–33110.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.02.002 ↗
44. Zhang J, Jiang H, Jiang C, Cheng Q, Kang G (2016) In-situ observation of temperature rise during scratch testing of poly (methylmethacrylate) and polycarbonate. Tribol Int 95:1–410.1016/j.triboint.2015.10.037 ↗
45. Sung L-P, Drzal PL, VanLandingham MR, Wu TY, Chang S-H (2005) Metrology for characterizing scratch resistance of polymer coatings. J Coat Technol Res 2(8):583–58910.1007/BF02774587 ↗
46. Kambour R (1964) Structure and properties of crazes in polycarbonate and other glassy polymers. Polymer 5:143–15510.1016/0032-3861(64)90128-4 ↗
47. Dasari A, Rohrmann J, Misra RDK (2003) Surface microstructural modification and fracture behavior of tensile deformed polypropylene with different percentage crystallinity. Mater Sci Eng A 360(1–2):237–24810.1016/S0921-5093(03)00405-2 ↗
48. Wang P, Hutchings I, Duncan S, Jenkins L, Woo E (2006) Strain whitening of a thermoplastic olefin material. J Mater Sci 41(15):4847–4859. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0066-z10.1007/s10853-006-0066-z ↗
49. Nathani H, Dasari A, Misra R (2004) On the reduced susceptibility to stress whitening behavior of melt intercalated polybutene–clay nanocomposites during tensile straining. Acta Mater 52(11):3217–322710.1016/j.actamat.2004.03.021 ↗
50. Hadal R, Yuan Q, Jog J, Misra R (2006) On stress whitening during surface deformation in clay-containing polymer nanocomposites: a microstructural approach. Mater Sci Eng A 418(1):268–28110.1016/j.msea.2005.11.032 ↗
51. Yang A-M, Wu T (1993) Abrasive wear and craze breakdown in polystyrene. J Mater Sci 28(4):955–962. doi: 10.1007/BF0040087910.1007/BF00400879 ↗
52. Rozanski A, Galeski A (2011) Controlling cavitation of semicrystalline polymers during tensile drawing. Macromolecules 44(18):7273–728710.1021/ma201090z ↗
53. Chu J, Rumao L, Coleman B (1998) Scratch and mar resistance of filled polypropylene materials. Polym Eng Sci 38(11):1906–191410.1002/pen.10361 ↗
54. Fu S-Y, Feng X-Q, Lauke B, Mai Y-W (2008) Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites. Compos B Eng 39(6):933–96110.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002 ↗
55. Tang H, Martin D (2003) Near-surface deformation under scratches in polypropylene blends, part I: microscopic characterization of deformation. J Mater Sci 38(4):803–815. doi: 10.1023/A:102186513244910.1023/A:1021865132449 ↗
56. Jiang L, Zhang J, Wolcott MP (2007) Comparison of polylactide/nano-sized calcium carbonate and polylactide/montmorillonite composites: reinforcing effects and toughening mechanisms. Polymer 48(26):7632–764410.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.001 ↗
57. Liu H-Y, Wang G-T, Mai Y-W, Zeng Y (2011) On fracture toughness of nano-particle modified epoxy. Composites B 42(8):2170–217510.1016/j.compositesb.2011.05.014 ↗
58. Suh NP, Sin H-C (1981) The genesis of friction. Wear 69(1):91–11410.1016/0043-1648(81)90315-X ↗
59. Karpenko YA, Akay A (2001) A numerical model of friction between rough surfaces. Tribol Int 34(8):531–54510.1016/S0301-679X(01)00044-5 ↗
60. Ford I (1993) Roughness effect on friction for multi-asperity contact between surfaces. J Phys D Appl Phys 26(12):221910.1088/0022-3727/26/12/020 ↗
61. Varenberg M, Gorb SN (2009) Hexagonal surface micropattern for dry and wet friction. Adv Mater 21(4):483–48610.1002/adma.200802734 ↗
62. Kligerman Y, Varenberg M (2014) Elimination of stick-slip motion in sliding of split or rough surface. Tribol Lett 53(2):395–39910.1007/s11249-013-0278-8 ↗
63. Matsuda K, Hashimoto D, Nakamura K (2016) Real contact area and friction property of rubber with two-dimensional regular wavy surface. Tribol Int 93:523–52910.1016/j.triboint.2014.11.011 ↗
64. Xue L, Iturri J, Kappl M, Butt H-J, del Campo A (2014) Bioinspired orientation-dependent friction. Langmuir 30(37):11175–1118210.1021/la502695d ↗
65. Landy MS, Graham N (2004) Visual perception of texture. In: Chalupa LM, Werner JS (eds) The visual neurosciences. MIT, Cambridge, pp 1106–1118
66. Bhushan N, Rao AR, Lohse GL (1997) The texture lexicon: understanding the categorization of visual texture terms and their relationship to texture images. Cogn Sci 21(2):219–24610.1207/s15516709cog2102_4 ↗
67. Bergen JR, Landy MS (1991) Computational modeling of visual texture segregation. Comput Models Visual Process 1:253–271
68. Cremers D, Rousson M, Deriche R (2007) A review of statistical approaches to level set segmentation: integrating color, texture, motion and shape. Int J Comput Vision 72(2):195–21510.1007/s11263-006-8711-1 ↗
69. Arino I, Kleist U, Rigdahl M (2005) Effect of gloss and texture on the color of injection-molded pigmented plastics. Polym Eng Sci 45(5):733–74410.1002/pen.20330 ↗
70. Arino I, Kleist U, Mattsson L, Rigdahl M (2005) On the relation between surface texture and gloss of injection-molded pigmented plastics. Polym Eng Sci 45(10):1343–135610.1002/pen.20393 ↗
71. Alexander-Katz R, Barrera R (1998) Surface correlation effects on gloss. J Polym Sci Part B 36(8):1321–133410.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199806)36:8<1321::AID-POLB7>3.0.CO;2-U ↗
72. Wirgin A (1983) Scattering from sinusoidal gratings: an evaluation of the Kirchhoff approximation. JOSA 73(8):1028–104110.1364/JOSA.73.001028 ↗
73. Julesz B (1981) Textons, the elements of texture perception, and their interactions. Nature 290(5802):91–9710.1038/290091a0 ↗
74. Beck J (1983) Textural segmentation, second-order statistics, and textural elements. Biol Cybern 48(2):125–13010.1007/BF00344396 ↗
75. Treisman AM, Gelade G (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention. Cogn Psychol 12(1):97–13610.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 ↗
76. Field DJ, Hayes A, Hess RF (1993) Contour integration by the human visual system: evidence for a local “association field”. Vision Res 33(2):173–19310.1016/0042-6989(93)90156-Q ↗