MXene materials: developments and sensor applications in modern infrastructure

Abstract Recently, two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, have garnered significant attention due to their unique 2D structure and excellent physical, electrical, and chemical properties. In addition, compared to other well-known 2D nanomaterials like graphene, the rich functional groups on MXenes provide distinct advantages. These functional groups facilitate the integration of MXene nanoparticles into polymer matrices, enhancing their performance and imparting desirable thermal or electrical properties. Consequently, numerous researchers have focused on synthesizing MXene-based nanocomposites to meet the demands in various fields, particularly in materials for infrastructure development and structural health monitoring sensors. This paper discusses the fabrication methods and performance enhancements of MXene-based composites, investigating how MXenes improve crucial properties for extending the service life of infrastructures. Additionally, MXene-based nanocomposites exhibit multifunctional properties, including enhanced thermal stability, flame resistance, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The paper also reviews the sensing capabilities of MXene materials and their applications as sensors for detecting impact, pressure, gas, and humidity, which are critical parameters for monitoring infrastructure.