journal article·2024-10Open access

Local strain heterogeneity and damage mechanisms in zirconia particle-reinforced TRIP steel MMCs: in situ tensile testing with digital image processing

Faisal Qayyum, ChenChun Chiu, ShaoChen Tseng, Umid Rustamov, Susanne Berndorf, Fuhui Shen, Sergey Guk, ChingKong Chao, Ulrich Prahl

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 59· Issue 40

Abstract

Abstract In this work, the microstructural deformation and damage mechanisms of TRIP steel metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with Magnesia Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ) particles are investigated by employing in situ tensile testing within a scanning electron microscope chamber, complemented by digital image correlation and advanced image processing techniques. The study is carried out on samples with varied volume fractions (0%, 10%, and 20%) of zirconia particles and damage mechanisms in different samples under specified loading conditions. Through both qualitative and quantitative assessments of deformation, damage, and clustering, the investigation provides a comprehensive understanding of the distribution and damage initiation. The study findings reveal that, generally, the steel matrix exhibits high toughness, with minimal occurrences of microcracking at high strains that cause significant damage. In samples with increasing particle content, delamination at the matrix–particle interface and cracking of Mg-PSZ particles were found to be critical contributors to material failure and were quantitatively analyzed using computational analyses conducted with MATLAB. The work highlights the initiation and evolution of each damage mechanism in zirconia particle-reinforced TRIP steel MMCs to facilitate scientists and engineers in improving manufacturing and application decisions in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and heavy machinery, which demand materials with exceptional toughness and durability. Graphical Abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Advanced ceramic materials synthesis · Microstructure and mechanical properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (62)

Show source-provided references
1. Jagadeesh G, Gangi Setti S (2020) A review on micromechanical methods for evaluation of mechanical behavior of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites. J Mater Sci 55(23):9848–9882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04715-210.1007/s10853-020-04715-2 ↗
2. Qayyum F et al (2024) Mechanics of new-generation metals and alloys. Reference module in materials science and materials engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam
3. Biermann H, Aneziris CG (2020) Austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels and steel-zirconia composites: design of tough, transformation-strengthened composites and structures, vol 298. Springer, Cham10.1007/978-3-030-42603-3 ↗
4. Ibrahim I, Mohamed F, Lavernia E (1991) Particulate reinforced metal matrix composites—a review. J Mater Sci 26(5):1137–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0054444810.1007/BF00544448 ↗
5. Gnjidić ZA, Boz̆ić DA, Mitkov M (2001) The influence of SiC particles on the compressive properties of metal matrix composites. Mater Charact 47(2):129–13810.1016/S1044-5803(01)00161-9 ↗
6. Wang Z et al (2011) Effects of particle size and distribution on the mechanical properties of SiC reinforced Al–Cu alloy composites. Mater Sci Eng A 528(3):1131–113710.1016/j.msea.2010.11.028 ↗
7. Wu C et al (2016) Influence of particle size and spatial distribution of B4C reinforcement on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of precipitation strengthened Al alloy matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 675:421–43010.1016/j.msea.2016.08.062 ↗
8. Vedani M et al (1994) Influence of interface properties on mechanical behaviour of particle reinforced metal matrix composite. Mater Sci Technol 10(2):132–14010.1179/mst.1994.10.2.132 ↗
9. Ma Y et al (2023) Break through the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in aluminum matrix composites via precipitation-assisted interface tailoring. Acta Mater 242:11847010.1016/j.actamat.2022.118470 ↗
10. Maire E et al (2005) Damage initiation and growth in metals. Comparison between modelling and tomography experiments. J Mech Phys Solids 53(11):2411–243410.1016/j.jmps.2005.06.005 ↗
11. Ganguly P, Poole WJ (2005) Rearrangement of local stress and strain fields due to damage initiation in a model composite system. Comput Mater Sci 34(2):107–12210.1016/j.commatsci.2004.12.062 ↗
12. Wang D et al (2018) Particle-induced damage in Fe–TiB2 high stiffness metal matrix composite steels. Mater Des 160:557–57110.1016/j.matdes.2018.09.033 ↗
13. Zhang H, Ramesh K, Chin E (2005) Effects of interfacial debonding on the rate-dependent response of metal matrix composites. Acta Mater 53(17):4687–470010.1016/j.actamat.2005.07.004 ↗
14. Liu C et al (2018) An integrated crystal plasticity–phase field model for spatially resolved twin nucleation, propagation, and growth in hexagonal materials. Int J Plast 106:203–22710.1016/j.ijplas.2018.03.009 ↗
15. Gao P et al (2023) Microstructure-and damage-nucleation-based crystal plasticity finite element modeling for the nucleation of multi-type voids during plastic deformation of Al alloys. Int J Plast 165:10360910.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103609 ↗
16. Droste M, Biermann H (2015) Influence of Mg-PSZ particle size on the fatigue behaviour of a high alloy steel matrix composite. Materials science forum. Trans Tech Publ
17. Yang Z et al (2021) Effect of combination variation of particle and matrix on the damage evolution and mechanical properties of particle reinforced metal matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 806:14080410.1016/j.msea.2021.140804 ↗
18. Qayyum F, Guk S, Prahl U (2022) Applications of crystal plasticity in forming technologies. Crystals 12(10):146610.3390/cryst12101466 ↗
19. Qayyum F et al (2022) Influence of non-metallic inclusions on local deformation and damage behavior of modified 16MnCrS5 steel. Crystals 12(2):28110.3390/cryst12020281 ↗
20. Umar M et al (2022) Exploring the structure-property relationship in spheroidized C45EC steel using full phase crystal plasticity numerical simulations. Steel Res Int 93(1):210045210.1002/srin.202100452 ↗
21. Tseng S et al (2023) Improved method for generation of hot working process maps of metals. J Chin Inst Eng 46(6):1–1110.1080/02533839.2023.2227880 ↗
22. Tseng S et al (2022) Transformation of 2D RVE local stress and strain distributions to 3D observations in full phase crystal plasticity simulations of dual-phase steels. Crystals 12(7):95510.3390/cryst12070955 ↗
23. Chiu C et al (2023) Local deformation and interfacial damage behavior of partially stabilized zirconia-reinforced metastable austenitic steel composites: numerical simulation and validation. Mater Des 225:11151510.1016/j.matdes.2022.111515 ↗
24. Tseng S-C et al (2023) The effect of the energy release rate on the local damage evolution in TRIP steel composite reinforced with zirconia particles. Materials 16(1):13410.3390/ma16010134 ↗
25. Weidner A, Lehnert R, Biermann H (2020) Scanning electron microscopy and complementary in situ characterization techniques for characterization of deformation and damage processes. Austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels and steel-zirconia composites. Springer, Cham, pp 485–52710.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_15 ↗
26. Rafaja D et al (2020) Microstructure aspects of the deformation mechanisms in metastable austenitic steels. In: Biermann H, Aneziris CG (eds) Austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels and steel-zirconia composites. Springer, Cham, pp 325–37710.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_11 ↗
27. Guk S, Kawalla R, Prahl U (2020) Understanding of processing, microstructure and property correlations during different sintering treatments of trip-matrix-composites. Austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels and steel-zirconia composites. Springer, Cham, pp 167–19610.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_6 ↗
28. Qing H (2015) The influence of particle shapes on strength and damage properties of metal matrix composites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15(8):5741–574810.1166/jnn.2015.10307 ↗
29. Abedini A, Chen ZT (2014) A micromechanical model of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites considering particle size and damage. Comput Mater Sci 85:200–20510.1016/j.commatsci.2014.01.012 ↗
30. Biermann H et al (2009) Microstructure and compression strength of novel TRIP-steel/Mg-PSZ composites. Adv Eng Mater 11(12):1000–100610.1002/adem.200900210 ↗
31. Qayyum F et al (2020) Investigating the local deformation and transformation behavior of sintered X3CrMnNi16-7-6 TRIP steel using a calibrated crystal plasticity-based numerical simulation model. Int J Mater Res 111(5):392–40410.3139/146.111900 ↗
32. Qayyum F et al (2020) Modeling the local deformation and transformation behavior of cast X8CrMnNi16-6-6 TRIP steel and 10% Mg-PSZ composite using a continuum mechanics-based crystal plasticity model. Crystals 10(3):22110.3390/cryst10030221 ↗
33. Qayyum F, Guk S, Prahl U (2021) Studying the damage evolution and the micro-mechanical response of X8CrMnNi16-6-6 TRIP steel matrix and 10% zirconia particle composite using a calibrated physics and crystal-plasticity-based numerical simulation model. Crystals 11(7):75910.3390/cryst11070759 ↗
34. Weidner A, Biermann H (2015) Combination of different in situ characterization techniques and scanning electron microscopy investigations for a comprehensive description of the tensile deformation behavior of a CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP steel. JOM 67(8):1729–174710.1007/s11837-015-1456-y ↗
35. ISO Standard Committee (2019) Metallic materials-tensile testing-Part 1: method of test at room temperature. ISO, Geneva, Swiss, Technical Report, 6892-1
36. Arthur D, Vassilvitskii S (2007) k-means++: the advantages of careful seeding. In: Soda, vol 7, pp. 1027–1035
37. Ayyar A et al (2008) Numerical simulation of the effect of particle spatial distribution and strength on tensile behavior of particle reinforced composites. Comput Mater Sci 44(2):496–50610.1016/j.commatsci.2008.04.009 ↗
38. Yang N, Boselli J, Sinclair I (2001) Simulation and quantitative assessment of homogeneous and inhomogeneous particle distributions in particulate metal matrix composites. J Microsc 201(2):189–20010.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00766.x ↗
39. Ullrich C et al (2019) Deformation mechanisms in metastable austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels under compressive load studied by in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. Adv Eng Mater 21(5):180110110.1002/adem.201801101 ↗
40. Martin S et al (2016) Deformation mechanisms in austenitic TRIP/TWIP steel as a function of temperature. Metall Mater Trans A 47(1):49–5810.1007/s11661-014-2684-4 ↗
41. Martin S et al (2015) Deformation bands in high-alloy austenitic 16Cr6Mn6Ni TRIP steel: phase transformation and its consequences on strain hardening at room temperature. Steel Res Int 86(10):1187–119610.1002/srin.201500005 ↗
42. Martin S, Ullrich C, Rafaja D (2015) Deformation of austenitic CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP steels: nature and role of the ɛ−martensite. Mater Today Proc 2:S643–S64610.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.366 ↗
43. Poklad A et al (2013) Interface phenomena responsible for bonding between TRIP steel and partially stabilised zirconia as revealed by TEM. Adv Eng Mater 15(7):627–63710.1002/adem.201200344 ↗
44. Krüger L et al (2011) Strength and failure behaviour of spark plasma sintered steel-zirconia composites under compressive loading. Steel Res Int 82(9):1017–102110.1002/srin.201100082 ↗
45. Martin S et al (2011) Reinforcing mechanism of Mg-PSZ particles in highly-alloyed TRIP steel. Steel Res Int 82(9):1133–114010.1002/srin.201100099 ↗
46. Ali M et al (2022) Development of hot working process maps for incompressible TRIP steel and zirconia composites using crystal plasticity-based numerical simulations. Metals 12(12):217410.3390/met12122174 ↗
47. Guo S et al (2022) An in situ scanning electron microscope study of void formation induced by typical inclusions in low-density steel during tensile deformation. Steel Res Int 93(11):220038810.1002/srin.202200388 ↗
48. Diehl M et al (2017) Coupled crystal plasticity-phase field fracture simulation study on damage evolution around a void: pore shape versus crystallographic orientation. JOM 69(5):872–87810.1007/s11837-017-2308-8 ↗
49. Dutta A et al (2019) Strain partitioning and strain localization in medium manganese steels measured by in situ microscopic digital image correlation. Materialia 5:10025210.1016/j.mtla.2019.100252 ↗
50. Lehnert R et al (2019) Martensite formation during tensile deformation of high-alloy TRIP steel after quenching and partitioning route investigated by digital image correlation. Materialia 8:10049810.1016/j.mtla.2019.100498 ↗
51. Venables J (1962) The martensite transformation in stainless steel. Philos Mag J Theor Exp Appl Phys 7(73):35–44
52. De AK et al (2006) Deformation-induced phase transformation and strain hardening in type 304 austenitic stainless steel. Metall Mater Trans A 37:1875–188610.1007/s11661-006-0130-y ↗
53. Lypchanskyi O et al (2024) Temperature dependent deformation behavior and texture evolution in AA6082 aluminum alloy: an integrated experimental and crystal plasticity simulation approach. Int J Plast 176:10394210.1016/j.ijplas.2024.103942 ↗
54. Xin T et al (2021) Mechanical behavior of deformable particles reinforced Al matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 806:14081510.1016/j.msea.2021.140815 ↗
55. Yan Y-F et al (2023) Numerical modeling and failure evolution of microstructure-based in-situ TiB2 and TiC+TiB2 reinforced Cu matrix composites. J Mark Res 24:8606–8617
56. Gobalakrishnan B et al (2021) Effect of ceramic particulate addition on aluminium based ex-situ and in-situ formed metal matrix composites. Met Mater Int 27:3695–370810.1007/s12540-020-00868-6 ↗
57. Alaneme KK, Bodunrin MO, Okotete EA (2023) On the nanomechanical properties and local strain rate sensitivity of selected aluminium-based composites reinforced with metallic and ceramic particles. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci 35(1):62–68
58. Kim KI et al (2022) Strain analysis of multi-phase steel using in-situ EBSD tensile testing and digital image correlation. Metals Mater Int 28:1–1110.1007/s12540-021-01044-0 ↗
59. Wang X et al (2019) Microscopic strain partitioning in Lüders band of an ultrafine-grained medium Mn steel. Mater Sci Eng A 761:13805010.1016/j.msea.2019.138050 ↗
60. Zhuang X, Ma S, Zhao Z (2016) Effect of particle size, fraction and carbide banding on deformation and damage behavior of ferrite–cementite steel under tensile/shear loads. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng 25(1):01500710.1088/1361-651X/25/1/015007 ↗
61. Tohgo K, Itoh Y, Shimamura Y (2010) A constitutive model of particulate-reinforced composites taking account of particle size effects and damage evolution. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 41(2):313–32110.1016/j.compositesa.2009.10.023 ↗
62. Hannard F et al (2018) Quantitative assessment of the impact of second phase particle arrangement on damage and fracture anisotropy. Acta Mater 148:456–46610.1016/j.actamat.2018.02.003 ↗