Effect of carrier gas on nitrogen-doped graphene in AC rotating arc plasma
Source abstract
Abstract
Nitrogen doping is an effective way to improve the electrical and catalytic properties of graphene. Here, we used a non-thermal plasma technique with AC rotating arc to prepare nitrogen-doped graphene. This method does not need catalyst and can produce nitrogen-doped graphene in the atmospheric environment by large scale. CH4 as the carbon source and N2 as the nitrogen source, nitrogen-doped graphene was obtained by plasma direct synthesis. The nitrogen content in the product was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the doping level was about 1.19 at.%. It was found that H2 and CO2 as carrier gases can change the nitrogen doping type and content. When there was only N2, pyrrolic N and graphitic N were the main forms in the graphene. The addition of H2 improved the selectivity of pyridinic N and pyrrolic N, but decreased the nitrogen doping content. CO2 significantly increased the selectivity of pyrrolic N and increased the nitrogen doping content. In addition, the formation mechanism of nitrogen-doped graphene was briefly described in this paper. The key in this plasma production technology is to understand the effect of carrier gas on nitrogen doping, which is also instructive for mass production in industry.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (53)
Show source-provided references
1. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.110289610.1126/science.1102896 ↗
2. Razaq A, Bibi F, Zheng XX, Papadakis R, Jafri SHM, Li H (2022) Review on graphene-, graphene oxide-, reduced graphene oxide-based flexible composites: from fabrication to applications. Materials 15:17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1503101210.3390/ma15031012 ↗
3. Olabi AG, Abdelkareem MA, Wilberforce T, Sayed ET (2021) Application of graphene in energy storage device—a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 135:20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.11002610.1016/j.rser.2020.110026 ↗
4. Dai CL, Sun GQ, Hu LY, Xiao YK, Zhang ZP, Qu LT (2020) Recent progress in graphene-based electrodes for flexible batteries. InfoMat 2:509. https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.1203910.1002/inf2.12039 ↗
5. Naghibi S, Kargar F, Wright D, Huang CYT, Mohammadzadeh A, Barani Z, Salgado R, Balandin AA (2020) Noncuring graphene thermal interface materials for advanced electronics. Adv Electron Mater 6:9. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.20190130310.1002/aelm.201901303 ↗
6. Esteve-Adell I, Porcel-Valenzuela M, Zubizarreta L, Gil-Agusti M, Garcia-Pellicer M, Quijano-Lopez A (2022) Influence of the specific surface area of graphene nanoplatelets on the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Front Chem 10:10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.80798010.3389/fchem.2022.807980 ↗
7. Wang H, Ma CQ, Zhang WM, Cheng HM, Zeng Y (2019) Improved damping and high strength of graphene-coated nickel hybrid foams. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:42690. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b1038210.1021/acsami.9b10382 ↗
8. Lonkar SP, Deshmukh YS, Abdala AA (2015) Recent advances in chemical modifications of graphene. Nano Res 8:1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0622-910.1007/s12274-014-0622-9 ↗
9. Okano K, Koizumi S, Silva SRP, Amaratunga GAJ (1996) Low-threshold cold cathodes made of nitrogen-doped chemical-vapour-deposited diamond. Nature 381:140. https://doi.org/10.1038/381140a010.1038/381140a0 ↗
10. Vesel A, Zaplotnik R, Primc G, Mozetic M (2020) A review of strategies for the synthesis of n-doped graphene-like materials. Nanomaterials 10:36. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1011228610.3390/nano10112286 ↗
11. Dey A, Chroneos A, Braithwaite NS, Gandhiraman RP, Krishnamurthy S (2016) Plasma engineering of graphene. Appl Phys Rev 3:19. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.494718810.1063/1.4947188 ↗
12. Zhang Y, Talapatra S, Kar S, Vajtai R, Nayak SK, Ajayan PM (2007) First-principles study of defect-induced magnetism in carbon. Phys Rev Lett 99:4. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.10720110.1103/PhysRevLett.99.107201 ↗
13. Bertoti I, Mohai M, Laszlo K (2015) Surface modification of graphene and graphite by nitrogen plasma: determination of chemical state alterations and assignments by quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon 84:185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.05610.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.056 ↗
14. Yamada Y, Kim J, Matsuo S, Sato S (2014) Nitrogen-containing graphene analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon 70:59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.06110.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.061 ↗
15. Bianco GV, Sacchetti A, Grande M, D’Orazio A, Milella A, Bruno G (2022) Effective hole conductivity in nitrogen-doped CVD-graphene by singlet oxygen treatment under photoactivation conditions. Sci Rep 12:11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12696-210.1038/s41598-022-12696-2 ↗
16. Qu LT, Liu Y, Baek JB, Dai LM (2010) Nitrogen-doped graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in fuel cells. ACS Nano 4:1321. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901850u10.1021/nn901850u ↗
17. Geng DS, Chen Y, Chen YG, Li YL, Li RY, Sun XL, Ye SY, Knights S (2011) High oxygen-reduction activity and durability of nitrogen-doped graphene. Energy Environ Sci 4:760. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00326c10.1039/c0ee00326c ↗
18. Zhao HB, Wang WD, Lu QF, Lin TT, Lin QL, Yang HJ (2015) Preparation and application of porous nitrogen-doped graphene obtained by co-pyrolysis of lignosulfonate and graphene oxide. Bioresour Technol 176:106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.03510.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.035 ↗
19. Ai S, Chen YX, Liu YL, Zhang Q, Xiong LJ, Huang HB, Li L, Yu XH, Wei L (2018) Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels for electrochemical detection of dopamine. Solid State Sci 86:6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2018.09.01410.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2018.09.014 ↗
20. Yen PJ, Ilango PR, Chiang YC, Wu CW, Hsu YC, Chueh YL, Wei KH (2019) Tunable nitrogen-doped graphene sheets produced with in situ electrochemical cathodic plasma at room temperature for lithium-ion batteries. Mater Today Energy 12:336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2019.01.00310.1016/j.mtener.2019.01.003 ↗
21. Zan R, Altuntepe A (2020) Nitrogen doping of graphene by CVD. J Mol Struct 1199:6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.12702610.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127026 ↗
22. Li ZX, Li XH, Zong Y, Tan GG, Sun Y, Lan YY, He M, Ren ZY, Zheng XL (2017) Solvothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene decorated by superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their applications as enhanced synergistic microwave absorbers. Carbon 115:493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.03610.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.036 ↗
23. Yasuda S, Yu L, Kim J, Murakoshi K (2013) Selective nitrogen doping in graphene for oxygen reduction reactions. Chem Commun 49:9627. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc45641b10.1039/c3cc45641b ↗
24. Terasawa T, Saiki K (2012) Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Jpn J Appl Phys 51:4. https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.51.05510110.1143/jjap.51.055101 ↗
25. Kumar A, Voevodin AA, Paul R, Altfeder I, Zemlyanov D, Zakharov DN, Fisher TS (2013) Nitrogen-doped graphene by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 528:269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.07.14210.1016/j.tsf.2012.07.142 ↗
26. Zhong RP, Hong RY (2020) Continuous preparation and formation mechanism of few-layer graphene by gliding arc plasma. Chem Eng J 387:10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12410210.1016/j.cej.2020.124102 ↗
27. Wu AJ, Li XD, Yan JH, Yang J, Du CM, Zhu FS, Qian JY (2017) Co-generation of hydrogen and carbon aerosol from coalbed methane surrogate using rotating gliding arc plasma. Appl Energy 195:67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.04310.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.043 ↗
28. Ma J, Chen XH, Song M, Wang C, Xia WD (2021) Study on formation mechanism of three types of carbon nanoparticles during ethylene pyrolysis in thermal plasmas. Diam Relat Mat 117:9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.10844510.1016/j.diamond.2021.108445 ↗
29. Luo ZY, Li YY, Wang FF, Hong RY (2019) Plasma exfoliated graphene: preparation via rapid, mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide and application in lithium batteries. Materials 12:11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1205070710.3390/ma12050707 ↗
30. Wang FF, Zhang X, Hong RY, Lu XS, Zhu Y, Zheng Y (2021) High-performance anode of lithium ion batteries with plasma-prepared silicon nanoparticles and a three-component binder. Electrochim Acta 390:11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.13880910.1016/j.electacta.2021.138809 ↗
31. Wang F, Wang FF, Hong RY, Lv XS, Zheng Y, Chen HY (2020) High-purity few-layer graphene from plasma pyrolysis of methane as conductive additive for LiFePO4 lithium ion battery. J Mater Res Technol 9:10004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.07210.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.072 ↗
32. Wang C, Sun L, Dai XY, Li DN, Chen XH, Xia WL, Xia WD (2019) Continuous synthesis of graphene nano-flakes by a magnetically rotating arc at atmospheric pressure. Carbon 148:394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.01510.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.015 ↗
33. Lee DH, Kim KT, Cha MS, Song YH (2007) Optimization scheme of a rotating gliding arc reactor for partial oxidation of methane. Proc Combust Inst 31:3343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.23010.1016/j.proci.2006.07.230 ↗
34. Singh M, Sengupta A, Zeller K, Skoptsov G, Vander Wal RL (2019) Effect of hydrogen concentration on graphene synthesis using microwave-driven plasma-mediated methane cracking. Carbon 143:802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.08210.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.082 ↗
35. Beams R, Cancado LG, Novotny L (2015) Raman characterization of defects and dopants in graphene. J Phys Condes Matter 27:26. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/8/08300210.1088/0953-8984/27/8/083002 ↗
36. Ferrari AC, Basko DM (2013) Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 8:235. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.4610.1038/nnano.2013.46 ↗
37. Jin Z, Yao J, Kittrell C, Tour JM (2011) Large-scale growth and characterizations of nitrogen-doped monolayer graphene sheets. ACS Nano 5:4112. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200766e10.1021/nn200766e ↗
38. Yen HF, Horng YY, Hu MS, Yang WH, Wen JR, Ganguly A, Tai Y, Chen KH, Chen LC (2015) Vertically aligned epitaxial graphene nanowalls with dominated nitrogen doping for superior supercapacitors. Carbon 82:124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.10.04210.1016/j.carbon.2014.10.042 ↗
39. Geng DS, Yang SL, Zhang Y, Yang JL, Liu J, Li RY, Sham TK, Sun XL, Ye SY, Knights S (2011) Nitrogen doping effects on the structure of graphene. Appl Surf Sci 257:9193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.05.13110.1016/j.apsusc.2011.05.131 ↗
40. Reina A, Jia XT, Ho J, Nezich D, Son HB, Bulovic V, Dresselhaus MS, Kong J (2009) Layer area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 9:3087. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl901829a10.1021/nl901829a ↗
41. Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov KS, Roth S, Geim AK (2006) Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett 97:4. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.18740110.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401 ↗
42. Childress A, Parajuli P, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Podila R, Rao AM (2019) Effect of nitrogen doping in the few layer graphene cathode of an aluminum ion battery. Chem Phys Lett 733:5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2019.13666910.1016/j.cplett.2019.136669 ↗
43. Zhang CK, Lin WY, Zhao ZJ, Zhuang PP, Zhan LJ, Zhou YH, Cai WW (2015) CVD synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene using urea. Sci China-Phys Mech Astron 58:6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-015-5717-010.1007/s11433-015-5717-0 ↗
44. Li BF, Zhang ST, Cui CJ, Qian WZ, Jin Y (2022) Comprehensive review on nitrogen doped graphene structure characterization growth strategy and capacitive energy storage. Energy Fuels 37(2):902–918. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c0351710.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c03517 ↗
45. Lu ZS, Wang C, Chen XH, Song M, Xia WD (2021) Effects of buffer gas on N-doped graphene in a non-thermal plasma process. Diam Relat Mat 118:10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.10854810.1016/j.diamond.2021.108548 ↗
46. Li JY, Ren ZY, Zhou YX, Wu XJ, Xu XL, Qi M, Li WL, Bai JT, Wang L (2013) Scalable synthesis of pyrrolic N-doped graphene by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition and its terahertz response. Carbon 62:330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.07010.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.070 ↗
47. Fujimoto Y, Saito S (2011) Energetics and electronic structures of pyridine-type defects in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes. Phys E 43:677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2010.07.02710.1016/j.physe.2010.07.027 ↗
48. Son BK, Lee KH, Kim TH, Shin MS, Choi SY, Cho G (2019) Purification and nitrogen doping of nanothin exfoliated graphite through RF thermal plasma treatment. Nanomaterials 9:11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano907099510.3390/nano9070995 ↗
49. Matsuo Y, Maruyama S, Cheng Q, Okamoto Y, Tamura N (2021) ELECTROCHEMICAL properties of nitrogen-doped carbons prepared by the thermal reduction of furfurylamine-intercalated graphite oxide. Carbon 175:60710.1016/j.carbon.2021.01.050 ↗
50. Bhattacharjya D, Park HY, Kim MS, Choi HS, Inamdar SN, Yu JS (2014) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles by flame synthesis as anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Langmuir 30:318. https://doi.org/10.1021/la403366e10.1021/la403366e ↗
51. Chen XH, Wang C, Song M, Ma J, Ye TH, Xia WD (2019) The morphological transformation of carbon materials from nanospheres to graphene nanoflakes by thermal plasma. Carbon 155:521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.08.07710.1016/j.carbon.2019.08.077 ↗
52. Wang C, Song M, Chen XH, Li DN, Xia WD (2020) Synthesis of few-layer graphene flakes by magnetically rotating arc plasma: effects of input power and feedstock injection position. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 126:13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3399-610.1007/s00339-020-3399-6 ↗
53. Song M, Wang C, Chen XH, Ma J, Xia WD (2021) Large-scale in-situ synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene using magnetically rotating arc plasma. Diam Relat Mat 116:9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.10841710.1016/j.diamond.2021.108417 ↗