Advances in the use of inorganic nanomaterials for sustainable remediation of contaminated water
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This review provides a current and comprehensive discussion of the use of inorganic nanomaterials for the remediation of a range of water-borne contaminants including textile dyes, oil, heavy metals, and microplastics among others. In particular, this work aims to provide a greater deal of focus on the areas of remediation themselves, providing a strong groundwork of recent literature for each of the contaminant categories and how a range of inorganic nanomaterials are used to treat them. This work also aims to discuss the sustainability of these materials themselves including synthesis methods, sustainability of the materials used and their life cycle including synthesis and risk of leaching. In addition, this review discusses issues of scalability and viability of these materials in industry and for larger scale remediation efforts. Graphical Abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Environmental remediation with nanomaterials · Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal · Nanomaterials for catalytic reactions
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. CU Press (2023) Climate change 2022—mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press, pp 1–2042
2. NY Baran M, Çaliskan M, Baran T (2023) Pd@MgAl LDH/2-ThCA: a sustainable, active and recyclable nanocatalyst system for the rapid and efficient catalytic reduction of organic pollutants. Inorg Chem Commun 157:1–14
3. Piccot SD, Watson JJ, Jones JW (1992) A global inventory of volatile organic-compound emissions from anthropogenic sources. J Geophys Res Atmos 97:9897–991210.1029/92JD00682 ↗
4. Yu JCC, Nguyen VH, Lasek J, Wu JCS (2017) Titania nanosheet photocatalysts with dominantly exposed (001) reactive facets for photocatalytic NOx abatement. Appl Catal B Environ 219:391–40010.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.077 ↗
5. Abbasi A, Sardroodi JJ (2018) An innovative method for the removal of toxic SOx molecules from environment by TiO2/stanene nanocomposites: a first-principles study. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 28:1901–191310.1007/s10904-018-0832-9 ↗
6. Pratap B, Kumar S, Nand S et al (2023) Wastewater generation and treatment by various eco-friendly technologies: possible health hazards and further reuse for environmental safety. Chemosphere 313:1–1410.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137547 ↗
7. Water pollution: everything you need to know (2023) NRDC. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know#whatis. Accessed 18/07/2025
8. Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li FH et al (2022) A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotox Environ Saf 231:1–1710.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160 ↗
9. Baby R, Hussein MZ, Abdullah AH, Zainal Z (2022) Nanomaterials for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated water. Polymers 14:1–1710.3390/polym14030583 ↗
10. Kumar S, Yadav S, Kataria N et al (2023) Recent advancement in nanotechnology for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: sources, toxicity, and remediation technology. Curr Pollut Rep 9:110–14210.1007/s40726-023-00251-0 ↗
11. Goh PS, Kang HS, Ismail AF, Khor WH, Quen LK, Higgins D (2022) Nanomaterials for microplastic remediation from aquatic environment: Why nano matters? Chemosphere 299:1–1610.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134418 ↗
12. Velázquez-Palenzuela A, Ulusoy B, Dam-Johansen K, Christensen JM (2023) Photo-oxidation of nitrite anions in aqueous solution for the benchmarking of nano-TiO2 photocatalytic coatings. Prog Org Coat 175:1–13
13. Wen ZP, Lu J, Zhang YL, Liao XP, Cheng G, Chen R (2023) Enhanced phosphate removal from water by using nanoscale zerovalent iron/rectorite nanocomposite (nZVI/REC): mediation role of nitrate. Sep Purif Technol 307:1110.1016/j.seppur.2022.122803 ↗
14. Bakshi M, Kumar A (2023) Co-application of TiO2 nanoparticles and hyperaccumulator Brassica juncea L. for effective Cd removal from soil: assessing the feasibility of using nano-phytoremediation. J Environ Manag 341:1010.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118005 ↗
15. Tan X (2023) Remediation of PAHs contaminated soil enhanced by nano-zero-valent iron combined with white rot fungi Peniophora incarnata. Alex Eng J 83:85–9110.1016/j.aej.2023.10.046 ↗
16. Carré F, Caudeville J, Bonnard R, Bert V, Boucard P, Ramel M (2015) Global soil security symposium. Springer, Texas
17. Sodiq A, Abdullatif Y, Aissa B et al (2023) A review on progress made in direct air capture of CO2. Environ Technol Innov 29:1–2410.1016/j.eti.2022.102991 ↗
18. Rashid R, Shafiq I, Akhter P, Iqbal MJ, Hussain M (2021) A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:9050–906610.1007/s11356-021-12395-x ↗
19. Alshammari BH, Lashin MMA, Mahmood MA et al (2023) Organic and inorganic nanomaterials: fabrication, properties and applications. RSC Adv 13:13735–1378510.1039/D3RA01421E ↗
20. Yin CY, Aroua MK, Daud W (2007) Review of modifications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminant uptakes from aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 52:403–41510.1016/j.seppur.2006.06.009 ↗
21. Assad H, Lone IA, Kumar A, Kumar A (2024) Unveiling the contemporary progress of graphene-based nanomaterials with a particular focus on the removal of contaminants from water: a comprehensive review. Front Chem 12:1–2510.3389/fchem.2024.1347129 ↗
22. Ningthoujam R, Singh YD, Babu PJ, Tirkey A, Pradhan S, Sarma M (2022) Nanocatalyst in remediating environmental pollutants. Chem Phys Impact 4:1–1210.1016/j.chphi.2022.100064 ↗
23. Kim S, Lee M, Hong C et al (2020) A band-gap database for semiconducting inorganic materials calculated with hybrid functional. Sci Data 7:1–610.1038/s41597-020-00723-8 ↗
24. Osterwalder N, Capello C, Hungerbuhler K, Stark WJ (2006) Energy consumption during nanoparticle production: how economic is dry synthesis? J Nanopart Res 8:1–910.1007/s11051-005-8384-7 ↗
25. Kabir E, Kumar V, Kim KH, Yip ACK, Sohn JR (2018) Environmental impacts of nanomaterials. J Environ Manag 225:261–27110.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.087 ↗
26. Cooper K (2017) Scalable nanomanufacturing-a review. Micromachines 8:810.3390/mi8010020 ↗
27. Wang XX, Jiang JM, Gao WJ (2022) Reviewing textile wastewater produced by industries: characteristics, environmental impacts, and treatment strategies. Water Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.08810.2166/wst.2022.088 ↗
28. Liu Q (2020) Pollution and treatment of dye waste-water. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 514:05200110.1088/1755-1315/514/5/052001 ↗
29. Rawat D, Mishra V, Sharma RS (2016) Detoxification of azo dyes in the context of environmental processes. Chemosphere 155:591–60510.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.068 ↗
30. Siddiqui SI, Allehyani ES, Al-Harbi SA et al (2023) Investigation of Congo red toxicity towards different living organisms: a review. Processes 11:1–1210.3390/pr11030807 ↗
31. Sharma J, Sharma S, Soni V (2021) Classification and impact of synthetic textile dyes on aquatic flora: a review. Reg Stud Mar Sci 45:17
32. Thongam DD, Chaturvedi H (2023) Induced defect and ZnO nano-flower formation by N, N, dimethylformamide solvent for natural sunlight responsive floating photocatalytic advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere 313:1–1410.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137600 ↗
33. Moradi M, Moradkhani MA, Hosseini SH, Olazar M (2023) Intelligent modeling of photocatalytically reactive yellow 84 AZO dye removal from aqueous solutions by ZnO-light expanded clay aggregate nanoparticles. Int J Environ Sci Technol 20:3009–302210.1007/s13762-022-04728-1 ↗
34. Abid S, Munir R, Sayed M et al (2023) Synthesis of zinc oxide, ferric, Cu nano particles by almond shells, sugar cane bagasse, eggshells, and their application as catalyst for dye reactive red 195 (RR 195) removal. Catal Surv Asia 27:332–34810.1007/s10563-023-09400-3 ↗
35. Ramaraj BR, Mahalingam U, Ramasamy P, Pearce JM, Mayandi J, Mahalingam A (2023) Environmental remediation of real textile dyeing wastewater under visible light and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria using ZnO/CuO nano-needles. Physica Status Solidi (A) 220:810.1002/pssa.202200607 ↗
36. Abbas A, Ahmad T, Hussain S et al (2022) Immobilized biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles as photocatalysts for degradation of methylene blue dye and treatment of textile effluents. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:11333–1134610.1007/s13762-021-03872-4 ↗
37. Milosevic M, Racic M, Ohara S et al (2023) Advanced photocatalysis mediated by TiO2/Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles modified cotton fabric. Cellulose 30:4749–477110.1007/s10570-023-05165-0 ↗
38. Song YJ, Li HC, Xiong ZW et al (2023) TiO2/carbon composites from waste sawdust for methylene blue photodegradation. Diam Relat Mat 136:1–810.1016/j.diamond.2023.109918 ↗
39. Nasiri A, Rajabi S, Hashemi M (2022) CoFe2O@methylcellulose/AC as a new, green, and eco-friendly nano-magnetic adsorbent for removal of Reactive Red 198 from aqueous solution. Arab J Chem 15:1–1910.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103745 ↗
40. Rubangakene NO, Elkady M, Elwardany A, Fujii M, Sekiguchi H, Shokry H (2023) Effective decontamination of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using novel nano-magnetic biochar from green pea peels. Environ Res 220:1–1510.1016/j.envres.2023.115272 ↗
41. Jara YS, Mekiso TT, Washe AP (2024) Highly efficient catalytic degradation of organic dyes using iron nanoparticles synthesized with Vernonia Amygdalina leaf extract. Sci Rep 14:1–1810.1038/s41598-024-57554-5 ↗
42. Zhang SL, Li ML, Xu YH et al (2023) Enhanced catalytic activity and stability of composite of cellulose film and nano zero-valent iron on Juncus effusus for activating peroxydisulfate to degrade Rhodamine B dye. Water Sci Technol 87:304–31710.2166/wst.2022.431 ↗
43. Liu BY, Liu P, Deng K et al (2023) In situ transformation of hierarchical FeOOH/CuO arrays with electro-cleaning capability for oil-in-water emulsion separation and electro-fenton degradation of organic dye. Sep Purif Technol 311:1–1210.1016/j.seppur.2023.123274 ↗
44. Karthikeyan S, Dhanakodi K, Surendhiran S, Vanasundari K, Arunraja L, Rajamanickam AT (2023) Unveiling the photocatalytic property of La2O3–CuO nanocomposites for organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. J Indian Chem Soc 100:1010.1016/j.jics.2023.101104 ↗
45. Darwesh OM, Li H, Matter IA (2023) Nano-bioremediation of textile industry wastewater using immobilized CuO-NPs myco-synthesized by a novel Cu-resistant Fusarium oxysporum OSF18 Env. Sci Pollut Res 30:16694–1670610.1007/s11356-022-23360-7 ↗
46. Abdo MA, Mansour SF, Al-Bassami NS, Abu-Elsaad NI (2022) Yttrium substituted Co–Cu–Zn nanoferrite: a synergetic impact of Y3+ on enhanced physical properties and photocatalysis. Ceram Int 48:15314–1532610.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.065 ↗
47. Akshhayya C, Ansari MO, Janani B et al (2023) Construction of a S-scheme CdS/CuFe2O4 heterojunction with suppressed charge recombination for enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic activity. New J Chem 47:5431–544010.1039/D2NJ05616J ↗
48. Abubakar HL, Tijani JO, Abdulkareem AS et al (2023) Effective removal of malachite green from local dyeing wastewater using zinc–tungstate based materials. Heliyon 9:1–2610.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19167 ↗
49. Almulhem NK, Awada C, Shaalan NM (2023) Study of phenol red photocatalytic decomposition on KBrO3-supported TiO2 nanoparticles for wastewater treatment. Separations 10:1–1510.3390/separations10030162 ↗
50. Al-Araji DD, Al-Ani FH, Alsalhy QF (2023) Modification of polyethersulfone membranes by Polyethyleneimine (PEI) grafted Silica nanoparticles and their application for textile wastewater treatment. Environ Technol 44:3033–304910.1080/09593330.2022.2049890 ↗
51. Romman UE, Shakir I, Shaaban IA et al (2024) Silver-doped lanthanum nickel oxide decorated Ti3C2Tx MXene nano-composite (Ag–LaNiO3/MXene) for advanced photocatalytic waste-water treatment. Opt Mater 147:1–1310.1016/j.optmat.2023.114678 ↗
52. Chen XL, Zhou T, Pan XQ, Li H (2023) Polydopamine microcapsules loaded Ag nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of organic pollutants. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 663:1–1010.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131085 ↗
53. Wilkinson JL, Boxall ABA, Kolpin DW et al (2022) Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 119:1–1010.1073/pnas.2113947119 ↗
54. Sharma J, Joshi M, Bhatnagar A, Chaurasia AK, Nigam S (2022) Pharmaceutical residues: one of the significant problems in achieving “clean water for all” and its solution. Environ Res 215:1–1610.1016/j.envres.2022.114219 ↗
55. Gadipelly C, Pérez-González A, Yadav GD et al (2014) Pharmaceutical industry wastewater: review of the technologies for water treatment and reuse. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:11571–1159210.1021/ie501210j ↗
56. Samal K, Mahapatra S, Ali MH (2022) Pharmaceutical wastewater as emerging contaminants (EC): treatment technologies, impact on environment and human health. Energy Nexus 6:1–1810.1016/j.nexus.2022.100076 ↗
57. Koopaei NN, Abdollahi M (2017) Health risks associated with the pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Daru 25:1–710.1186/s40199-017-0166-0 ↗
58. Cercel R, Androne A, Florica CS, Lorinczi A, Serbschi C, Baibarac M (2023) Nanohybrid composites based on TiO2 and single-walled carbon nanohorns as promising catalysts for photodegradation of amoxicillin. Molecules 28:1–1410.3390/molecules28196958 ↗
59. Jiang AH, Huang XW, Zhang GS, Yang WQ (2022) A study of the degradation of LEV by transparent PVA/NCD-TiO2 nanocomposite films with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Catalysts 12:1–1610.3390/catal12111336 ↗
60. Ahmed FU, Upadhaya D, Purkayastha DD, Krishna MG (2022) Stable hydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic ZnO nanorod decorated nanofibrous membrane and its application in wastewater treatment. J Membr Sci 659:1–1310.1016/j.memsci.2022.120803 ↗
61. Heris SZ, Etemadi M, Mousavi SB, Mohammadpourfard M, Ramavandi B (2023) Preparation and characterizations of TiO2/ZnO nanohybrid and its application in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in wastewater. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 443:1–19
62. Ma XL, Xu ZZ, Zhang L et al (2023) Nano zero-valent iron-based fiber electrode for efficient electro-Fenton treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: mechanism of degradation and sterilization. Chem Eng J 475:1–1310.1016/j.cej.2023.146049 ↗
63. Shamsudin MS, Din ATM, Sellaoui L, Badawi M, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Ismail S (2023) Characterization, evaluation, and mechanism analysis of the functionalization of kaolin with a surfactant for the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 465:1–12
64. Levakov I, Shahar Y, Rytwo G (2022) Carbamazepine removal by clay-based materials using adsorption and photodegradation. Water 14:1–1810.3390/w14132047 ↗
65. Shaheen TI, El-Shahat M, Abdelhameed RM (2022) Size-tunable effect of CaCO3/nanocellulose hybrid composites on the removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:43287–4329910.1007/s11356-021-18312-6 ↗
66. Jiang JS, Hou R, Cui HL et al (2023) Occurrences of typical PPCPs during wastewater treatment and the composting of sewage sludge with micron-sized and nano-sized Fe3O4. Environ Pollut 336:1–1010.1016/j.envpol.2023.122386 ↗
67. Sun YT, Yi RX, Hu C, Lyu L (2022) Enhanced purification efficiency for pharmaceutical wastewater through a pollutant-mediated H2O2 activation pathway over CuZnS nano-aggregated particles. Environ Sci Nano 9:4317–432410.1039/D2EN00736C ↗
68. Hamad M, El-Sesy ME (2023) Adsorptive removal of levofloxacin and antibiotic resistance genes from hospital wastewater by nano-zero-valent iron and nano-copper using kinetic studies and response surface methodology. Bioresour Bioprocess 10:1–2910.1186/s40643-022-00616-1 ↗
69. Barka E, Noutsopoulos C, Galani A et al (2023) Removal of contaminants of emerging concern from wastewater using an integrated column system containing zero valent iron nanoparticles. Water 15:1–2210.3390/w15030598 ↗
70. Gouda MH, Elessawy NA, Toghan A (2022) Development of hybrid green nanocomposite polymeric beads doped with nano sulfated zirconia for effective removal of cefotaxime antibiotic from aqueous solution. Sci Rep 12:1–1210.1038/s41598-022-16473-z ↗
71. Ntelane TS, Feleni U, Mthombeni NH, Kuvarega AT (2022) Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) on titania supported mesoporous dendritic silica (TiO2/MDS) for the degradation of carbamazepine and other water pollutants. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 655:1–1710.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130276 ↗
72. Tian CY, Huang WY, Wei ZS et al (2023) Photocatalytic degradation of different antibiotics using TiO2-carbon composites: a case study of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. New J Chem 47:19646–1965610.1039/D3NJ02748A ↗
73. Nasseh N, Samadi MT, Ghadirian M, Panahi AH, Rezaie A (2022) Photo-catalytic degradation of tamoxifen by using a novel synthesized magnetic nanocomposite of FeCl2@ac@ZnO: a study on the pathway, modeling, and sensitivity analysis using artificial neural network (AAN). J Environ Chem Eng 10:1–1510.1016/j.jece.2022.107450 ↗
74. Abbas KK, AbdulkadhimAl-Ghaban AMH, Rdewi EH (2022) Synthesis of a novel ZnO/TiO2-nanorod MXene heterostructured nanophotocatalyst for the removal pharmaceutical ceftriaxone sodium from aqueous solution under simulated sunlight. J Environ Chem Eng 10:1–1310.1016/j.jece.2022.108111 ↗
75. Siddique A, Tahir MB, Shahid I, Kebaili I, Alrobei H, Alzaid M (2022) Integrating ZnO/CdS schottky junction for remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance under solar spectrum. Appl Nanosci 12:1613–162610.1007/s13204-021-02313-5 ↗
76. Duo J, Li WF, Wang YJ, Wang SZ, Wufuer R, Pan XL (2022) Photothermal catalytic degradation of lomefloxacin with nano Au/TiO2. Water 14:1–1010.3390/w14030339 ↗
77. Evgenidou E, Ainali NM, Rapti A, Bikiaris RD, Nannou C, Lambropoulou DA (2023) Photocatalytic performance of buoyant TiO2-immobilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) beads for the removal of the anticonvulsant drug pregabalin from water and leachate. J Environ Chem Eng 11:1–1610.1016/j.jece.2023.110697 ↗
78. Liu BX, Zhang XY, Song Z (2022) Visible fenton degradation of bisphenol A by boron-doped, graphene-oxide-coated nano-Fe3O4. Processes 10:1–1410.3390/pr10122582 ↗
79. Gadore V, Mishra SR, Ahmaruzzaman M (2024) Bandgap engineering approach for synthesising photoactive novel Ag/HAp/SnS2 for removing toxic anti-fungal pharmaceutical from aqueous environment. J Hazard Mater 461:1–1810.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132458 ↗
80. Zhu H, Ning SY, Li ZZQ et al (2022) Synthesis of bimetallic NbCo-piperazine catalyst and study on its advanced redox treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by activation of permonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol 285:1–1310.1016/j.seppur.2021.120345 ↗
81. Borhan AI, Herea DD, Husanu MA et al (2023) Straightforward FeOOH nanografting of Al-based SrTiO3 perovskite material as core–shell nanoflower-like heteronanostructure with enhanced solar light-driven photodegradation capability. Appl Surf Sci 614:1–1210.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156247 ↗
82. Masunga N, Mamba BB, Kefeni KK (2022) Magnetically separable samarium doped copper ferrite-graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite for photodegradation of dyes and pharmaceuticals under visible light irradiation. J Water Process Eng 48:1–1610.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102898 ↗
83. Hojamberdiev M, Czech B, Göktas AC, Yubuta K, Kadirova ZC (2020) SnO2@ZnS photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in model wastewater. J Alloy Compd 827:1–1310.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154339 ↗
84. Li BW, Zhu YL, Guo WL (2023) Recent advances of metal oxide catalysts for electrochemical NH3 production from nitrogen-containing sources. Inorg Chem Front 10:5812–583810.1039/D3QI01448G ↗
85. Suazo-Hernández J, Sepúlveda P, Cáceres-Jensen L et al (2023) nZVI-based nanomaterials used for phosphate removal from aquatic systems. Nanomaterials 13:1910.3390/nano13030399 ↗
86. Sun L, Chen ZY, Meng XH et al (2023) Construction of Fe3O4xSiO2y SiO2 nanoparticles for pesticide removal from water: improved dispersion stability and adsorption capacity. Langmuir 39:8749–875910.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00736 ↗
87. Zhang D, An ZJ, Zhang YW et al (2023) MoS2@SiO2 enhanced persulfate oxidation for the degradation of triazine herbicides in fixed-bed reactor. J Water Process Eng 52:1–810.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103523 ↗
88. Muhammad Syafrudin RAK, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T, Rhee J, Al-onazi WA, Algarni TS, Almarri AH, Al-Mohaimeed AM (2021) Pesticides in drinking water—a review. J Environ Res Public Health 18:1–468
89. Isaza DFG, Cramp RL, Franklin CE (2020) Living in polluted waters: a meta-analysis of the effects of nitrate and interactions with other environmental stressors on freshwater taxa. Environ Pollut 261:1–12
90. Haque SE (2021) How effective are existing phosphorus management strategies in mitigating surface water quality problems in the US? Sustainability 13:1–1310.3390/su13126565 ↗
91. Zhu MX, Teng Y, Wu D, Zhu JW, Zhang Y, Liu ZY (2022) Development of nanoscale hydrated titanium oxides support anion exchange resin for efficient phosphate removal from water. Minerals 12:1–1910.3390/min12121596 ↗
92. Isiuku CEEBO (2020) Pollution and health risks assessment of nitrate and phosphate concentrations in water bodies in South Eastern, Nigeria. Environ Adv 2:10001810.1016/j.envadv.2020.100018 ↗
93. Mancuso G, Bencresciuto GF, Lavrnic S, Toscano A (2021) Diffuse water pollution from agriculture: a review of nature-based solutions for nitrogen removal and recovery. Water 13:1–2210.3390/w13141893 ↗
94. Smith L, Inman A, Xin L et al (2017) Mitigation of diffuse water pollution from agriculture in England and China, and the scope for policy transfer. Land Use Policy 61:208–21910.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.028 ↗
95. Sharma A, Kumar V, Shahzad B et al (2019) Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Appl Sci 1:1610.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.134 ↗
96. Massoud A, El-Mehasseb I, Allah MS et al (2022) Advanced oxidation processes using zinc oxide nanocatalyst for detoxification of some highly toxic insecticides in an aquatic system combined with improving water quality parameters. Front Environ Sci 10:1–1410.3389/fenvs.2022.807290 ↗
97. Ali H, Bashir N, Rauf A, Haroon H, Naz S, Shad S (2023) Synthesis of Tungsten–Cerium doped titanium oxide nanocatalyst to remediate water by the degradation of Atrazine herbicide. J Nano Res 77:47–6310.4028/p-hb1aa7 ↗
98. Yang DC, Huo JQ, Zhang Z et al (2023) Citric acid modified ultrasmall copper peroxide nanozyme for in situ remediation of environmental sulfonylurea herbicide contamination. J Hazard Mater 443:1310.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130265 ↗
99. Xu DZ, Fan XL, Chen Q et al (2022) Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water by sludge-based biochar modified by montmorillonite coupled with nano zero-valent iron. Water Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.07710.2166/wst.2022.077 ↗
100. Zhang HM, Tong X, Wang HL et al (2023) Efficient ammonia removal promoted in a bifunctional system constructed with NiCu-S/DSA electrodes. J Clean Prod 415:1–1110.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137636 ↗