Review: strengthening and toughening mechanisms of high-strength steels for deep-sea pressure vessel hulls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.
Source: Not provided · Quality: missing
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Material Properties and Failure Mechanisms · Fatigue and fracture mechanics
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. He GX, Yang Z, Pan YH et al (2025) Corrosion failure of subsea pipelines and identification model for internal corrosion risk zones. Int J Press Vessels Piping. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2025.10549810.1016/j.ijpvp.2025.105498 ↗
2. Yang CF, Su H (2012) Research and development of high performance shipbuilding and marine engineering steel. Iron and Steel 47:1–8. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn0449-749x.2012.12.00110.13228/j.boyuan.issn0449-749x.2012.12.001 ↗
3. Liang JZ, Feng JC, Zhang H, Zhang S (2024) Advances in deep-sea scientific experiment equipment. Strateg Study of CAE 26:23–3710.15302/J-SSCAE-2024.02.004 ↗
4. Meng XY, Wu SD, Wang ZH (2014) Development and prospects of material technology of steel using in submarine hull. Ship Sci Technol 36:1–5
5. Zhao YY, Meng DX, Wang QR, Wu YS et al (2024) Research on the development of deep-sea equipment technology in China. Sh Eng 46:128–135. https://doi.org/10.13788/j.cnki.cbgc.2024.07.1610.13788/j.cnki.cbgc.2024.07.16 ↗
6. Zeng DZ, Luo JC, Yu CX, Xiang GG, Mao T, Wen SM, Yu ZM, Zhong Y et al (2025) Material selection of titanium alloy pipelines considering multi-criteria in an acidic environment based on analytic hierarchy process. Int J Press Vessels Piping. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2025.10546110.1016/j.ijpvp.2025.105461 ↗
7. Wang L, Ye C, Sun C, Feng S, Xie X, Gao Y, Zhao K, Li Y, Wan Z (2024) Experimental investigation on compressive dwell fatigue behavior of titanium alloy pressure hull for deep-sea manned submersibles. Ocean Eng 303:117646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.11764610.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117646 ↗
8. Du C, Wu Z, Qin M, Li D, Zhao L, Li X, Wang H (2024) Corrosion behavior and mechanism of 921 A high-strength low-alloy steel in harsh marine atmospheric environments. Int J Electrochem Sci 19:100755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.10075510.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100755 ↗
9. Cai F, Huang Y, Xu Y, Xin Y, Pu J, Liu X, Wang X, Li Y, Yang L (2024) Study on hydrogen permeation and stress corrosion cracking behaviors of AISI 4135 high-strength steel with macrofouling adhesion in marine immersion zone. Electrochim Acta 484:144088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2024.14408810.1016/j.electacta.2024.144088 ↗
10. Hahn GT, Kanninen MF (1981) Dynamic fracture toughness parameters for HY-80 and HY-130 steels and their weldments. Eng Fract Mech 14:725–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(81)90085-010.1016/0013-7944(81)90085-0 ↗
11. Dilip JJ, Ram GD, Starr TL, Stucker B (2017) Selective laser melting of HY100 steel: process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. Addit Manuf 13:49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.11.00310.1016/j.addma.2016.11.003 ↗
12. Wang RF, Zhao CQ, Jiang Y, Cheng HH (2012) United states marine evolution and analysis of plate specifications. Dev Appl Mater 27:80–85. https://doi.org/10.19515/j.cnki.1003-1545.2012.04.01910.19515/j.cnki.1003-1545.2012.04.019 ↗
13. Wen PD, Zuo BF, Lang Y (1996) Tem study of the microstructure of HSLA100 steel. Mater Charact 37:169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-5803(96)00003-410.1016/S1044-5803(96)00003-4 ↗
14. Wu XJ, Akid R (1995) Propagation behavior of short fatigue cracks in Q2N steel. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 18:443–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1995.tb01187.x10.1111/j.1460-2695.1995.tb01187.x ↗
15. Schibler J, D’Ambra C, Roberts M, Manuel MV, Krause TW, Saleem A (2022) Temper embrittlement in HY-80 steel: microstructure, magnetic and microhardness properties. NDT E Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2022.10272810.1016/j.ndteint.2022.102728 ↗
16. Yue X, Lippold JC, Alexandrov BT, Babu SS (2012) Continuous cooling transformation behavior in the CGHAZ of naval steels. Weld J 91:67S-75S
17. Gross JH, Stout RD, Czyryca EJ (1995) Thermomechanical processing of hy-130 steel. Weld J 74:53–62
18. Bala SR, Tromans D (1980) Effect of over-aging on mechanical-properties and stress-corrosion cracking of hy-180m steel. Metall Trans A-Phys Metall Mater Sci 11:1187–119610.1007/BF02668142 ↗
19. Speich GR, Dabkowski DS, Porter LF (1973) Strength and toughness of Fe–10Ni alloys containing C, Cr, Mo, and Co. Metallurg TransStudy on relation between. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0264963010.1007/BF02649630 ↗
20. Ran XZ, Liu D, Li J, Liu X, Wang HM, Cheng X, He B, Tang HB (2018) Effects of post homogeneity heat treatment processes on microstructure evolution behavior and tensile mechanical properties of laser additive manufactured ultrahigh-strength AerMet100 steel. Mater Sci Eng A 723:8–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.09010.1016/j.msea.2018.02.090 ↗
21. Tomita Y (1995) Low-temperature mechanical-properties of modified heat-treated 300M steel. Mater Sci Technol 11:335–339. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1995.11.4.33510.1179/mst.1995.11.4.335 ↗
22. Huang F, Cheng Z, Zhang D, Qian D, Liu Y, Hu Z, Hua L (2024) A novel process for simultaneously improving the strength and plasticity of 18Ni(350) maraging steel. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 33:6144–6156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.10.24210.1016/j.jmrt.2024.10.242 ↗
23. Zhou X, Jia C, Mi P, Zhang H, Yan W, Wang W, Sun M, Rong L (2025) Cyclic quenching treatment doubles the Charpy V-notch impact energy of a 2.3 GPa maraging steel. J Mater Sci Technol 209:311–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.05.02610.1016/j.jmst.2024.05.026 ↗
24. Li J, Zhan D, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang Y (2023) Progress on improving strength-toughness of ultra-high strength martensitic steels for aerospace applications: a review. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 23:172–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.17710.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.177 ↗
25. Han J, Wang K, Wang Z, Yu H (2024) Tailoring the strength and low-temperature toughness of HSLA structural steel by adding trace Ce. Mater Today Commun 40:109789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.10978910.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109789 ↗
26. Wang RZ, Chu GW, Zhang JK, Liu RY, Wang YX, Sun L, Cao ZC, Song LY, Ma FB (2025) Influence of stress on corrosion behavior and evolution model of Q235 steel in marine environments. Int J Press Vessels Piping. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2024.10538810.1016/j.ijpvp.2024.105388 ↗
27. Losz J, Saboury S, Mcnutt TM (1995) Microstructural characterization of submerged-arc and gas-metal-arc weldments in HY-130 steel. ISIJ Int 35:71–78. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.35.7110.2355/isijinternational.35.71 ↗
28. Chen XP, Yue JX, Wu XF, Lei JK, Fang X (2023) A damage coupled elasto-plastic constitutive model of marine high-strength steels under low cycle fatigue loadings. Int J Press Vessels Piping. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.10498210.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.104982 ↗
29. Ji H, Wang H, Chen Q, Ma X, Cai Y (2024) Corrosion behavior prediction for hull steels under dynamic marine environments by jointly utilizing LSTM network and PSO-RF model. Ocean Eng 300:117371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.11737110.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117371 ↗
30. Hou J, Wang WW, Deng CL (2010) Study on relation between environmental factors and corrosion in seawater. Equip Environ Eng 7:167–170
31. Liu C, Xu Q, Liu X, Fan X, Li Y (2024) Comparative study of marine steel and welding joint in artificial seawater based on stress corrosion cracking and crack growth. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 33:2683–2691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.23410.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.234 ↗
32. Zhou Q, Xue H, Hu K, Liu H, Tu W (2025) Experimental and analytical investigation on cryogenic fatigue and fracture behavior of 5% Ni steel welded joints for LEG type B cargo tank. J Ocean Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2025.04.00110.1016/j.joes.2025.04.001 ↗
33. Liu Y, Qi Y, Cao H, Shao Y, Gao X, He W (2025) Low-cycle fatigue behavior and damage mechanism of AH36 steel based on a continuum damage coupled unified elastoplastic model. Int J Fatigue 197:108927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2025.10892710.1016/j.ijfatigue.2025.108927 ↗
34. Liu ZY, Chen J, Tang S, Wang GD (2014) State of the art development of the manufacturing technologies of new generation war ship steels. Materials China 33:595–602
35. Schmitt J, Iung T (2018) New developments of advanced high-strength steels for automotive applications. CR Phys 19:641–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2018.11.00410.1016/j.crhy.2018.11.004 ↗
36. Zhao H, Ge C, Teng H, Fan J, Guo L, Dong H (2024) Correlation between microstructure and fracture mechanism of 960 MPa grade ultra-high toughness steel. Mater Sci Eng A 903:146692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14669210.1016/j.msea.2024.146692 ↗
37. Song C, Wang H, Sun Z, Xu J, Chen H, Yin W (2022) A new hot-rolled lightweight steel with ultra-high strength and good ductility designed by dislocation character and transformation strain. Scr Mater 212:114583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.11458310.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114583 ↗
38. Maloney JL, Garrison WM (2005) The effect of sulfide type on the fracture behavior of HY180 steel. Acta Mater 53:533–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.09.04110.1016/j.actamat.2004.09.041 ↗
39. Allen AJ, Gavillet D, Weertman JR (1993) Sans and TEM studies of isothermal M2C carbide precipitation in ultrahigh strength AF1410 steels. Acta Metall Mater 41:1869–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(93)90207-910.1016/0956-7151(93)90207-9 ↗
40. Wang H, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhou F, Zhang X, Jiang Q (2023) Structures of M2C carbides and its influence on strengthening in AerMet100 steel at the typical tempering temperature 482 ℃. Vacuum 214:112209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.11220910.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112209 ↗
41. Wang B, Zhang H, Mi P, Zhang G, Hao L, Xu B, Sun M, Li D (2024) Revealing the evolution behavior of multiple carbides precipitation and mechanical response in M54 secondary hardening steel. Mater Charact 211:113856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2024.11385610.1016/j.matchar.2024.113856 ↗
42. Zhang Y, Li Y, Deng X (2025) Effect of aging temperature on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of 18Ni (200) maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A 919:147497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14749710.1016/j.msea.2024.147497 ↗
43. Mei X, Yan Y, Fu H, Gao X, Huang S, Qiao L (2022) Effect of aging temperature on microstructure evolution and strengthening behavior of L-PBF 18Ni (300) maraging steel. Addit Manuf 58:103071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.10307110.1016/j.addma.2022.103071 ↗
44. Niu YE, Zhao PP, Li N, Song J (2021) Research status and application of ultra-high strength steel at home and abroad. J Ordnan Equip Eng 42:274–279
45. Iqbal MA, Shafiq A (2025) Long-term aging at 475 ℃: effects on the microstructure and properties of CUSTOM 465® alloy. Results Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.10470410.1016/j.rineng.2025.104704 ↗
46. Bechetti DH, Semple JK, Zhang W, Fisher CR (2020) Temperature-dependent material property databases for marine steels: part 1—DH36. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 9:257–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00184-210.1007/s40192-020-00184-2 ↗
47. Xie X, Zhao T, Zhao H, Li S, Wang C (2021) Heterogeneous microstructure-induced mechanical responses in various sub-zones of EH420 shipbuilding steel welded joint under high heat input electro-gas welding. Acta Metall Sinica (English Lett) 34:1427–1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-021-01245-x10.1007/s40195-021-01245-x ↗
48. Semple JK, Bechetti DH, Zhang W, Fisher CR (2023) Temperature-dependent material property databases for marine steels: part 4—HSLA-100. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 12:130–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-023-00299-210.1007/s40192-023-00299-2 ↗
49. Semple JK, Bechetti DH, Zhang W, Norkett JE, Fisher CR (2024) Temperature-dependent material property databases for marine steels: part 5—HY-80. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 13:201–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-023-00326-210.1007/s40192-023-00326-2 ↗
50. Norkett JE, Semple JK, Bechetti DH, Zhang W, Fisher CR (2024) Temperature-dependent material property databases for marine steels—Part 6: HY-100. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 13:305–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-023-00339-x10.1007/s40192-023-00339-x ↗
51. Garrison WM, Maloney JL (2005) Lanthanum additions and the toughness of ultra-high strength steels and the determination of appropriate lanthanum additions. Mater Sci Eng A 403:299–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.02110.1016/j.msea.2005.05.021 ↗
52. Wang LD, Jiang LZ, Zhu M, Liu X, Zhou WM (2005) Improvement of toughness of ultrahigh strength steel Aermet 100. J Mater Sci Technol 21:710–714
53. Mondiere A, Déneux V, Binot N, Delagnes D (2018) Controlling the MC and M2C carbide precipitation in Ferrium® M54® steel to achieve optimum ultimate tensile strength/fracture toughness balance. Mater Charact 140:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.03.04110.1016/j.matchar.2018.03.041 ↗
54. Zhang Y, Zhan D, Qi X, Jiang Z (2019) Effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and properties of ultrahigh-strength stainless steel. J Mater Sci Technol 35:1240–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.01.00910.1016/j.jmst.2019.01.009 ↗
55. Liu FG, Xi SM, Zhang JG, Shi YL, Zheng SL (2007) Research and Applications of cobalt-free maraging steels. Heat Treat Metals. https://doi.org/10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2007.02.00210.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2007.02.002 ↗
56. Daymond BT, Binot N, Schmidt ML, Preston S, Collins R, Shepherd A (2016) Development of custom 465® corrosion-resisting steel for landing gear applications. J Mater Eng Perform 25:1539–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1830-510.1007/s11665-015-1830-5 ↗
57. Tikhe O, Doiphode P, Nichul U, Singh R, Hiwarkar V (2023) Development of optimized mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel: role of quenching and partitioning process. Met Mater Int 29:2216–2227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01375-610.1007/s12540-022-01375-6 ↗
58. Ruhlman JD, Dilmore M (2004) Eglin steel-a low alloy high strength composition. Am Pat. Appl US10761472.
59. Ganesan K, Sundaram SK (2024) Understanding the influence of environmental conditions on the low cycle fatigue behaviour of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel under air and corrosive (3.5% NaCl) conditions. Int J Fatigue 185:108340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.10834010.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108340 ↗
60. Li YC, Zhu WJ, Sun LL, Li LY (2023) Correlation between welding structure and corrosion behavior of high strength low alloy (HSLA) ship steel in Cl-containing solutions. Int J Electrochem Sci 18:100295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.10029510.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100295 ↗
61. Jiang L, Wang J, Zhang T, Dorin T, Sun X (2021) Superior low temperature toughness in a newly designed low Mn and low Ni high strength steel. Mater Sci Eng A 825:141899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14189910.1016/j.msea.2021.141899 ↗
62. Badkoobeh F, Raygan S, Rassizadehghani J, Kwak T, Kim B (2024) Developing advanced high strength Ni–Cr–Mo–V steels with a superlative strength-elongation-toughness synergy through different processing routes. Mater Charact 218:114556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2024.11455610.1016/j.matchar.2024.114556 ↗
63. Zhao L, Wang D, Pang Q, Li W, Du L (2024) Effect of quenching-super intercritical quenching-tempering process on the evolution of microstructure and the yield ratio of Ni–Cr–Mo steel. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 32:915–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.22610.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.226 ↗
64. Claesson E, Magnusson H, Hedström P (2023) Scanning precession electron diffraction study of carbide precipitation sequence in low alloy martensitic Cr–Mo–V tool steel. Mater Charact 202:113032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.11303210.1016/j.matchar.2023.113032 ↗
65. Li H, Wen G, Cai Z, Feng Y, Ma L, Han A, Zhang K (2022) The effect of vanadium content on hierarchical martensite structure and yield strength of petroleum casing steels. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 18:4522–4532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.04.12910.1016/j.jmrt.2022.04.129 ↗
66. Sun J, Wei S, Lu S (2020) Influence of vanadium content on the precipitation evolution and mechanical properties of high-strength Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo weld metal. Mater Sci Eng A 772:138739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13873910.1016/j.msea.2019.138739 ↗
67. Machmeier P, Matuszewski T, Jones R, Ayer R (1997) Effect of chromium additions on the mechanical and physical properties and microstructure of Fe–Co–Ni–Cr–Mo–C ultra-high strength steel. J Mater Eng Perform 6:279–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-997-0091-310.1007/s11665-997-0091-3 ↗
68. Gruber M, Ploberger S, Wiessner M, Marsoner S, Ebner R (2015) Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure of a high co–Ni secondary hardening steel. Mater Today Proc 2:S949–S952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.43910.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.439 ↗
69. Zhong P (2007) Microstructure and mechanical properties in isothermal tempering of high Co–Ni secondary hardening ultrahigh strength steel. J Iron Steel Res Int 14:292–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(08)60097-710.1016/S1006-706X(08)60097-7 ↗
70. Grujicic M (1990) Thermodynamics aided design of high Co–Ni secondary hardening steels. Calphad 14:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(90)90039-310.1016/0364-5916(90)90039-3 ↗
71. Yang HR, Lee KB, Kwon H (1999) Effects of austenitizing treatments and inclusions on secondary hardening and fracture behavior for high Co–Ni steels containing W. Mater Sci Eng A 265:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(98)01130-710.1016/S0921-5093(98)01130-7 ↗
72. Weiss BZ (1983) Maraging steels: structure, properties and applications. In: Comins NR, Clark JB (eds) Specialty steels and hard materials, Pergamon, pp 35–5410.1016/B978-0-08-029358-5.50009-4 ↗
73. Zhang H, Sun M, Liu Y, Ma D, Xu B, Huang M, Li D, Li Y (2021) Ultrafine-grained dual-phase maraging steel with high strength and excellent cryogenic toughness. Acta Mater 211:116878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.11687810.1016/j.actamat.2021.116878 ↗
74. Parvinian S, Sievers DE, Garmestani H, Kalidindi SR (2021) Evaluation of the influence of B and Nb microalloying on the microstructure and strength of 18% Ni maraging steels (C350) using hardness, spherical indentation and tensile tests. Acta Mater 215:117071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.11707110.1016/j.actamat.2021.117071 ↗
75. Yiran W, Ruian W, Yimin G (2023) Effect of Co content on microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging steel. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 27:3887–3899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.27910.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.279 ↗
76. Tian J, Wang W, Li H, Yang K, Jiang Z (2021) Understanding main factors controlling high cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation of high strength maraging stainless steels with Ti addition. Mater Sci Eng A 805:140589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14058910.1016/j.msea.2020.140589 ↗
77. Liu T, Cao Z, Wang H, Wu G, Jin J, Cao W (2020) A new 2.4 GPa extra-high strength steel with good ductility and high toughness designed by synergistic strengthening of nano-particles and high-density dislocations. Scr Mater 178:285–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.11.04510.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.11.045 ↗
78. Kan C, Zhao L, Cao Y, Ma C, Peng Y, Tian Z (2024) Microstructure evolution and strengthening behavior of maraging steel fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing at different heat treatment processes. Mater Sci Eng A 909:146804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14680410.1016/j.msea.2024.146804 ↗
79. Feitosa AL, Ribamar GG, Escobar J, Sonkusare R, Boll T, Coury F, Ávila J, Oliveira JP, Padilha AF (2024) Precipitation and reverted austenite formation in maraging 350 steel: Competition or cooperation? Acta Mater 270:119865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2024.11986510.1016/j.actamat.2024.119865 ↗
80. Zeisl S, Landefeld A, Steenberge NV, Chang Y, Schnitzer R (2022) The role of alloying elements in NiAl and Ni3Ti strengthened Co-free maraging steels. Mater Sci Eng A 861:144313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14431310.1016/j.msea.2022.144313 ↗
81. Zeisl S, Lassnig A, Hohenwarter A, Mendez-Martin F (2022) Precipitation behavior of a Co-free Fe–Ni–Cr–Mo–Ti–Al maraging steel after severe plastic deformation. Mater Sci Eng A 833:142416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14241610.1016/j.msea.2021.142416 ↗
82. Jiang SH, Wang H, Wu Y, Liu XJ, Chen HH, Yao MJ, Gault B, Ponge D, Raabe D, Hirata A, Chen MW, Wang YD, Lu ZP (2017) Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation. Nature 544:460–464. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature2203210.1038/nature22032 ↗
83. Luo H, Wang X, Liu Z, Yang Z (2020) Influence of refined hierarchical martensitic microstructures on yield strength and impact toughness of ultra-high strength stainless steel. J Mater Sci Technol 51:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.00110.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.001 ↗
84. Ji X, Fu L, Zheng H, Peng J, Wang W, Shan A (2021) Ultrafine lamellar microstructure with greatly enhanced strength and ductility of martensite steel via heavily warm rolling of metastable austenite. Mater Sci Eng A 826:141977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14197710.1016/j.msea.2021.141977 ↗
85. Wang B, Zhang H, Xu B, Jiang H, Sun M, Li D (2023) Sensitivity of the impact toughness and microstructure of 15CrNi3MoV steel under different quenching rates. Acta Metall Sin-Engl Lett 36:1735–1748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-023-01583-y10.1007/s40195-023-01583-y ↗
86. Liang C, Song G, Liang L, Wang W, He H, Zeng J (2025) Microstructure–property relationship of a high strength–toughness Cr–Mo–V steel. Int J Miner Metall Mater 32:1128–1140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2974-910.1007/s12613-024-2974-9 ↗
87. Zhang T, Han Y, Wang W, Gao Y, Song Y, Ran X (2020) Influence of aging time on microstructure and corrosion behavior of a Cu-bearing 17Cr–1Si–0.5Nb ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel. Acta Metall Sin-Engl Lett 33:1289–1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-020-01049-510.1007/s40195-020-01049-5 ↗
88. Malakondaiah G, Srinivas M, Rao PR (1997) Ultrahigh-strength low-alloy steels with enhanced fracture toughness. Prog Mater Sci 42:209–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(97)00016-910.1016/S0079-6425(97)00016-9 ↗
89. Xie ZJ, Han G, Zhou WH, Wang XL, Shang CJ (2018) A novel multi-step intercritical heat treatment induces multi-phase microstructure with ultra-low yield ratio and high ductility in advanced high-strength steel. Scr Mater 155:164–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.04210.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.042 ↗
90. Liu ZG, Gao XH, Xiong M, Li P, Misra RD, Rao DY, Wang YC (2021) Role of hot rolling procedure and solution treatment process on microstructure, strength and cryogenic toughness of high manganese austenitic steel. Mater Sci Eng A 807:140881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14088110.1016/j.msea.2021.140881 ↗
91. Tian J, Wang W, Li H, Shahzad MB, Shan Y, Jiang Z, Yang K (2019) Effect of deformation on precipitation hardening behavior of a maraging steel in the aging process. Mater Charact 155:109827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.10982710.1016/j.matchar.2019.109827 ↗
92. Galindo-Nava EI, Rainforth WM, Rivera PEJ (2016) Predicting microstructure and strength of maraging steels: elemental optimisation. Acta Mater 117:270–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.02010.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.020 ↗
93. Liu Z, Tu X, Wang X, Liang J, Yang Z, Sun Y, Wang C (2020) Carbide dissolution and austenite grain growth behavior of a new ultrahigh-strength stainless steel. J Iron Steel Res Int 27:732–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00429-610.1007/s42243-020-00429-6 ↗
94. Moura AN, Favarato LN, Amorim DD, Alcântara CM, Marques MC, Orlando MT, Vieira EA, Labiapari WD et al (2024) Effect of austenitization temperature on microstructure, crystallographic aspects, and mechanical properties of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 909:146835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14683510.1016/j.msea.2024.146835 ↗
95. Souki I, Delagnes D, Lours P (2011) Influence of heat treatment on the fracture toughness and crack propagation in 5% Cr martensitic steel. Procedia Eng 10:631–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.10510.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.105 ↗
96. Zhang Y, Zhan D, Qi X, Jiang Z (2018) Effect of solid-solution temperature on the microstructure and properties of ultra-high-strength ferrium S53® steel. Mater Sci Eng A 730:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.09910.1016/j.msea.2018.05.099 ↗
97. Xia B, Zhang P, Wang B, Li X, Zhang Z (2023) Effects of quenching temperature on the microstructure and impact toughness of 50CrMnSiVNb spring steel. Mater Sci Eng A 870:144856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.14485610.1016/j.msea.2023.144856 ↗
98. Jiang B, Wu M, Zhang M, Zhao F, Zhao Z, Liu Y (2017) Microstructural characterization, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of a quenched and tempered steel: effect of heat treatment parameters. Mater Sci Eng A 707:306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.09.06210.1016/j.msea.2017.09.062 ↗
99. Shi X, Zeng W, Zhao Q, Peng W, Kang C (2016) Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Aermet 100 steel at the tempering temperature around 482 ℃. J Alloy Compd 679:184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.08710.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.087 ↗
100. Li H, Liu Y, Liu B, Wei D (2022) Synergistic enhancement of strength and ductility of cobalt-free maraging steel via nanometer-scaled microstructures. Mater Sci Eng A 842:143099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14309910.1016/j.msea.2022.143099 ↗