Review:Friction Stir Processing - A Sustainable Technique for the Fabrication of Aluminum Surface Composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.
Source: Not provided · Quality: missing
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis · MXene and MAX Phase Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Rathee S, Srivastava M, Pandey PM, Mahawar A, Shukla Ss (2021) Metal additive manufacturing using friction stir engineering: a review on microstructural evolution, tooling and design strategies. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 35:560–58810.1016/j.cirpj.2021.08.003 ↗
2. Kumar HGP, Xaviors MA (2016) Fatigue and wear behavior of Al6061–graphene composites synthesized by powder metallurgy. Trans Indian Inst Met 69(2):415–41910.1007/s12666-015-0780-9 ↗
3. Prasad SV, Asthana Rs (2004) Aluminum metal-matrix composites for automotive applications: tribological considerations. Tribol Lett 17(3):445–45310.1023/B:TRIL.0000044492.91991.f3 ↗
4. Srivastava M, Rathee S, Patel V, Kumar A, Koppad PGs (2022) A review of various materials for additive manufacturing: recent trends and processing issues. J Mater Res Technol 21:2612–264110.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.015 ↗
5. Srivastava M, Rathee Ss (2021) Microstructural and microhardness study on fabrication of Al 5059/SiC composite component via a novel route of friction stir additive manufacturing. Mater Today Proc 39:1775–178010.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.137 ↗
6. Najar FA, Rathee S, Srivastava M, Yadav As (2024) Tribological and corrosion behaviour of Al-Mg-CeO2 metal matrix surface composites. Tribol Int 194:10950810.1016/j.triboint.2024.109508 ↗
7. Nabi S, Srivastava M, Wani MF, Rathee S, Chhabra Ds (2025) Exploring tribological and corrosion properties of Al-5052/SiC+CeO2 hybrid surface composites fabricated using friction stir processing. Tribol Int 201:11017610.1016/j.triboint.2024.110176 ↗
8. Liu Y, Liu Y, Akhtar S, Wang P, He Z, Jiao X, Ge S, Yuan G, Zhang Y, Li X, Xiongs S (2025) Thermal conductivity of binary Al alloys with different alloying elements. J Alloys Compd 1010:17725710.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177257 ↗
9. Zhang A, Lis Y (2023) Effect of alloying elements on thermal conductivity of aluminum. J Mater Res 38(8):2049–205810.1557/s43578-023-00942-w ↗
10. Karabay Ss (2006) Modification of AA-6201 alloy for manufacturing of high conductivity and extra high conductivity wires with property of high tensile stress after artificial aging heat treatment for all-aluminium alloy conductors. Mater Des 27(10):821–83210.1016/j.matdes.2005.06.005 ↗
11. Kumar SD, Ravichandran M, Jeevika A, Stalin B, Kailasanathan C, Karthicks A (2021) Effect of ZrB2 on microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of aluminium (AA7178) alloy matrix composite prepared by the stir casting route. Ceram Int 47(9):12951–1296210.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.158 ↗
12. Matli PR, Fareeha U, Shakoor RA, Yusuf M, Mohamed AMA, Guptas M (2017) Fabrication and mechanical properties of extruded Al-SiC nanocomposites. Nano Hybrids Composit 16:9–1210.4028/www.scientific.net/NHC.16.9 ↗
13. Reddy MP, Ubaid F, Shakoor RA, Parande G, Manakari V, Mohamed AMA, Guptas M (2017) Effect of reinforcement concentration on the properties of hot extruded Al-Al2O3 composites synthesized through microwave sintering process. Mater Sci Eng: A 696:60–6910.1016/j.msea.2017.04.064 ↗
14. Katakam S, Joshi SS, Mridha S, Mukherjee S, Dahotres NB (2014) Laser assisted high entropy alloy coating on aluminum: Microstructural evolution. J Appl Phys 116(10):10490610.1063/1.4895137 ↗
15. Meng G, Yue TM, Lin X, Yang H, Xie H, Dings X (2015) Laser surface forming of AlCoCrCuFeNi particle reinforced AZ91D matrix composites. Opt Laser Technol 70:119–12710.1016/j.optlastec.2015.02.001 ↗
16. Tokarska KB, Gillett NP, Weaver AJ, Arora VK, Ebys M (2016) The climate response to five trillion tonnes of carbon. Nat Clim Chang 6(9):851–85510.1038/nclimate3036 ↗
17. Herrington T, Zickfelds K (2014) Path independence of climate and carbon cycle response over a broad range of cumulative carbon emissions. Earth Syst Dynam 5(2):409–42210.5194/esd-5-409-2014 ↗
18. Frölicher TL, Paynters DJ (2015) Extending the relationship between global warming and cumulative carbon emissions to multi-millennial timescales. Environ Res Lett 10(7):07500210.1088/1748-9326/10/7/075002 ↗
19. Gregory JM, Andrews T, Goods P (2015) The inconstancy of the transient climate response parameter under increasing CO2. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci 373(2054):2014041710.1098/rsta.2014.0417 ↗
20. Bruschi S, Bertolini R, Ghiotti A, Mahmood H, Zanellas C (2024) Machinability of recycled aluminum alloys. Manuf Lett 41:1669–167510.1016/j.mfglet.2024.09.194 ↗
21. Raabe D, Ponge D, Uggowitzer PJ, Roscher M, Paolantonio M, Liu C, Antrekowitsch H, Kozeschnik E, Seidmann D, Gault B, De Geuser F, Deschamps A, Hutchinson C, Liu C, Li Z, Prangnell P, Robson J, Shanthraj P, Vakili S, Sinclair C, Bourgeois L, Pogatschers S (2022) Making sustainable aluminum by recycling scrap: The science of “dirty” alloys. Progress Mater Sci 128:10094710.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100947 ↗
22. Global aluminium cycle (2017). World Aluminium. 2017.
23. Godasu AK, Atul K, Mulas S (2020) Influence of cryocooling on friction stir processing of Al-5083 alloy. Mater Manuf Processes 35(2):202–21310.1080/10426914.2019.1697442 ↗
24. Lezaack MB, Hannard F, Zhao L, Orekhov A, Adrien J, Miettinen A, Idrissi H, Simars A (2021) Towards ductilization of high strength 7XXX aluminium alloys via microstructural modifications obtained by friction stir processing and heat treatments. Materialia 20:10124810.1016/j.mtla.2021.101248 ↗
25. Çam G, İpekoğlus G (2017) Recent developments in joining of aluminum alloys. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91(5):1851–186610.1007/s00170-016-9861-0 ↗
26. Simar A, Bréchet Y, de Meester B, Denquin A, Pardoens T (2008) Microstructure, local and global mechanical properties of friction stir welds in aluminium alloy 6005A–T6. Mater Sci Eng, A 486(1):85–9510.1016/j.msea.2007.08.041 ↗
27. Sun N, Apelians D (2011) Friction stir processing of aluminum cast alloys for high performance applications. JOM 63(11):44–5010.1007/s11837-011-0190-3 ↗
28. Miranda RM, Santos TG, Gandra J, Lopes N, Silvas RJC (2013) Reinforcement strategies for producing functionally graded materials by friction stir processing in aluminium alloys. J Mater Process Technol 213(9):1609–161510.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.03.022 ↗
29. Hekimoğlu AP, Çalış M, Ayata Gs (2019) Effect of strontium and magnesium additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–12Si alloys. Metals Mater Int 25(6):1488–149910.1007/s12540-019-00429-6 ↗
30. He T, Chen W, Wang W, Ren F, Stock HS (2020) Effect of different Cu contents on the microstructure and hydrogen production of Al–Cu-Ga-In-Sn alloys for dissolvable materials. J Alloys Compd 821:15348910.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153489 ↗
31. Trudonoshyn O, Rehm S, Randelzhofer P, Körner CS (2019) Improvement of the high-pressure die casting alloy Al-5.7Mg-2.6Si-0.7Mn with Zn addition. Mater Character 158:10995910.1016/j.matchar.2019.109959 ↗
32. Prach O, Trudonoshyn O, Randelzhofer P, Körner C, Dursts K (2019) Effect of Zr, Cr and Sc on the Al–Mg–Si–Mn high-pressure die casting alloys. Mater Sci Eng: A 759:603–61210.1016/j.msea.2019.05.038 ↗
33. Czerwinski Fs (2020) Cerium in aluminum alloys. J Mater Sci 55(1):24–7210.1007/s10853-019-03892-z ↗
34. Fabrizi A, Ferraro S, Timellis G (2013) The influence of Sr, Mg and Cu addition on the microstructural properties of a secondary AlSi9Cu3(Fe) die casting alloy. Mater Charact 85:13–2510.1016/j.matchar.2013.08.012 ↗
35. Cinkilic E, Ridgeway CD, Yan X, Luos AA (2019) A formation map of iron-containing intermetallic phases in recycled cast aluminum alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 50(12):5945–595610.1007/s11661-019-05469-6 ↗
36. Gencalp Irizalp S, Saklakoglus N (2014) Effect of Fe-rich intermetallics on the microstructure and mechanical properties of thixoformed A380 aluminum alloy. Eng Sci Technol Int J 17(2):58–62
37. Mohamed AMA, Samuel AM, Samuel FH, Dotys HW (2009) Influence of additives on the microstructure and tensile properties of near-eutectic Al–10.8%Si cast alloy. Mater & Design 30(10):3943–395710.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.042 ↗
38. Li Q, Xia T, Lan Y, Zhao W, Fan L, Lis P (2013) Effect of in situ γ-Al2O3 particles on the microstructure of hypereutectic Al–20%Si alloy. J Alloys Compd 577:232–236
39. Abbasi M, Bagheri B, Dadaei M, Omidvar HR, Rezaei Ms (2015) The effect of FSP on mechanical, tribological, and corrosion behavior of composite layer developed on magnesium AZ91 alloy surface. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 77(9):2051–205810.1007/s00170-014-6577-x ↗
40. Abdizadeh H, Ebrahimifard R, Baghchesaras MA (2014) Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of nano MgO reinforced Al composites manufactured by stir casting and powder metallurgy methods: a comparative study. Compos Part B Eng 56:217–22110.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.023 ↗
41. Hashim J, Looney L, Hashmis MSJ (1999) Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method. J Mater Process Technol 92–93:1–710.1016/S0924-0136(99)00118-1 ↗
42. Xu J, Zou B, Tao S, Zhang M, Caos X (2016) Fabrication and properties of Al2O3–TiB2–TiC/Al metal matrix composite coatings by atmospheric plasma spraying of SHS powders. J Alloys Compd 672:251–25910.1016/j.jallcom.2016.02.116 ↗
43. Shi JL, Yan HG, Su B, Chen JH, Zhu SQ, Chen G (2011) Preparation of a functionally gradient aluminum alloy metal matrix composite using the technique of spray deposition. Mater Manuf Process 26(10):1236–124110.1080/10426914.2010.544814 ↗
44. Joseph S (1988) High temperature metal matrix composites for future aerospace systems. In 24th Joint Propulsion Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
45. Amra M, Ranjbar K, Dehmolaei Rs (2015) Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of CeO2 and SiC incorporated Al5083 alloy surface composites. J Mater Eng Perform 24(8):3169–317910.1007/s11665-015-1596-9 ↗
46. Eftekharinia H, Amadeh AA, Khodabandeh A, Paidar Ms (2020) Microstructure and wear behavior of AA6061/SiC surface composite fabricated via friction stir processing with different pins and passes. Rare Met 39(4):429–43510.1007/s12598-016-0691-x ↗
47. Cavaliere Ps (2005) Mechanical properties of friction stir processed 2618/Al2O3/20p metal matrix composite. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36(12):1657–166510.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.016 ↗
48. Devaraju A, Kumar A, Kumaraswamy A, Kotiveerachari Bs (2013) Influence of reinforcements (SiC and Al2O3) and rotational speed on wear and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 6061–T6 based surface hybrid composites produced via friction stir processing. Mater Des 51:331–34110.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.029 ↗
49. Du Z, Tan MJ, Guo JF, Bi G, Weis J (2016) Fabrication of a new Al-Al2O3-CNTs composite using friction stir processing (FSP). Mater Sci Eng A 667:125–13110.1016/j.msea.2016.04.094 ↗
50. Yang JS, Luo ZA, Zhang X, Wang MK, Liu ZS, Xie GM, Wangs GG (2024) Through-thickness particle distribution, microstructure evolution and tribological performance of B4C/BN-AA6061 composite via friction stir processing. Wear 558–559:20555510.1016/j.wear.2024.205555 ↗
51. Razmjoo H, Mirsalehis SE (2025) Modified friction stir deposition – Additive manufacturing, an approach to fabricate multi-layered AA5083/CeO2/B4C nano-composites with enhanced corrosion and tribological behavior. Composite Struct 363:11909910.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119099 ↗
52. Lu YJ, Liu QL, Liu YD, Yu C, Chen HX, Chen YX, Lius YJ (2025) Mechanical property and fracture characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites prepared by friction stir welding. J Mater Res Technol 34:1080–108910.1016/j.jmrt.2024.12.108 ↗
53. Senthilkumar N, Gajalakshmi K, Palanikumar K, Deepanraj B, Afzals AR (2025) Wear analysis and optimization of nanoclay and copper coated carbon fiber strengthened hybrid aluminium composite. Results Eng 25:10371110.1016/j.rineng.2024.103711 ↗
54. Pouraliakbar H, Jandaghi MR, Ghaffari G, Fallah V, Moverare J, Khalajs G (2024) Friction stir processing of AA6061-T6/graphene nanocomposites: Unraveling the influence of tool geometry, rotation, and advancing speed on microstructure and mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd 1002:17540010.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175400 ↗
55. Rajan HBM, Dinaharan I, Ramabalan S, Akinlabi ETS (2016) Influence of friction stir processing on microstructure and properties of AA7075/TiB2 in situ composite. J Alloys Compd 657:250–26010.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.108 ↗
56. Zhang ZW, Liu ZY, Xiao BL, Ni DR, Mas ZY (2018) High efficiency dispersal and strengthening of graphene reinforced aluminum alloy composites fabricated by powder metallurgy combined with friction stir processing. Carbon 135:215–22310.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.029 ↗
57. Gençer GMs (2024) Sn/Graphite/Cu reinforced aluminum: an experimental study on fabrication of hybrid surface composite as journal bearing material by friction stir processing. J Alloys Compd 1002:17544510.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175445 ↗
58. Desai V, Badheka V, Zala AB, Parekh T, Jamnaparas NI (2024) Fabrication of Al6061/Ti3AlC2 MAX phase surface composite by friction stir processing and investigation of wear properties. Tribol Int 195:10959410.1016/j.triboint.2024.109594 ↗
59. Srivastava M, Rathee S, Maheshwari S, Siddiquee AN, Kundras TK (2019) A review on recent progress in solid state friction based metal additive manufacturing: friction stir additive techniques. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 44(5):345–37710.1080/10408436.2018.1490250 ↗
60. Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B, Khorasani M (2020) Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Springer Nature
61. Farooq SA, Mukhtar SH, Raina A, Ul Haq MI, Siddiqui MIH, Naveed N, Dobrotas D (2024) Effect of TiB2 on the mechanical and tribological properties of marine grade Aluminum alloy 5052: an experimental investigation. J Mater Res Technol 29:3749–375810.1016/j.jmrt.2024.02.106 ↗
62. Srivastava M, Rathee Ss (2022) Additive manufacturing: recent trends, applications and future outlooks. Prog Addit Manuf 7(2):261–28710.1007/s40964-021-00229-8 ↗
63. Ravi L, Vanaraj PW, Subathra BS, Perumal S, Kumar S, Kiranas R (2025) Enhancing mechanical, and tribological properties of aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with high entropy alloy using friction stir processing. Mater Chem Phys 338:13061410.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130614 ↗
64. Mani Krishna VK, Patil SM, Sharma S, Joshi SS, Jin Y, Radhakrishnan M, Dahotres NB (2024) Additive friction stir deposition of Al 6061–B4C composites: Process parameters, microstructure and property correlation. Mater Sci Eng: A 910:14684010.1016/j.msea.2024.146840 ↗
65. Nabi S, Rathee S, Wani MF, Srivastava Ms (2024) Effect of multiple passes on the properties of Al-5052/SiC surface composites fabricated via friction stir processing. Mater Chem Phys 314:12881910.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128819 ↗
66. Kok Ms (2005) Production and mechanical properties of Al2O3 particle-reinforced 2024 aluminium alloy composites. J Mater Process Technol 161(3):381–38710.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.07.068 ↗
67. Sandeep Rathee SM, Arshad Noor S, Manu SS (2015) Fabrication of AA 6063/SiC Surface Composites via Friction Stir Processing. Proceedings of the India International Science Festival
68. Rathee S, Maheshwari S, Siddiquee AN, Srivastava Ms (2018) A review of recent progress in solid state fabrication of composites and functionally graded systems via friction stir processing. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 43(4):334–36610.1080/10408436.2017.1358146 ↗
69. Mishra RS, Ma ZYs (2005) Friction stir welding and processing. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 50(1):1–7810.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001 ↗
70. Najar FA, Nabi S, Rathee S, Srivastava M. (2024) Friction Stir Welding: An Overview, In Friction Stir Welding and Processing. 1–13.10.1002/9781394169467.ch1 ↗
71. Tang Y, Li W, Zou Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Vairis A, Çams G (2024) Effects of tool rotation direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy joints by the synergistically double-sided friction stir welding. J Manuf Process 126:109–12310.1016/j.jmapro.2024.07.067 ↗
72. Mishra RS, Ma ZY, Charit Is (2003) Friction stir processing: a novel technique for fabrication of surface composite. Mater Sci Eng A 341(1):307–31010.1016/S0921-5093(02)00199-5 ↗
73. Rathee S, Maheshwari S, Siddiquee AN, Srivastava Ms (2018) Distribution of reinforcement particles in surface composite fabrication via friction stir processing: suitable strategy. Mater Manuf Process 33(3):262–26910.1080/10426914.2017.1303147 ↗
74. Srivastava M, Khan N, Nabi S, Rathee Ss (2024) Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al–Mg–Si alloys under variable parameter conditions. J Institution Eng (India): Series D 105(2):1081–109210.1007/s40033-023-00511-9 ↗
75. Shafiei-Zarghani A, Kashani-Bozorg SF, Zarei-Hanzakis A (2009) Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al/Al2O3 surface nano-composite layer produced by friction stir processing. Mater Sci Eng, A 500(1):84–9110.1016/j.msea.2008.09.064 ↗
76. Rasouli S, Behnagh RA, Dadvand A, Saleki-Haselghoubis N (2014) Improvement in corrosion resistance of 5083 aluminum alloy via friction stir processing. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl 230(1):142–150
77. Nabi S, Rathee S, Wani MF, Srivastava MS (2024) Al-5052/SiC + CeO2 hybrid surface composites: Achieving improved microstructural and mechanical behaviour via friction stir processing. Mater Lett 360:13604810.1016/j.matlet.2024.136048 ↗
78. Najar FA, Rathee S, Srivastava M, Chhabras D (2025) Surface Modification and Properties Enhancement of AA6082 Using Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing. Metals and Materials International10.1007/s12540-025-01911-0 ↗
79. Mishra RS, Mahoney MW, McFadden SX, Mara NA, Mukherjees AK (1999) High strain rate superplasticity in a friction stir processed 7075 Al alloy. Scr Mater 42(2):163–16810.1016/S1359-6462(99)00329-2 ↗
80. Paidar M, Bokov D, Mehrez S, Ojo OO, Ramalingam VV, Memon Ss (2021) Improvement of mechanical and wear behavior by the development of a new tool for the friction stir processing of Mg/B4C composite. Surf Coat Tech 426:12779710.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127797 ↗
81. Çam G, Mistikoglu Ss (2014) Recent developments in friction stir welding of Al-alloys. J Mater Eng Perform 23(6):1936–195310.1007/s11665-014-0968-x ↗
82. Esparza JA, Davis WC, Murr LES (2003) Microstructure-property studies in friction-stir welded, Thixomolded magnesium alloy AM60. J Mater Sci 38(5):941–95210.1023/A:1022321107957 ↗
83. Heidarzadeh A, Mironov S, Kaibyshev R, Çam G, Simar A, Gerlich A, Khodabakhshi F, Mostafaei A, Field DP, Robson JDS (2021) Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys: a comprehensive review on microstructural evolution. Progress Mater Sci 117:10075210.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100752 ↗
84. Karthikraja M, Ramanathan K, Loganathan KT, Selvaraj Ss (2023) Corrosion behaviour of SiC and Al2O3 reinforced Al 7075 hybrid aluminium matrix composites by weight loss and electrochemical methods. J Indian Chem Soc 100(5):10100210.1016/j.jics.2023.101002 ↗
85. Ma ZYs (2008) Friction stir processing technology: a review. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 39(3):642–65810.1007/s11661-007-9459-0 ↗
86. Nabi S, Rathee S (2024) Srivastava, MS, Friction and wear analysis of Al-5052/NiTi surface composites fabricated via friction stir processing. Tribol Int 191:10917910.1016/j.triboint.2023.109179 ↗
87. Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, Murch MG, Temple-Smith CJ Dawess (1995) Friction welding.
88. Zeng Z, Zhou M, Esmaily M, Zhu Y, Choudhary S, Griffith JC, Ma J, Hora Y, Chen Y, Gullino A, Shi Q, Fujii H, Birbiliss N (2022) Corrosion resistant and high-strength dual-phase Mg–Li–Al–Zn alloy by friction stir processing. Commun Mater 3(1):1810.1038/s43246-022-00245-3 ↗
89. Zhou M, Zeng Z, Cheng C, Morisada Y, Shi Q, Wang J-Y, Fujiis H (2022) Effect of the processing route on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of superlight Mg–9Li–1Zn alloy via friction stir processing. J Magnes Alloys 10(11):3064–308110.1016/j.jma.2021.12.002 ↗
90. Rhodes CG, Mahoney MW, Bingel WH, Spurling RA, Bamptons CC (1997) Effects of friction stir welding on microstructure of 7075 aluminum. Scr Mater 36(1):69–7510.1016/S1359-6462(96)00344-2 ↗
91. Küçükömeroğlu T, Aktarer SM, İpekoğlu G, Çams G (2018) Mechanical properties of friction stir welded St 37 and St 44 steel joints. Mater Test 60(12):1163–117010.3139/120.111266 ↗
92. Berbon PB, Bingel WH, Mishra RS, Bampton CC, Mahoneys MW (2001) Friction stir processing: a tool to homogenize nanocomposite aluminum alloys. Scr Mater 44(1):61–6610.1016/S1359-6462(00)00578-9 ↗
93. Ma ZY, Mishras RS (2005) Development of ultrafine-grained microstructure and low temperature (0.48 Tm) superplasticity in friction stir processed Al–Mg–Zr. Scripta Mater 53(1):75–8010.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.03.018 ↗
94. Chang CI, Du XH, Huang JCs (2007) Achieving ultrafine grain size in Mg–Al–Zn alloy by friction stir processing. Scr Mater 57(3):209–21210.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.04.007 ↗
95. Karthikeyan L, Senthil Kumar VSs (2011) Relationship between process parameters and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. Mater Des 32(5):3085–309110.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.049 ↗
96. Han X, Li H, He W, Wang G, Zhang X, Wang X, Volodymyr S, Shcheretskyi OS (2024) Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot rolled nano-ZrB2/AA6016 aluminum matrix composites by friction stir processing. Mater Today Commun 40:10981510.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109815 ↗
97. Hangai Y, Utsunomiya Ts (2009) Fabrication of porous aluminum by friction stir processing. Metall Mater Trans A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9733-910.1007/s11661-008-9733-9 ↗
98. Heidarpour A, Mazaheri Y, Roknian M, Ghasemi Ss (2019) Development of Cu-TiO2 surface nanocomposite by friction stir processing: effect of pass number on microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological and corrosion behavior. J Alloys Compd 783:886–89710.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.382 ↗
99. Huang Z, Yan H, Xiongs J (2022) Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet reinforced 2024Al alloy. Mater Sci Eng: A 832:14246610.1016/j.msea.2021.142466 ↗
100. Luo J, Liu S, Paidar M, Vignesh RV (2022) Mehrez, SS, Enhanced mechanical and tribological properties of AA6061/CeO2 composite fabricated by friction stir processing. Mater Lett 318:13221010.1016/j.matlet.2022.132210 ↗