Modelling creep properties of alloys without adjustable parameters
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, a number of models for creep properties have been derived based on physical principles and avoiding adjustable parameters (APs). They are referred to as basic models and have, for example, been formulated for primary, secondary, and tertiary creep. The purpose of the basic models is that they should have general applicability and that they can allow extrapolation of results to a much greater extent than empirical models with APs. This has also been verified for a number of the models such as for the primary and secondary creep. Basic models are excellent to safely identify operating mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to give a summary of methods for deriving basic models for creep including the role of substructures and different applications of grain boundary sliding. It is hoped that this will assist more researches to use and to develop them further. Many aspects of creep have still not been handled with basic models.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: High Temperature Alloys and Creep · Material Properties and Failure Mechanisms · Metallurgy and Material Forming
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (88)
Show source-provided references
1. Choudhary BK, Samuel EI, Bhanu Sankara Rao K, Mannan SL (2001) Tensile stress–strain and work hardening behaviour of 316LN austenitic stainless steel. Mater Sci Technol 17:223–23110.1179/026708301101509890 ↗
2. Norton FH (1929) The creep of steel at high temperatures. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York
3. Bird JE, Mukherjee AK, Dorn JE (1969) Quantitative Relation between Properties and Microstructure. In: Brandon ARDG (ed) Israel Universities Press, p 255
4. Hirth JP, Lothe J (1967) Theory of dislocations. McGraw-Hill, New York
5. Kryachko ES, Ludeña EV (2014) Density functional theory: Foundations reviewed. Phys Rep 544:123–23910.1016/j.physrep.2014.06.002 ↗
6. Liu Z-K (2023) Thermodynamics and its prediction and CALPHAD modeling: review, state of the art, and perspectives. Calphad 82:102580–10260110.1016/j.calphad.2023.102580 ↗
7. Kocks UF, Argon AS, Ashby MF (1975) Thermodynamics and kinetics of slip. Prog Mater Sci 19:110.1016/0079-6425(75)90005-5 ↗
8. Sandstrom R, Andersson HCM (2008) Creep in phosphorus alloyed copper during power-law breakdown. J Nucl Mater 372:76–8810.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.02.005 ↗
9. Chandler HD (1994) Effect of unloading time on interrupted creep in copper. Acta Metall Mater 42:2083–208710.1016/0956-7151(94)90033-7 ↗
10. Sandström R (2017) Fundamental models for the creep of metals, in Creep, IntechOpen10.5772/intechopen.70726 ↗
11. Spigarelli S, Sandström R (2018) Basic creep modelling of aluminium. Mater Sci Eng, A 711:343–34910.1016/j.msea.2017.11.053 ↗
12. Mecking H, Estrin Y (1980) The effect of vacancy generation on plastic deformation. Scr Metall 14:815–81910.1016/0036-9748(80)90295-1 ↗
13. Staker MR, Holt DL (1972) The dislocation cell size and dislocation density in copper deformed at temperatures between 25 and 700 °C. Acta Metall 20:569–57910.1016/0001-6160(72)90012-0 ↗
14. Mecking H, Styczynski A, Estrin Y (1989) Steady State and Transient Plastic Flow of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. In: Strength of Metals and Alloys (ICSMA 8). Pergamon, Oxford, pp 989-99410.1016/B978-0-08-034804-9.50156-X ↗
15. Sandström R (2024) Stationary Creep. In: Basic modeling and theory of creep of metallic alloys. Springer Series in Materials Science, pp 13–3810.1007/978-3-031-49507-6_2 ↗
16. Sandström R (2023) Basic modelling of general strength and creep properties of alloys. Crystals 14:21–4210.3390/cryst14010021 ↗
17. Roters F, Raabe D, Gottstein G (2000) Work hardening in heterogeneous alloys—a microstructural approach based on three internal state variables. Acta Mater 48:4181–418910.1016/S1359-6454(00)00289-5 ↗
18. Sandstrom R (2012) Basic model for primary and secondary creep in copper. Acta Mater 60:314–32210.1016/j.actamat.2011.09.052 ↗
19. Bergström Y (1970) A dislocation model for the stress-strain behaviour of polycrystalline α-Fe with special emphasis on the variation of the densities of mobile and immobile dislocations. Mater Sci Eng 5:193–20010.1016/0025-5416(70)90081-9 ↗
20. Bergström Y, Roberts W (1971) A dislocation model for dynamical strain ageing of α-iron in the jerky-flow region. Acta Metall 19:1243–125110.1016/0001-6160(71)90058-7 ↗
21. Lagneborg R (1972) Dislocation mechanisms in creep. Int Metall Rev 17:130–14610.1179/095066072790137620 ↗
22. Magnusson H, Sandstrom R (2007) Creep strain modeling of 9 to 12 pct Cr steels based on microstructure evolution. Metall Mater Trans A 38A:2033–203910.1007/s11661-007-9256-9 ↗
23. Lavrentev FF (1980) The type of dislocation interaction as the factor determining work hardening. Mater Sci Eng 46:191–20810.1016/0025-5416(80)90175-5 ↗
24. Orlová A (1991) On the relation between dislocation structure and internal stress measured in pure metals and single phase alloys in high temperature creep. Acta Metall Mater 39:2805–281310.1016/0956-7151(91)90098-L ↗
25. Sandström R, Hallgren J (2012) The role of creep in stress strain curves for copper. J Nucl Mater 422:51–5710.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.12.012 ↗
26. Sandström R, Zhang J (2021) Modeling the creep of nickel. J Eng Mater Technol 143:04101110.1115/1.4051421 ↗
27. Blum W (2021) On the validity of the natural creep law at low stresses. Materialia 15:100958–10096010.1016/j.mtla.2020.100958 ↗
28. Servi IS, Grant NJ (1951) Creep and stress rupture behaviour of aluminium as a function of purity. Trans AIME 191:909–916
29. Norman EC, Duran SA (1970) Steady-state creep of pure polycrystalline nickel from 0.3 to 0.55 Tm. Acta Metall 18:723–73110.1016/0001-6160(70)90102-1 ↗
30. Holdsworth SR, Askins M, Baker A, Gariboldi E, Holmstrom S, Klenk A, Ringel M, Merckling G, Sandstrom R, Schwienheer M, Spigarelli S (2008) Factors influencing creep model equation selection. Int J Pres Ves Pip 85:80–8810.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.06.009 ↗
31. Wu R, Sandstrom R, Seitisleam F (2004) Influence of extra coarse grains on the creep properties of 9 percent CrMoV (P91) steel weldment. J Eng Mater-T Asme 126:87–9410.1115/1.1631025 ↗
32. Sandström R (2023) Primary creep at low stresses in copper. Mater Sci Eng, A 873:144950–14495810.1016/j.msea.2023.144950 ↗
33. Sandström R (2016) The role of cell structure during creep of cold worked copper. Mater Sci Eng, A 674:318–32710.1016/j.msea.2016.08.004 ↗
34. Sandström R (2024) Creep with Low Stress Exponents. In: Basic modeling and theory of creep of metallic alloys. Springer Series in Materials Science, pp 83–11410.1007/978-3-031-49507-6_5 ↗
35. Sandstrom R, Andersson HCM (2008) The effect of phosphorus on creep in copper. J Nucl Mater 372:66–7510.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.02.004 ↗
36. Sandström R (2023) Creep at low stresses in aluminium (Harper-Dorn) and in an austenitic stainless steel with a stress exponent of 1. Mater Today Commun 36:106558–10656410.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106558 ↗
37. Sandström R (2017) Formation of a dislocation back stress during creep of copper at low temperatures. Mater Sci Eng, A 700:622–63010.1016/j.msea.2017.06.042 ↗
38. Sui F, Sandström R (2018) Basic modelling of tertiary creep of copper. J Mater Sci 53:6850–6863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1968-710.1007/s10853-017-1968-7 ↗
39. Sandström R (2023) Basic analytical modeling of creep strain curves. Materials 16:3542–356410.3390/ma16093542 ↗
40. Sandström R (2024) Stress Strain Curves. In: Basic modeling and theory of creep of metallic alloys. Springer Series in Materials Science, pp 39–5810.1007/978-3-031-49507-6_3 ↗
41. Müller F, Scholz A, Berger C, Husemann R-U (2009) Influence of cold working in creep and creep rupture behaviour of materials for super-heater tubes of modern high-end boilers and for built-in sheets in gas turbines. In: Shibli SRHIA (ed) 2nd international ECCC conference. Creep and fracture in high temperature components–design and life assessment issues
42. Wu R, Pettersson N, Martinsson Å, Sandström R (2014) Cell structure in cold worked and creep deformed phosphorus alloyed copper. Mater Charact 90:21–3010.1016/j.matchar.2014.01.007 ↗
43. Sandström R, He J-J (2022) Prediction of creep ductility for austenitic stainless steels and copper. Mater High Temp 39:427–43510.1080/09603409.2022.2039497 ↗
44. Raj R, Ashby MF (1972) Grain boundary sliding, and the effects of particles on its rate. Metall Trans 3:1937–194210.1007/BF02642582 ↗
45. Raj R, Ashby MF (1971) On grain boundary sliding and diffusional creep. Metall Trans 2:1113–112710.1007/BF02664244 ↗
46. Crossman FW, Ashby MF (1975) The non-uniform flow of polycrystals by grain-boundary sliding accommodated by power-law creep. Acta Metall 23:425–44010.1016/0001-6160(75)90082-6 ↗
47. Ghahremani F (1980) Effect of grain boundary sliding on steady creep of polycrystals. Int J Solids Struct 16:847–86210.1016/0020-7683(80)90053-0 ↗
48. Hsia KJ, Parks DM, Argon AS (1991) Effects of grain boundary sliding on creep-constrained boundary cavitation and creep deformation. Mech Mater 11:43–6210.1016/0167-6636(91)90038-2 ↗
49. He J-J, Sandström R, Lü S-R, Korzhavyi P, Zhang J, Qin H-Y, Liu J-B (2025) Predicting grain boundary sliding in metallic materials. Acta Mater 286:120718–12072710.1016/j.actamat.2025.120718 ↗
50. Langdon TG (1994) A unified approach to grain boundary sliding in creep and superplasticity. Acta Metall Mater 42:2437–244310.1016/0956-7151(94)90322-0 ↗
51. Kottada RS, Chokshi AH (2007) Grain boundary sliding during diffusion and dislocation creep in a Mg-0.7 pct Al alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 38:1743–174910.1007/s11661-007-9190-x ↗
52. Kawasaki M, Langdon TG (2014) Review: achieving superplasticity in metals processed by high-pressure torsion. J Mater Sci 49:6487–6496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8204-510.1007/s10853-014-8204-5 ↗
53. Bhatta L, Pesin A, Zhilyaev AP, Tandon P, Kong C, Yu H (2020) Recent development of superplasticity in aluminum alloys: a review. Metals 10:77–10210.3390/met10010077 ↗
54. Sandström R (2024) Grain Boundary Sliding. In: Basic modeling and theory of creep of metallic alloys. Springer Series in Materials Science, pp 169–18410.1007/978-3-031-49507-6_9 ↗
55. Langdon TG (2006) Grain boundary sliding revisited: developments in sliding over four decades. J Mater Sci 41:597–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6476-010.1007/s10853-006-6476-0 ↗
56. Sandström R (2024) Solid Solution Hardening. In: Basic modeling and theory of creep of metallic alloys. Springer Series in Materials Science, pp 115–12910.1007/978-3-031-49507-6_6 ↗
57. Mohamed FA, Langdon TG (1975) Creep at low stress levels in the superplastic Zn-22% Al eutectoid. Acta Metall 23:117–12410.1016/0001-6160(75)90076-0 ↗
58. Lim LC (1987) Cavity nucleation at high temperatures involving pile-ups of grain boundary dislocations. Acta Metall 35:1663–167310.1016/0001-6160(87)90114-3 ↗
59. Sandström R (2023) Cavitation during creep-fatigue loading. Mater High Temp 40:174–18310.1080/09603409.2023.2188356 ↗
60. Sandström R, Wu R (2013) Influence of phosphorus on the creep ductility of copper. J Nucl Mater 441:364–37110.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.020 ↗
61. He J, Sandström R (2016) Formation of creep cavities in austenitic stainless steels. J Mater Sci 51:6674–6685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9954-z10.1007/s10853-016-9954-z ↗
62. Dyson BF (1983) Continuous cavity nucleation and creep fracture. Scr Metall 17:31–3710.1016/0036-9748(83)90065-0 ↗
63. Beere W, Speight MV (1978) Creep cavitation by vacancy diffusion in plastically deforming solid. Met Sci 21:172–17610.1179/msc.1978.12.4.172 ↗
64. Dyson BF (1976) Constraints on diffusional cavity growth rates. Met Sci 10:349–35310.1179/030634576790431417 ↗
65. Rice JR (1981) Constraints on the diffusive cavitation of isolated grain boundary facets in creeping polycrystals. Acta Metall 29:675–68110.1016/0001-6160(81)90150-4 ↗
66. Sandström R (2022) Basic creep-fatigue models considering cavitation. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng 7:583–59110.1007/s41403-021-00283-2 ↗
67. Rice JR, Tracey DM (1969) On the ductile enlargement of voids in triaxial stress fields*. J Mech Phys Solids 17:201–21710.1016/0022-5096(69)90033-7 ↗
68. Cocks ACF, Ashby MF (1980) Intergranular fracture during power-law creep under multiaxial stresses. Metal Sci 14:395–40210.1179/030634580790441187 ↗
69. Wu R, Sandström R (1995) Creep cavity nucleation and growth in 12Cr–Mo–V steel. Mater Sci Technol 11:579–58810.1179/mst.1995.11.6.579 ↗
70. Herring C (1950) Diffusional viscosity of a polycrystalline solid. J Appl Phys 21:437–44510.1063/1.1699681 ↗
71. Coble RL (1963) A model for boundary diffusion controlled creep in polycrystalline materials. J Appl Phys 34:1679–168210.1063/1.1702656 ↗
72. Susila P, Sturm D, Heilmaier M, Murty BS, Sarma VS (2010) Compression creep studies of mechanically alloyed nanostructured Fe-12Cr-2W-0.25Y2O3ODS alloy. J Phys: Conf Ser 240:012090–012093
73. Lothe J, Hirth JP (1967) Dislocation climb forces. J Appl Phys 38:845–84810.1063/1.1709423 ↗
74. Cottrell AH, Jaswon MA (1949) Distribution of solute atoms round a slow dislocation. Proc R Soc Lond A 199:104–11410.1098/rspa.1949.0128 ↗
75. Takeuchi S, Argon AS (1976) Steady-state creep of alloys due to viscous motion of dislocations. Acta Metall 24:883–88910.1016/0001-6160(76)90036-5 ↗
76. Korzhavyi PA, Sandström R (2015) First-principles evaluation of the effect of alloying elements on the lattice parameter of a 23Cr25NiWCuCo austenitic stainless steel to model solid solution hardening contribution to the creep strength. Mater Sci Eng, A 626:213–21910.1016/j.msea.2014.12.057 ↗
77. Argon A (2008) Strengthening Mechanisms in Crystal Plasticity. Oxford University Press, Oxford
78. Blum W, Reppich B (1985) Creep of particle-strengthend alloys. In: Wilshire B, Evans RW (eds) Creep Behaviour of Crystalline Solids. Pineridge Press, Swansea, p 83
79. Arzt E, Ashby MF (1982) Threshold stresses in materials containing dispersed particles. Scr Metall 16:1285–129010.1016/0036-9748(82)90484-7 ↗
80. Magnusson H, Sandstrom R (2007) The role of dislocation climb across particles at creep conditions in 9 to 12 pct Cr steels. Metall Mater Trans A 38A:2428–243410.1007/s11661-007-9280-9 ↗
81. Eliasson J, Gustafson A, Sandstrom R (2000) Kinetic modelling of the influence of particles on creep strength. Key Eng Mat 171–1:277–284
82. Sui F, Sandström R (2019) Creep strength contribution due to precipitation hardening in copper–cobalt alloys. J Mater Sci 54:1819–1830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2922-z10.1007/s10853-018-2922-z ↗
83. Vujic S, Sandstrom R, Sommitsch C (2015) Precipitation evolution and creep strength modelling of 25Cr20NiNbN austenitic steel. Mater High Temp 32:607–61810.1179/1878641315Y.0000000007 ↗
84. Sandström R (2016) Fundamental Models for Creep Properties of Steels and Copper. Trans Indian Inst Met 69:197–20210.1007/s12666-015-0762-y ↗
85. Sandström R, Farooq M, Zurek J (2013) Basic models for creep deformation in stainless steels. In: 9th International Conference on Creep and Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures
86. He J, Sandström R (2017) Basic modelling of creep rupture in austenitic stainless steels. Theoret Appl Fract Mech 89:139–14610.1016/j.tafmec.2017.02.004 ↗
87. He J, Sandström R (2019) Application of fundamental models for creep rupture prediction of sanicro 25 (23Cr25NiWCoCu). Crystals 9:638–65010.3390/cryst9120638 ↗
88. He J, Sandström R (2016) Brittle rupture of austenitic stainless steels due to creep cavitation. In: Procedia Structural Integrity, pp 863–87010.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.111 ↗