Rapid quenching from the melt: An annotated bibliography 1958?72

1. T. R. Anantharaman andP. Ramachandrarao, ?On the Duwez Technique of Liquid Quenching?,Eastern Metals Review 19 (1966) 141?5. Review of early work done in USA (up to 1965), covering TSSE, new MCS phases and AS phases (28 references).

2. T.R. Anantharaman andC. Suryanarayana, ?A Decade of Quenching from the Melt?,J. Mater. Sci. 6 (1971) 1111?35. A balanced review of work published up to 1970 including tabulations with references of alloy compositions for which TSSE, new MCS phases and AS phases had been observed and for which mechanical, superconducting and magnetic properties had been studied (196 references).10.1007/BF00980610 ↗

3. P. Duwez, ?Metastable Phases Obtained by Rapid Solidification? inEnergetics in Metallurgical Phenomena, Vol. 1, Ed. W. M. Mueller (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1965) pp. 193?203. Review of earliest work in USA (1960?2) with 11 references.

4. P. Duwez, ?Metastable Solid Solutions? inAlloying Behaviour and Effects in Concentrated Solid Solutions, Ed. T. B. Massalski (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1965) pp. 420?32. Review of work done in USA up to 1964, placing emphasis on TSSE and AS phases (22 references).

5. P. Duwez, ?Metastable Phases Obtained by Rapid Quenching from the Liquid State? inProgress in Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 3, Ed. H. Reiss (Pergamon Press, New York, 1966) pp. 377?406. Detailed review of work done in USA up to 1965 (50 references).

6. P. Duwez, ?Metastable Phases? inIntermetallic Compounds, Ed. J. H. Westbrook (Wiley, New York, 1967) pp. 340?8. Review of work done in USA up to 1963, including a section on phases obtained at high pressures (38 references, including an addendum of 12 for 1964?6).

7. P. Duwez, ?Metastable Phases? inPhase Stability in Metals and Alloys, Ed. P. S. Rudman, J. Stringer, and R. I. Jaffee (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967) pp. 523?38. Review of selected work done up to 1966, with the emphasis on AS phases (21 references).

8. P. Duwez, ?Structure and Properties of Alloys Rapidly Quenched from the Liquid State?,Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals 60 (1967) 607?33. Detailed review of work done in USA up to 1967, emphasizing AS phases and including early results on their electronic properties and annealing behaviour (67 references).

9. P. Duwez, ?Rapid Quenching Techniques? inTechniques of Metals Research, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, Ed. R. F. Bunshah (Interscience, New York, 1968) pp. 347?58. Review of techniques available up to 1966 including brief treatment of solid state quenching and use of fluids as quenching media (41 references).

10. P. Duwez, ?Metals, glassy? inYearbook of Science and Technology (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969) pp. 206?9. Brief summary indicating gun and piston-and-anvil techniques and electronic bshaviour of Pd-Si and Fe-P-C amorphous solids.

11. P. Duwez, ?Liquid Quenched Metallic Metastable Alloys?,Fizika 2 Suppl. 2 (1970) pp. 1.1?1.15. Brief review of occurrence and properties of AS metallic alloys with a bibliography (from CALT-822-17, December 1970) of 164 references on alloys quenched from the liquid state, covering 1960?70.

12. P. Furrer andH. Warlimont, ?Microstructure and Properties of Aluminium Alloys after Rapid Solidification. I. Rapid Quenching Techniques, Structural and Microstructural Features?,Z. Metallik. 62 (1971) 12?20 (in German). Part I of comprehensive review of work on Al alloys up to 1970, including morphological changes and new MCS phases (120 references). See also [13].

13. P. Furrer andH. Warlimont, ?Microstructure and Properties of Aluminium Alloys after Rapid Solidification. II. Extension of Solid Solubility Effect of Thermal Treatment, Mechanical Properties?Z. Metallk. 62 (1971) 100?112 (in German). Part II of comprehensive review of work on Al alloys up to 1970 including TSSE and the effect of annealing mainly in binary and some ternary alloys with transition metals. Consideration of hardness and tensile mechanical properties concludes with assessment of prospects for commercial exploitation (134 references). See also [12].

14. B. C. Giessen, ?Rapidly Quenched (Splat-Cooled) Alloys? inStrengthening Mechanisms: Metals and Ceramics, Proc. 12th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference, 1965, Ed. J. J. Burke, N. L. Reed, and V. Weiss (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1966) pp. 273?90. Review emphasizing early work at MIT, including studies of splat formation, the relation between quenched phase plots and equilibriun diagrams and the effect of annealing on an extended terminal solid solution (Al-11 at. % Si). (33 references.)

15. B. C. Giessen, ?Constitution of Non-Equilibrium Alloys after Rapid Quenching from the Melt? inDevelopments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases, Ed. B. C. Giessen (Plenum Press, New York, 1969) pp. 227?81. Classification of work available up to December 1968 in alphabetical order of alloy system, including 133 binary and 28 ternary systems (150 references).10.1007/978-1-4899-5564-7_8 ↗

16. B. C. Giessen, ?Crystal Chemistry of Stable and Metastable (Rapidly Quenched) B-Metal Alloy Phases? inAdvances in X-ray Analysis, Vol. 12, Ed. C. S. Barrett, J. B. Newkirk, and G. R. Mallett (Plenum Press, New York, 1969) pp. 23?48. Discussion pp. 48?9. Collection and correlation of equilibrium and nonequilibrium, terminal and intermediate, crystalline phases formed in alloys between elements within the block B2 to B5 of the periodic table, with particular attention to the Al-Ga and In-Bi systems (41 references, to 1968).10.1007/978-1-4684-7535-7_2 ↗

17. B. C. Giessen andR. H. Willens, ?Rapidly Quenched (Splat-Cooled) Metastable Alloy Phases; Their Phase-Diagram Representation, Preparation Methods, Occurrence and Properties?, inPhase Diagrams: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Ed. A. M. Alper (Academic Press, New York, 1970) pp. 103?41. Reviewed main principles underlying phenomenology of splat-cooling emerging from published work up to 1969, including properties of splat-cooled alloys (87 references).10.1016/B978-0-12-053203-2.50012-0 ↗

18. R. Hasegawa, ?Amorphous Ferromagnets?,Solid State Physics (Tokyo) 5 No. 2 (1970) 3?11 (in Japanese). Reviewed ferromagnetic properties of amorphous solids formed by splat-cooling, vapour quenching and other deposition quenching techniques (44 references, to 1969).

19. J. Mondon, ?New Metastable Phases of Binary Metallic Alloys Obtained by Ultrarapid Freezing of Liquid or by Condensation of Vapour?,Métaux Corrosion Industries 38 (1963) 427?37 (in French). Reviewed work published up to 1963 including some on alloy vapour deposition, and early work on properties (26 references).

20. P. Ramachandrarao andT. R. Anantharaman, ?Rapid Cooling of Liquid Metals and Alloys?, Proc. Symposium on Materials Science Research in India, 1970, Vol. II (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, 1971) pp. 329?41. Discussion pp. 342?5. FromMetals Abs. 4 No. 7 (1971) 72-0158,5 No. 12 (1972) 22?0828. Reviewed techniques of splat cooling together with TSSE and formation of MCS and AS phases (47 references, up to 1969).

21. E. Babi?, E. Girt, R. Krsnik, andB. Leonti?, ?Production of Large Samples of Ultra-Rapidly Quenched Alloys of Al by means of a Rotating Mill Device?,J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 3 (1970) 1014?15. Described a twin-roll device for generating from liquid long uniform strips of quenched solid e.g. ofAl-Fe alloys. (QT: 9b.) See also [22].10.1088/0022-3735/3/12/420 ↗

22. E. Babi?, E. Girt, R. Krsnik, B. Leonti?, andI. Zori?, ?Production of Large Rapidly Quenched Alloy Samples?,Fizika 2 Suppl. 2 (1970) 2.1?2.3. Development of [21] with Cr-plated steel rather than brass twin rollers, again withAl-Fe alloy specimens. (QT: 9b.) Discussion p. 2.4. See also [21 ].

23. J. N. Baker, C. E. Mighton, andW. R. Bitler, ?Modified Rapid Quenching Apparatus?,Rev. Sci. Instrum. 40 (1969) 1065?6. Described piston-and-anvil apparatus, hydraulically driven and employing levitation melting, tested to show TSSE of Ge in Ag. (QT: 6f.)10.1063/1.1684152 ↗

24. A. R. Booth andJ. A. Charles, ?Levitation Melting Apparatus for Phase Equilibrium Studies?,Nature 212 (1966) 750?1. Described piston-and-anvil apparatus, electro-magnetically-driven and employing levitation melting. (QT: 6d.)10.1038/212750a0 ↗

25. H. S. Chen andC. E. Miller, ?A Rapid Quenching Technique for the Preparation of Thin Uniform Films of Amorphous Solids?,Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41 (1970) 1237?8. Described twin-roll device employing levitation melting to produce uniform ribbons or ovals. Tested to produce amorphous solid Pd-Si and Te base etc alloys. (QT: 9a.)10.1063/1.1684774 ↗

26. P. Duwez andR. H. Willens, ?Rapid Quenching of Liquid Alloys?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 227 (1963) 362?5. Described rotating substrate (QT: 3a) and ski-jump (QT: 1a) shock tube devices, with brief review of early results on metallic alloys.

27. F. Galasso andR. Vaslet, ?Electron Beam Apparatus for Forming Rapidly Cooled Materials?,Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37 (1966) 525 only. Described use of electron beam welding equipment to melt alloy samples subsequently swept against an anvil by an electromagnetically-driven piston. Tested to produce ASPd-Si and strained ?-boron. (QT: 6c.)10.1063/1.1720237 ↗

28. C. P. Hinesley andJ. G. Morris, ?A Method for Producing Rapidly Cooled Liquid-Quenched Metal Samples Suitable for Tensile Testing?,Metall. Trans. 1 (1970) 1476?8. Described injection-mould device for producing cylindrical specimens 0.5 mm diameter, tested to extend solid solubility of Mn in Al to 2.41 wt %. (QT: 10.)10.1007/BF02900286 ↗

29. H. Jones andM. H. Burden, ?A Rotary Atomization Technique for Bulk Splat Cooling?,J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 4 (1971) 671?4. Described apparatus for semi-continuous splatcooling by substrate quenching of liquid alloy expelled from the lip of a continuously-fed rotating crucible. Tested with Al-4 at.% Fe alloy. (QT: 4c.)10.1088/0022-3735/4/9/010 ↗

30. E. Laine, E. Heikkila, andI. Lähteenmäki, ?A Simple Apparatus for Liquisol Quenching?,Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42 (1971) 1724?5. Described piston-and-anvil device of quenching alloy melted in a graphite crucible. (QT: 6i.)10.1063/1.1684985 ↗

31. I. S. Miroshnichenko andI. V. Salli, ?A Device for the Crystallization of Alloys at a High Cooling Rate?,Ind. Lab. 25 (1959) 1463?4 (FromZavodskaya Lab. 25 (1959) 1398-9). Described piston-and-anvil device for quenching melt catapulted from a small furnace. Tested on Ni-C andAl-Mn to extend solid solubility and onFe-C. (QT: 6a.) See also [84, 151].

32. P. Pietrokowsky, ?Novel Mechanical Device for Producing Rapidly Cooled Metals and Alloys of Uniform Thickness?,Rev. Sci. Instrum. 34 (1963) 445?6. Described piston-and-anvil device for quenching alloy melted in a graphite crucible. Tested with eutectic alloys to produce an extended solid solution (for Ag-Cu) and a metastable cph phase (forAg-Ge) (QT: 6b.)10.1063/1.1718403 ↗

33. R. Pond andR. Maddin, ?A Method of Producing Rapidly Solidified Filamentary Castings?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 245 (1969) 2475?6. Described rotating-cup device for generating solid filaments from melt ejected from a travelling source. Tested to show continuous extended solid solubility in Cu-Ag alloys. (QT: 3f.)

34. P. Ramachandrarao, D. Banerjee, andT. R. Anantharaman, ?An Improved Piston-and-Anvil Technique for Quenching Liquid Metals?,Metall. Trans 1 (1970) 2655?7. Described piston-and-anvil device for quenching melt expelled from a shock tube. Tested to obtain TSSE in two alloys (of Cu-Ag and Au-Ge). (QT:6h.)10.1007/BF03038408 ↗

35. R. Roberge andH. Herman, ?A Novel Method for Rapid Quenching of Liquid Alloys: The Torsion Catapult?,Mat. Sci. Eng. 3 (1968) 62?3. Described torsion catapult device for impelling melt from a crucible. Tested to obtain TSSE in unspecified Al alloys. (QT: 2b.)10.1016/0025-5416(68)90033-5 ↗

36. I. V. Salli andL. P. Limina, ?Device for the Crystallization of Alloys at High Cooling Rates?,Ind. Lab. 31 (1965) 141?2 (FromZavodskaya Lab. 31 (1965) 120-1). Described two devices involving spreading the melt, in the first device between two rotating discs, one bent against a roller (QT: 8), and in the second inside a rotating cylinder (QT: 3b). Tested to show TSSE inAl-Mn and Pb-Cu alloys.

37. G. Thursfield andH. Jones, ?A Gas Atomization/Spray Quenching Technique for Bulk Splat Cooling?,J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 4 (1971) 675?6. Described apparatus for Ar-blast spraying of melt against scraped rotating Cu drum, quenching ? 2 kg alloy per run. Tested on Al-4 at. % Fe alloy. (QT: 3g.)10.1088/0022-3735/4/9/011 ↗

38. R. Wang, ?A Rapid Quenching Technique for High Temperature Materials?,Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41 (1970) 1233?4. Described hammer-and-anvil device for quenching alloys melted in an arc furnace. Tested to show metastable cph phase inAg-25.7 at.% Ge and TSSE inAg-Cu. (QT: 5b.) cf [396].10.1063/1.1684769 ↗

39. R. H. Willens andE. Buehler, ?Rapid Quenching of Reactive and Refractory Alloys from the Liquid State?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 171?4. Described adaption of an earlier device [26] using RF concentration to melt on a cooled Ag hearth. Retained several refractory carbides and aluminides in high temperature, superconducting, forms. (QT: le.)

40. M. H. Burden andH. Jones, ?Determination of Cooling Rate in Splat-Cooling from Scale of Microstructure?,J. Inst. Metals 98 (1970) 249?52. Evaluated freezing velocity from interlamellar spacing of Al-CuAl2 eutectic alloy splats, to yield heat transfer coefficients (assuming Newtonian cooling) and thereby dT/dt (?3×104 and 7×105 K sec?1 forz ? 30 ?m). (QT: 1a.)

41. W. A. Dean andR. E. Spear inStrengthening Mechanisms: Metals and Ceramics, Proc. 12th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conf. 1965 (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1966) pp. 268?71. Extended power relation, found earlier for some Al alloys between dendrite arm spacing and dT/dt, to the range of splat-cooling (Al-Cu,Al-Si, dT/dt ? 4 × 107 K sec?1).

42. D. R. Harbur, J. W. Anderson, andW. J. Maraman, ?Rapid Quenching Drop Smasher?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 245 (1969) 1055?61. Reported measurements of piston closure velocityv and dT/dt for piston-and-anvil apparatus (QT: 6e) testing Al, Pb, Pb-Sn and Ag-Cu alloys (v = 12 ft sec?1,z = 88 and 140 ?m, dT/dt ? 2.8 × 104 to 1.2 × 106 K sec?1). See alsoMach. Des. 38 (26) (1966) p. 25.

43. H. Jones, ?Cooling Rates in Freezing Finite Slabs?,Mater. Sci. Eng. 5 (1970) 297?9. Generalized Ruhl's numerical calculations [50] for Fe freezing on Cu, of average dT/dt as a function ofz. Analytical support is given for the relation dT/dt ?z ?2 for ideal cooling.10.1016/0025-5416(70)90020-0 ↗

44. H. Jones, ?Cooling, Freezing and Substrate Impact of Droplets formed by Rotary Atomization?,J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 4 (1971) 1657?60. Calculations showed that negligible cooling or freezing normally takes place prior to impact and that freezing has normally progressed negligibly by the time spreading is complete. Attribution of arrest of spreading to exhaustion of kinetic energy by viscous deformation however predicts too small a terminal thickness.10.1088/0022-3727/4/11/206 ↗

45. K. Löhberg andH. Müller, ?Extreme Supercooling of Rapidly Quenched Melts of Cu and Cu Solid Solutions and their Microstructures?,Z. Metallk. 60 (1969) 231?7 (in German). Reported that liquid Cu and Cu-Ni alloys cooled by a shock-tube technique in vacuum (QT: 1i) undercooled by 106 to 135 K, yielding grain sizes only one-tenth of slowly cooled but more undercooled melts. Increased nucleation was attributed to increased cavitation at the freezing rate at high cooling rates (measured dT/dt ? 105 K sec?1 by radiation pyrometry). See also [46]

46. K. Löhberg andH. Müller, ?Temperature Measurements During High Rate Cooling of Metallic Melts?,Fizika 2 Suppl. 2 (1970) 4 (abstract only). Reported radiation pyrometric measurements showing undercooling in Cu-Ni and dT/dt as high as 1.5 × 106 K sec?1 for Al (z = 20 ?m) using shock tube in vacuum. (QT: 1i and see also [45].)

47. H. Matyja, B. C. Giessen, andN. J. Grant, ?The Effect of Cooling Rate on the Dendrite Spacing in Splat-Cooled Al Alloys?,J. Inst. Metals 96 (1968) 30?2. Reported measurements from transmission electron micrographs of dendrite spacings in nearly eutecticAl-Si, -Pd, -Fe, -Cu and -Ni alloys, fitted to the power relation with dT/dt [41]. Estimated dT/dt ?2×108 K sec?1 forz=2 ?m.

48. I. S. Miroshnichenko andV. O. Zakharov, ?Determination of Supercooling of Metallic Melts on Cooling at a High Rate?,Ind. Lab. 35 (1969) 362?3 (fromZavodskaya Lab. 35 (1969) 302-4). Reported immersed thermocouple measurements of dT/dt (9.7 × 104 K sec?1) and supercooling (198 K) for Al-4% Cr with z = 130 ?m (also for Bi-Sb alloys) using two-piston apparatus. (QT: 7d.)

49. P. Predecki, A. W. Mullendore, andN. J. Grant, ?A Study of the Splat Cooling Technique?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 233 (1965) 1581?6. Reported measurements of impact velocity (? 1000 ft sec?1) and of dT/dt (1.5 to 3 × 107 K sec?1 for Al, 1 to 5 × 108 K sec?1 for Ag and ? 106 for Au-14 at. % Sb withz ? 1 ?m), using a gun technique. (QT: 1d.)

50. R. C. Ruhl, ?Cooling Rates in Splat Cooling?,Mater. Sci. Eng. 1 (1967) 313?20. Reported finite-difference calculations of dT/dt (104 to 1010 K sec?1) as a function of several variables, confirming that splat thicknessz and quality of thermal contact with the substrate are normally most important. Established limiting conditions for Newtonian, intermediate and ideal cooling.10.1016/0025-5416(67)90013-4 ↗

51. H. Ahlborn andD. Merz, ?Production, Structure and Properties of a Rapidly Solidified Al Alloy Containing 8 wt % Fe?Part I. Production and Structure?,Aluminium 47 (1971) 671?7 (in German). SeeMetals Abs. 5 No. 7 (1972) 11?0517. Reported metallographic and TEM studies of the effect of process variables on the microstructure of Al-8 wt% Fe quenched from the melt. (QT: 4d.) See [346] for Part II and also [363].

52. E. Babi?, E. Girt, R. Krsnik, B. Leonti?, andI. Zori?, ?Vacancy Induced Residual Resistance in Ultrarapidly Quenched Pure Al?,Phys. Letters 33A (1970) 368?9. Reported linear relationship between lattice parameter and resistivity attributable to vacancies for Al quenched from the melt at different rates by a twin-roll method. (QT: 9b.) Apparent vacancy concentration was 40 to 60% higher from lattice parameter than resistivity. See also [384].

53. R. W. Balluffi andR. O. Simmons, ?On Vacancy Concentrations in Al Quenched from the Liquid State?,Acta Metallurgica 12 (1964) 957?8. A comment on [89], showing that there is no discontinuity in vacancy concentration at the melting point when values obtained [89] by quenching molten Al are compared withequilibrium measurements for the solid state.10.1016/0001-6160(64)90162-2 ↗

54. G. Beghi, R. Matera, andG. Piatti, ?Characteristics and Applications of Ultrarapid Solidification of Metallic Alloys?,La Metall. Ital. 60 (1968) 444?8 (in Italian). Reported TSSE of Mn in Al to 4 % Mn and morphological changes in a number of eutectic Al alloys. (Al-Ca, -Ce, -Y, -Sb and -Fe), obtained with a twopiston apparatus. (QT: 7c.)

55. W. E. Brower, R. Strachan, andM. C. Flemings, ?Effect of Cooling Rate on Structure of Ferrous Alloys?,Cast Metals Res. J. 6 (1970) 176?80. Showed effect of dT/dt on microstructure for Fe-25 % Ni, 440C and 4340 alloys confirming power relation found previously [41] for Al alloys, and showing it also applies to SiO2 inclusion size (in a Fe-O-Si alloy). Used piston-and-anvil apparatus (QT: 6g), measuring dT/dt (?105 to 106 K sec?1) by optical pyrometry and piston velocity (up to 200 mph) by photocell and oscilloscope.

56. M. H. Burden andH. Jones, ?The Mechanism of Structure Formation in Splat-Cooled Al-Fe Alloys?,Fizika 2 Suppl. 2 (1970) 17.1?17.6. Discussion 17.7. Discussed possible mechanisms of the microstructural transition and hardening reported earlier [355] forAl-Fe alloys made by a gun technique. (QT: 1a.)

57. P. Esslinger, ?Properties of Al alloys after Very Rapid Solidification I. Microstructure?,Z. Metallk. 57 (1966) 12?19 (in German). Showed by using wedge-shaped chill moulds that metastable effects (morphological change in Al-Cr-Si alloys) are established at dT/dt > 103 to 104 K sec?1. See also [352, 353].

58. P. L. Ferraglio, K. Mukherjee, andL. S. Castleman, ?First and Second Order Phase Changes in Splat-Cooled Au-Cd and Au-Zn Alloys?, U.S. Clearinghouse Fed. Sci. Tech. Inform. AD 710807 (1969). SeeChem. Abs. 74 (1971) 13451y. Reported XRD and TEM studies on equiatomic Au-Cd and Au-Zn quenched from the melt using a shock-tube method. A substantial increase in superlattice line intensity was tentatively ascribed to preferential formation of sublattice vacancies. A modulated structure and a periodically-faulted martensitic-like phase were observed in the AuZn. See also [267, 286].

59. P. Furrer, T. R. Anantharaman, andH. Warlimont, ?Electron-Microscopic Evidence for Heavy Faulting in Ag-Ge Alloys on Rapid Solidification?,Phil. Mag. 21 (1970) 873?7. Showed directly the heavy faulting in Ag-5 to 22 at. % Ge alloy foils (z up to 15 ?m) made by a gun technique, found earlier [81] by XRD.10.1080/14786437008238474 ↗

60. P. Furrer andH. Warlimont, ?Electron-Microscopic Examination of Splat-Cooled Foils?, in Proc. 7th Internat. Congr. on Electron Microscopy, Grenoble (1970), pp. 507?8. Showed the grain structure of extended solid solutions of up to 4 at. % Fe in Al made by a gun technique. Strain contrast within grains was attributed to solute-vacancy clustering. Heat-treatment precipitated metastable FeAl6 at grain boundaries. See alsoZ. Metallk. 64 (1973) in press.

61. W. Hiller, ?Refining by Electron Beam Remelting?,Met. Contr. Mecan. (La Metallurgie) 100 No. 1 (1968) pp. 35?6 (in French). SeeMetals Abs. 2 (1969) 43-0004, -0043, -0078. Reported microstructural refinement and enhanced mechanical properties for Al-11 % Si and Al-6 % Mn by electron beam surface remelting (QT: 11b) compared with the parent cast alloys. See also [68].

62. K. A. Jackson, ?Comment on ?Defects in Al Quenched from the Liquid State??,Acta Metallurgica 13 (1965) 1081?3. Argued on the basis of solidification theory that vacancy concentration should bedecreased on quenching the melt, notincreased as found [89] for Al. Showed that the results [89] give this decrease ifuncorrected for possible vacancy loss to the surfaces and if compared withequilibrium measurements for the solid state.10.1016/0001-6160(65)90176-8 ↗

63. A. R. Kaufmann andW. C. Muller, ?Fine Grain Size in Be by Splat Cooling?, inBeryllium Technology, Vol. 1 (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1966) pp. 629?46. Reported grain sizes of 1 to 10 ?m for Be splats made by a rotating electrode method (QT: 4a), producing on consolidation an effective grain size of ?7 ?m giving rise to improved mechanical properties compared with samples consolidated from conventional Be powder.

64. A. Kirin, A. Tonejc, andA. Bonefa?i?, ?Change in the Lattice Parameter of Al under the Influence of Rapid Quenching from the Liquid State?,Scripta Metall. 3 (1969) 943?6. Reported an apparent increase in value of lattice parameter with increasing thickness from 4 to 70 ?m of Al flake made by a two-piston method (QT: 7b), no value reaching literature values for annealed Al. Effect attributed to increased retained vacancy concentration with increasing cooling rate for thinner flakes.10.1016/0036-9748(69)90247-6 ↗

65. K. Kranjc andM. Pai?, ?'X-ray Microradiography of Flakes of Al-Fe Alloys Quenched Rapidly from the Melt?,Metallograghy 2 (1969) 337?47. Considered the problem of distinguishing between contrast in X-ray contact microradiographs due to variations in thickness or in alloy concentration. Room for improvement in a splat-cooling technique was indicated by the detection of some Fe-rich inclusions in some Al-Fe alloy samples.10.1016/0026-0800(69)90064-0 ↗

66. R. Kumar andA. N. Sinha, ?Metallography of Rapid Solidification?,Trans. Indian Inst. Metals 21 No. 1 (1968) 9?12. Reported on metallographic structure and XRD behaviour of Al and Sb rapidly solidified by a rotating crucible method (QT: 4b). See [88] for comment.

67. E. Laine andI. Lähteenmäki, ?Structure and Microstructure Study on Splat-Cooled Cd?,J. Mater. Sci. 6 (1971) 1418?21. Reported grain size of < 5 to ? 10 ?m, preferred orientation and decreased lattice parameter for Cd (z ? 40 ?m) made by a piston-and-anvil method (QT: 6i). Decrease of preferred orientation on annealing at 155 to 220 °C as indicated by diffracted X-ray intensity gave an activation energy of 17.0 ± 1.8 kcal mole?1. See also [A56].10.1007/BF00549686 ↗

68. B. Lux andW. Hiller, ?The Structure of Very Rapidly Solidified Specimens of Al-Si and Al-Mn Alloys?,Prakt. Metallog. 8 (1971) 218?25 (in German and English). Reported microstructural refinement, morphological change and improved mechanical properties in Al-11 % Si and Al-6 % Mn alloys by electron beam surface remelting. (QT: 11b.) See also [61].10.1515/pm-1971-080402 ↗

69. J. A. Mccomb, S. Nenno, andM. Meshii, ?Structure of Liquid-Quenched Al?,J. Phys. Soc. Japan 19 (1964) 1691?5. Reported that vacancy concentrations estimated from density of dislocation loops in electron micrographs, for splat-cooled Al made by a gun technique, showed no discontinuity (cf [89]) compared with equivalent solid state quenching data.10.1143/JPSJ.19.1691 ↗

70. I. S. Miroshnichenko, ?Formation of the Structure of Eutectic-Type Alloys at High Cooling Rates?, inCrystallization Processes, Ed. N. N. Sirota, F. K. Gorskii, and V. M. Varikash (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1966) pp. 61?6. From Russian original (1964) pp. 146?56. Reported changes in morphology of Fe-C, Al-Cu and Pb-Sn eutectic alloys on cooling melts at dT/dt up to 5 sx 105 K sec?1 using twin (QT: 6a) and single substrate methods.10.1007/978-1-4899-4626-3_10 ↗

71. I. S. Miroshnichenko, ?Structure Formation in Cast Irons during Crystallization at a High Cooling Rate?, Termodinam. i Fiz. Kinetika Strukturoobrazov. v Stali i Chugune. Tula, 1967, pp. 111?7 (in Russian) SeeChem. Abs. 70 (1969) 22124r. Reported microstructure of Fe-2.2 to 5.5% C crystallized at dT/dt up to 106 K sec?1 by a twin-substrate method.

72. I. S. Miroshnichenko, ?Formation of Quasi-Eutectic Structures in Al-CuAl2 Alloys?,Russian Metallurgy (Metally),1968 No. 5, pp. 128?32. (FromIzvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metally 1968 No. 5, pp. 188?93.) Used twin substrate method (QT: 6a) (z = 30 to 200 ?m) and wedge-moulds to extend the composition range of eutectic formation and change its morphology at dT/dt up to 107 K sec?1.

73. I. S. Miroshnichenko andA. Ya. Andreeva, ?A New Type of Eutectic Colonies in Fe-Fe3C Alloys?,Doklady Chemistry 182 (1968) 814?15. FromDoklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 182 (1968) 352-3. Reported on substructure of eutectic colonies in Fe ? 4.2% C solidified at dT/dt of 105 to 106 K sec?1 between two copper plates.

74. I. S. Miroshnichenko andA. Ya. Andreeva, ?Experimental Determination of Quasi-eutectic Region in Al-CuAl2 Alloys?,Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR,186 No. 5 (1969) English version pp. 128?30, Russian original pp. 1140-2. Solidified Al-Cu alloys in wedge-moulds to extend eutectic formation over the range 26 to 37 wt % Cu at the highest dT/dt obtained.

75. I. S. Miroshnichenko andA. Ya. Andreeva, ?On Degeneracy of Eutectic Structures?,Akad. Nauk. Ukrain. SSR, Metallofizika 1970 No. 27, pp. 169?75 (in Russian). SeeMetals Abs. 3 (1970) 12-1220,Chem. Abs. 74 (1971) 5977m. Reported and discussed effect of dT/dt (10 to > 106K sec?1) on eutectic morphology in Fe-Fe3C and Al-CuAl2 eutectic alloys causing degenerate eutectics to form at dT/dt > 106 K sec?1.

76. I. S. Miroshnichenko andI. V. Salli, ?Structure of Cast Iron Hardened in Liquid State?,Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdel. Tekh Nauk, Met. i Topl. 1961 No. 1, pp. 44?8 (in Russian). SeeChem. Abs. 55 (1961) 19680d andJ. Iron Steel Inst. 200 (1962) 261a. Reported on microstructure of Fe-2.2 to 5.5 wt % C solidified at dT/dt up to 105 K sec?1.

77. A. Prodan andA. Bonefa?i?, ?X-ray Study of Defects in Rapidly Quenched Al?,Fizika 2 Suppl. 2 (1970) 29.1?29.3. Discussion 29.4-29.5. Reported small angle X-ray scattering studies on Al samples (z = 55 ?m) rapidly quenched from the melt, considered to indicate clusters of up to 100 vacancies.

78. P. Ramachandrarao, ?Structural Studies in Metals and Alloys Rapidly Cooled from the Melt?,The Banaras Metallurgist 2 (1969) 38?40. Summary of Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras, 1968. See [79?82, 146, 207?8, 246].

79. P. Ramachandrarao andT. R. Anantharaman, ?Solidification Substructures in a Sn-Pb alloy Quenched from the Melt?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 245 (1969) 890?2. Showed metallographically, transitions between diffusionless predendritic, cellular and dendritic solidification in specimens of Sn-1 wt % Pb made by a gun technique.

80. P. Ramachandrarao andT. R. Anantharaman, ?Study of X-ray Line Breadths in Some Fcc Metals Quenched from the Melt?,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 245 (1969) 892?3. Reported for Ag quenched from the melt, X-ray line broadening, absent for Al and Pb which showed evidence of grain-boundary migration after solidification.

81. P. Ramachandrarao andT. R. Anantharaman, ?Formation of Faulted Close-packed Structures in Ag-Ge Alloys Quenched from the Melt?,Phil. Mag. 20 (1969) 201?3. Reported, for Ag-5.0 to 22.0 at. % Ge alloys made by a gun technique, X-ray line broadening indicative of heavy faulting in both fcc and metastable cph phases. See also [59, 82].10.1080/14786436908228547 ↗

82. P. Ramachandrarao, P. R. Rao, andT. R. Anantharaman, ?X-ray Line Broadening in Splat-Cooled Ag and Ag-Ge Alloys?,Z. Metallk. 61 (1970) 471?5. Reported that integral breadth analysis of XRD profiles indicated a small domain size of ? 0.1 ?m for Ag and fcc Ag-7.0 at. % Ge and in addition deformation and growth faulting for cph Ag-22.0 at. % Ge, all made by a gun technique described. (QT: 1j.)

83. P. K. Rastogi andK. Mukherjee, ?Defects in Pb Quenched from the Liquid State?,Metall. Trans. 1 (1970) 2115?7. Reported resistivity measurements of vacancy concentration in Pb quenched from the melt into iced water (dT/dt ? 104 K sec?1), indicating an increase compared with literature results for Pb quenched entirely in the solid state (cf. [69, 89] for Al).10.1007/BF02643423 ↗

84. I. V. Salli, ?Structure of Alloys Produced by Rapid Cooling?,Liteinoe Proizvodstvo 1958 No. 7, pp. 22?5 (in Russian). SeeChem. Abs. 53 (1959) 1053a,Metall. Abs. 26 (1958-9) 492,J. Iron Steel Inst. 192 (1959) 321c. Reported attempts to obtain diffusionless solidification by quenching Fe-C, Al-Si, Pb-Sn, Sn-Bi and Zn-Al alloys by an early catapult/piston-and-anvil device. (QT: 6a.)

85. I. V. Salli, ?Stable and Metastable Cast Irons?, Razvitie Proizv. Kovkogo Chuguna, Nauchn.- Tekhn. Obshschestvo Mashinostr. Prom. Tr. 3ei (Tret'ei) Vses. Konf. 1960, publ. 1963, pp. 240?52 (in Russian). FromChem. Abs. 60 (1964) 249f. Discussed effects of solidification at high dT/dt (? 105 K sec?1) such as increasing TSSE in the seriesFe-C,Co-C andNi-C. 22 references.

86. I. V. Salli, inStructure Formation in Alloys (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1964) Section VI.3, pp. 64?75. From Russian original (Moscow, 1963). Reviewed mainly own work (1959?61) on effects of rapid quenching of alloys from the melt (QT: 6a), with special reference to morphological changes in Fe-C alloys and TSSE.10.1007/978-1-4684-1560-5 ↗

87. D. R. Spalding, R. E. Villagrana, andG. A. Chadwick, ?A Study of Copper Distribution in Lamellar Al-CuAl2 Eutectics Using an Energy Analysing Electron Microscope?,Phil. Mag. 20 (1969) 471?88. Reported plasmon energy loss spectrum across an Al/CuAl2 interphase boundary in specimen made by piston-and-anvil technique (dT/dt ? 106 K sec?1,z ? 20 to 50 ?m).10.1080/14786436908228720 ↗

88. C. Suryanarayana andT. R. Anantharaman, ?Metallography of Rapid Solidification?,Trans. Indian Inst. Metals 21 No. 3 (1968) 67 only. Reported that XRD evidence [66] for a cph form of Al by quenching the melt can be attributed to A1N impurity in the specimen.

89. G. Thomas andR. H. Willens, ?Defects in Al Quenched from the Liquid State?,Acta Metallurgica 12 (1964) 191?6. Showed, by TEM, grain and defect structures in Al quenched by a gun technique. Vacancy concentration at the melting point indicated by the dislocation loop density was higher than for literature values for quenching entirely within the solid state. See [53, 62] for comments and [90, 91] for replies.10.1016/0001-6160(64)90187-7 ↗

90. G. Thomas andR. H. Willens, ?On Vacancy Concentrations in Al Quenched from the Liquid State?,Acta Metallurgica 13 (1965) 139?40. Replied to [53] by arguing that original comparison [89] withquenched data for solid Al was more reasonable than withequilibrium data proposed by [53].10.1016/0001-6160(65)90165-3 ↗

91. G. Thomas andR. H. Willens, ?Vacancy Concentrations in Quenched Al?,Acta Metallurgica 14 (1966) 1385?90. Replied to [62] by showing by TEM that vacancies are lost near free surfaces in quenching Al and thus must be corrected for in estimating true quenched-in vacancy concentration as in [89].10.1016/0001-6160(66)90257-4 ↗

92. S. N. Tiwari, S. L. Malhotra, andT. R. Anantharaman, ?Non-Equilibrium Solidification in a Peritectic System?,Current Science (India)39 (1970) 477?80. Used modified gun technique (QT: 1j) to rapidly solidify Pb-15, 26 and 37 wt % Bi alloys for comparison with more slowly-solidified structures.

93. W. Vandermeulen andA. Deruyttere, ?Structures Obtained in a Cu-11.8 at. % Sn Alloy Quenched from the Melt?,Fizika 2 (1970) 8.1?8.5. Discussion 8.6. Reported XRD and metallographic studies on Cu-11.8 at. % Sn made by both gun and piston-andanvil techniques. Concluded that martensite observed formed from a metastable bcc phase formed first from the melt. See also [296] and cf. [94, 267, 286].

94. H. Warlimont andP. Furrer, ?Interrelations between Metastable Phases formed by Rapid Solidification and by Martensitic Transformation?,Fizika. 2 Suppl. 2 (1970) 26.1?26.6. Argued that rapidly solidified and martensitically formed Cu, Ag and Au alloys have many common structural characteristics. Structures obtained in rapidly solidified alloys may form directly from the melt or by subsequent martensitic transformation of a transient phase formed directly from the melt, cf. [93, 267, 286].

95. T. R. Anantharaman, ?On the Impact of Spark Erosion Treatment on the Structure of Co?,Z. Metallk. 61 (1970) 760?2. Argued that evidence [116] of formation of ???-Co in spark-eroded surfaces is more satisfactorily interpreted as due to gaseous (e.g. N2) adsorption forming interstitial solid solutions or compounds. See also [201].

96. E. Babi?, R. Krsnik, B. Leonti?, andA. Tonejc, ?Residual Resistance Measurements on Super-Saturated Metastable Alloys of Fe in Al?,Phys. Letters 32A (1970) 5?6. Reported linear increase of residual resistance ratio with increasing Fe content up to 0.7 at. % in extended terminal solid solutions ofAl-Fe alloys made by a two-piston technique (z < 10 ?m). See also [385].

97. J. C. Baker andJ. W. Cahn, ?Solute Trapping by Rapid Solidification?,Acta Metallurgica 17 (1969) 575?8. Showed that TSSE up to at least 5 wt % Cd in Zn occurred using a gun technique, although this alloy system has a retrograde solidus with a maximum at 2.6 wt % Cd. The sign of the implied departure from local equilibrium at the solid-liquid interface is opposite to that assumed by two theories of nonequilibrium solidification.10.1016/0001-6160(69)90116-3 ↗

98. J. Blétry, ?The Effects of Substitution of First Series Transition Metals in Al Solid Solutions?,J. Phys. Chem. Solids 31 (1970) 1263?72 (in French). Reported that the measured variation of lattice parameter with composition in extended terminal solid solutions (up to 5 at. %) of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni in Al prepared by splat cooling, agreed only qualitatively with theory.10.1016/0022-3697(70)90129-0 ↗

99. L. M. Burov, T. I. Sheyko, andV. F. Bashev, ?Investigation of the Fine Structure Parameters of Al-W, Al-Mo and Al-Mn Alloys obtained at High Cooling Rates?,Phys. Metals Metallog. 30 No. 1 (1970) 241?3. (FromFiz. Metal. Metalloved. 30 (1970) 222-4.) Reported that XRD of Al-W, Al-Mo and Al-Mn extended solid solutions made by compressed air ejection on to a rotating brass cylinder (dT/dt ? 105 to 106 K sec?1,z up to 150 ?m), indicated a coherent scattering region of 0.13 ?m for Al decreasing to 0.08 ?m with 2 at. % substituted W or Mo.

100. L. M. Burov andN. I. Varich, ?Thermal Expansion of Al-Mn and Al-Cr Alloys?,Phys. Metals Metallog. 16 No. 4 (1963) 33?6. (FromFiz. Metal. Metalloved. 16 (1963) 530-4.) Measured thermal expansion coefficient from the dependence onT of the lattice parameter ofAl-Cr andAl-Mn extended solid solutions containing up to 2.9 wt % Cr and 3.2 wt % Mn made by a catapult technique (QT: 2a). The solid solutions were stable for at least 4 h up to 400 °C.