journal article·2022-08Open access

Enhancing the intergranular corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Al–Mg–xSi–Cu–Zn alloys by synergistic intergranular and intragranular precipitation behaviors

Liang Zhu, Mingxing Guo, Gaojie Li, Jishan Zhang

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 57· Issue 30

Abstract

The intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of age-hardening Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys is closely related to the precipitation behavior adjacent to grain boundaries. In this study, we proposed to regulate the interaction of solute atoms and solute partitioning of Zn-containing Al–Mg–xSi–Cu alloys by introducing dislocations, which can synergistically decorate the intergranular and intragranular precipitation behavior. Consequently, the continuity of grain boundary precipitates and width of solute-depleted precipitate-free zones are inhibited accompanied with high number density or coarse precipitate in the matrix. As a result, the IGC resistance is greatly improved without strength and ductility loss, and the related mechanism has been proposed.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (69)

Show source-provided references
1. Werinos M, Antrekowitsch H, Ebner T et al (2016) Design strategy for controlled natural aging in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater 118:296–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.04810.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.048 ↗
2. Sun W, Zhu Y, Marceau R et al (2019) Precipitation strengthening of aluminum alloys by room-temperature cyclic plasticity. Science 363:972–975. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav708610.1126/science.aav7086 ↗
3. Svenningsen G, Larsen MH, Nordlien JH, Nisancioglu K (2006) Effect of thermomechanical history on intergranular corrosion of extruded AlMgSi(Cu) model alloy. Corros Sci 48:3969–3987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.03.01810.1016/j.corsci.2006.03.018 ↗
4. Svenningsen G, Larsen MH, Walmsley JC, Nordlien JH, Nisancioglu K (2006) Effect of artificial aging on intergranular corrosion of extruded AlMgSi alloy with small Cu content. Corros Sci 48:1528–1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.04510.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.045 ↗
5. Li H, Zhao P, Wang Z et al (2016) The intergranular corrosion susceptibility of a heavily overaged Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy. Corros Sci 107:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.02.02510.1016/j.corsci.2016.02.025 ↗
6. El-Menshawy K, El-Sayed A-WA, El-Bedawy ME, Ahmed HA, El-Raghy SM (2012) Effect of aging time at low aging temperatures on the corrosion of aluminum alloy 6061. Corros Sci 54:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.09.01110.1016/j.corsci.2011.09.011 ↗
7. Sekhar AP, Das D (2019) Corrosion behavior of under-, peak-, and over-aged 6063 alloy: A comparative study. Mater Corros 70:2052–2063. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.20191096110.1002/maco.201910961 ↗
8. Li H, Qingzhong M, Wang Z et al (2014) Simultaneously enhancing the tensile properties and intergranular corrosion resistance of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys by a thermo-mechanical treatment. Mater Sci Eng A 617:165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.08.04510.1016/j.msea.2014.08.045 ↗
9. Kairy SK, Rometsch PA, Diao K, Nie JF, Davies CHJ, Birbilis N (2016) Exploring the electrochemistry of 6xxx series aluminium alloys as a function of Si to Mg ratio, Cu content, ageing conditions and microstructure. Electrochim Acta 190:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.09810.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.098 ↗
10. Larsen MH, Walmsley JC, Lunder O, Nisancioglu K (2010) Effect of excess silicon and small copper content on intergranular corrosion of 6000-series aluminum alloys. J Electrochem Soc 157:C61. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.326180410.1149/1.3261804 ↗
11. Zou Y, Liu Q, Jia Z, Xing Y, Ding L, Wang X (2017) The intergranular corrosion behavior of 6000-series alloys with different Mg/Si and Cu content. Appl Surf Sci 405:489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.04510.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.045 ↗
12. Zhu L, Guo M, Zhang J (2021) The multi-scale Si-containing phases-assisted improvement in the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Mg-xSi-Cu-Zn alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 826:142013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14201310.1016/j.msea.2021.142013 ↗
13. Li Z, Zhao P, Jia Z, Liu Z, Xie Z (2019) Effects of Mg and Si contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6014 alloys in T4P and T6P temper. Mater Sci Eng A 740–741:187–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.04310.1016/j.msea.2018.10.043 ↗
14. Buchanan K, Colas K, Ribis J, Lopez A, Garnier J (2017) Analysis of the metastable precipitates in peak-hardness aged Al-Mg-Si(-Cu) alloys with differing Si contents. Acta Mater 132:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.03710.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.037 ↗
15. Zeng F, Wei Z, Li J et al (2011) Corrosion mechanism associated with Mg2Si and Si particles in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 21:2559–2567. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61092-310.1016/s1003-6326(11)61092-3 ↗
16. Liang WJ, Rometsch PA, Cao LF, Birbilis N (2013) General aspects related to the corrosion of 6xxx series aluminium alloys: exploring the influence of Mg/Si ratio and Cu. Corros Sci 76:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.03510.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.035 ↗
17. Saito T, Wenner S, Osmundsen E et al (2014) The effect of Zn on precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Philos Mag 94:2410–2425. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2014.91381910.1080/14786435.2014.913819 ↗
18. Zhu S, Li Z, Yan L et al (2018) Effects of Zn addition on the age hardening behavior and precipitation evolution of an Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy. Mater Charact 145:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.08.05110.1016/j.matchar.2018.08.051 ↗
19. Guo MX, Li GJ, Zhang YD et al (2019) Influence of Zn on the distribution and composition of heterogeneous solute-rich features in peak aged Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys. Scr Mater 159:5–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.09.00410.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.09.004 ↗
20. Guo MX, Du JQ, Zheng CH, Zhang JS, Zhuang LZ (2019) Influence of Zn contents on precipitation and corrosion of Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Zn alloys for automotive applications. J Alloy Compd 778:256–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.14610.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.146 ↗
21. Lutz A, Malet L, Dille J et al (2019) Effect of Zn on the grain boundary precipitates and resulting alkaline etching of recycled Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys. J Alloy Compd 794:435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.25910.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.259 ↗
22. Wang Z, Li H, Miao F et al (2014) Improving the intergranular corrosion resistance of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys without strength loss by a two-step aging treatment. Mater Sci Eng A 590:267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.00110.1016/j.msea.2013.10.001 ↗
23. Xu X, Deng Y, Pan Q, Guo X (2021) Enhancing the intergranular corrosion resistance of the Al–Mg–Si alloy with low Zn content by the interrupted aging treatment. Metall Mater Trans A 52:4907–4921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06433-z10.1007/s11661-021-06433-z ↗
24. Dumitraschkewitz P, Uggowitzer PJ, Gerstl SSA, Löffler JF, Pogatscher S (2019) Size-dependent diffusion controls natural aging in aluminium alloys. Nat Commun 10:4746. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12762-w10.1038/s41467-019-12762-w ↗
25. Yang M, Liu S, He X et al (2017) Effect of stamping deformation on microstructure and properties evolution of an Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy for automotive panels. J Mater Sci 52:5569–5581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0278-910.1007/s10853-016-0278-9 ↗
26. Lai YX, Fan W, Yin MJ, Wu CL, Chen JH (2020) Structures and formation mechanisms of dislocation-induced precipitates in relation to the age-hardening responses of Al-Mg-Si alloys. J Mater Sci Technol 41:127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.00110.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.001 ↗
27. Zhu L, Guo M, Wu Y, Zhu H, Zhang J (2022) Ultra-fast bake-hardening response of Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Zn alloys with the assistance of heterogeneous nucleation. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT 18:1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.01810.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.018 ↗
28. Xu LY, Cheng YF (2012) Corrosion of X100 pipeline steel under plastic strain in a neutral pH bicarbonate solution. Corros Sci 64:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.01210.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.012 ↗
29. Peguet L, Malki B, Baroux B (2007) Influence of cold working on the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels. Corros Sci 49:1933–1948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.08.02110.1016/j.corsci.2006.08.021 ↗
30. Beura VK, Kale C, Srinivasan S, Williams CL, Solanki KN (2020) Corrosion behavior of a dynamically deformed Al–Mg alloy. Electrochim Acta 354:136695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.13669510.1016/j.electacta.2020.136695 ↗
31. Fu Y, Wu X, Han E, Ke W, Yang K, Jiang Z (2008) Influence of cold work on pitting corrosion behavior of a high nitrogen stainless steel. J Electrochem Soc 155:C455. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.293921310.1149/1.2939213 ↗
32. Zhang X, Zhou X, Cai G et al (2018) The influence of stored energy on grain boundary chemistry and intergranular corrosion development in AA2024-T3 alloy. Materials (Basel) 11:2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1111229910.3390/ma11112299 ↗
33. Zhou X, Luo C, Ma Y et al (2013) Grain-stored energy and the propagation of intergranular corrosion in AA2xxx aluminium alloys. Surf Interface Anal 45:1543–1547. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.521810.1002/sia.5218 ↗
34. Zhu L, Guo M, Zhang J (2022) Effect of silicon content on nucleation and growth of multiscale precipitates in Al–Mg–Si–Cu–Zn alloys for different aging paths. Mater Sci Eng A 841:143016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14301610.1016/j.msea.2022.143016 ↗
35. Maeda T, Kaneko K, Namba T et al (2018) Structural and compositional study of precipitates in under-aged Cu-added Al-Mg-Si alloy. Sci Rep 8:16629. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35134-810.1038/s41598-018-35134-8 ↗
36. Hasting HS, Frøseth AG, Andersen SJ et al (2009) Composition of β″ precipitates in Al-Mg-Si alloys by atom probe tomography and first principles calculations. J Appl Phys 106:123527. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.326971410.1063/1.3269714 ↗
37. Ninive PH, Strandlie A, Gulbrandsen-Dahl S et al (2014) Detailed atomistic insight into the β″ phase in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Acta Mater 69:126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.05210.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.052 ↗
38. Myhr OR, Grong O, Fjaer HG, Marioara CD (2004) Modelling of the microstructure and strength evolution in Al-Mg-Si alloys during multistage thermal processing. Acta Mater 52:4997–5008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.07.00210.1016/j.actamat.2004.07.002 ↗
39. Wang W, Pan Q, Wang X et al (2020) Non-isothermal aging: a heat treatment method that simultaneously improves the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of ultra-high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. J Alloy Compd 845:156286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15628610.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156286 ↗
40. Wang Z, Chen P, Li H, Fang B, Song R, Zheng Z (2017) The intergranular corrosion susceptibility of 2024 Al alloy during re–ageing after solution treating and cold–rolling. Corros Sci 114:156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.11.01310.1016/j.corsci.2016.11.013 ↗
41. Gupta AK, Lloyd DJ, Court SA (2001) Precipitation hardening in Al-Mg-Si alloys with and without excess Si. Mater Sci Eng A 316:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01247-310.1016/S0921-5093(01)01247-3 ↗
42. Guo MX, Zhang YD, Li GJ et al (2019) Solute clustering in Al-Mg-Si-Cu-(Zn) alloys during aging. J Alloy Compd 774:347–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.30910.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.309 ↗
43. Legros M, Dehm G, Arzt E, Balk TJ (2008) Observation of giant diffusivity along dislocation cores. Science 319:1646–1649. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.115177110.1126/science.1151771 ↗
44. Jiang S, Wang H, Wu Y et al (2017) Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation. Nature 544:460–464. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature2203210.1038/nature22032 ↗
45. Li X, Wei Y, Lu L, Lu K, Gao H (2010) Dislocation nucleation governed softening and maximum strength in nano-twinned metals. Nature 464:877–880. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0892910.1038/nature08929 ↗
46. He BB, Hu B, Yen HW et al (2017) High dislocation density-induced large ductility in deformed and partitioned steels. Science 357:1029–1032. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan017710.1126/science.aan0177 ↗
47. Aruga Y, Kozuka M, Takaki Y, Sato T (2016) Effects of natural aging after pre-aging on clustering and bake-hardening behavior in an Al–Mg–Si alloy. Scr Mater 116:82–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.01.01910.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.01.019 ↗
48. Weng Y, Jia Z, Ding L, Liu M, Wu X, Liu Q (2018) Combined effect of pre-aging and Ag/Cu addition on the natural aging and bake hardening in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Prog Nat Sci 28:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.04.00710.1016/j.pnsc.2018.04.007 ↗
49. Cao L, Rometsch PA, Couper MJ (2013) Effect of pre-ageing and natural ageing on the paint bake response of alloy AA6181A. Mater Sci Eng A 571:77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.06510.1016/j.msea.2013.01.065 ↗
50. De Geuser F, Lefebvre W, Blavette D (2006) 3D atom probe study of solute atoms clustering during natural ageing and pre-ageing of an Al-Mg-Si alloy. Philos Mag Lett 86:227–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950083060064327010.1080/09500830600643270 ↗
51. Ding LP, He Y, Wen Z, Zhao PZ, Jia ZH, Liu Q (2015) Optimization of the pre-aging treatment for an AA6022 alloy at various temperatures and holding times. J Alloy Compd 647:238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.18810.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.188 ↗
52. Stemper L, Tunes MA, Dumitraschkewitz P et al (2021) Giant hardening response in AlMgZn(Cu) alloys. Acta Mater 206:116617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.11661710.1016/j.actamat.2020.116617 ↗
53. Noronha SJ, Farkas D (2002) Dislocation pinning effects on fracture behavior: atomistic and dislocation dynamics simulations. Phys Rev B 66:132103. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.13210310.1103/PhysRevB.66.132103 ↗
54. Singh CV, Mateos AJ, Warner DH (2011) Atomistic simulations of dislocation–precipitate interactions emphasize importance of cross-slip. Scr Mater 64:398–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.10.04110.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.10.041 ↗
55. Teichmann K, Marioara CD, Andersen SJ, Marthinsen K (2013) TEM study of β′ precipitate interaction mechanisms with dislocations and β′ interfaces with the aluminium matrix in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Mater Charact 75:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.10.00310.1016/j.matchar.2012.10.003 ↗
56. Kacher J, Eftink BP, Cui B, Robertson IM (2014) Dislocation interactions with grain boundaries. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 18:227–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2014.05.00410.1016/j.cossms.2014.05.004 ↗
57. Masuda H, Sato E (2020) Diffusional and dislocation accommodation mechanisms in superplastic materials. Acta Mater 197:235–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.07.04210.1016/j.actamat.2020.07.042 ↗
58. Wang CY, Cepeda-Jiménez CM, Pérez-Prado MT (2020) Dislocation-particle interactions in magnesium alloys. Acta Mater 194:190–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.05510.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.055 ↗
59. Fan H, Wang Q, El-Awady JA, Raabe D, Zaiser M (2021) Strain rate dependency of dislocation plasticity. Nat Commun 12:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21939-110.1038/s41467-021-21939-1 ↗
60. Maruyama N, Uemori R, Hashimoto N, Saga M, Kikuchi M (1997) Effect of silicon addition on the composition and structure of fine-scale precipitates in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Scr Mater 36:89–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(96)00358-210.1016/S1359-6462(96)00358-2 ↗
61. Ding Y, Gao K, Huang H et al (2019) Nucleation and evolution of β phase and corresponding intergranular corrosion transition at 100–230 °C in 5083 alloy containing Er and Zr. Mater Des 174:107778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.10777810.1016/j.matdes.2019.107778 ↗
62. Eckermann F, Suter T, Uggowitzer PJ, Afseth A, Schmutz P (2008) The influence of MgSi particle reactivity and dissolution processes on corrosion in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Electrochim Acta 54:844–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.07810.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.078 ↗
63. Larsen MH, Walmsley JC, Lunder O, Mathiesen RH, Nisancioglu K (2008) Intergranular corrosion of copper-containing AA6xxx AlMgSi aluminum alloys. J Electrochem Soc 155:C550. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.297677410.1149/1.2976774 ↗
64. Zander D, Schnatterer C, Altenbach C, Chaineux V (2015) Microstructural impact on intergranular corrosion and the mechanical properties of industrial drawn 6056 aluminum wires. Mater Des 83:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.07910.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.079 ↗
65. Zheng Y, Luo B, Bai Z, Wang J, Yin Y (2017) Study of the precipitation hardening behaviour and intergranular corrosion of Al-Mg-Si alloys with differing Si contents. Metals 7:387. https://doi.org/10.3390/met710038710.3390/met7100387 ↗
66. Kairy SK, Rometsch PA, Davies CHJ, Birbilis N (2017) On the intergranular corrosion and hardness evolution of 6xxx series Al alloys as a function of Si: Mg ratio, Cu content, and aging condition. Corros 73:1280–1295. https://doi.org/10.5006/250610.5006/2506 ↗
67. Zhang XX, Zhou XR, Nilsson JO (2019) Corrosion behaviour of AA6082 Al-Mg-Si alloy extrusion: the influence of quench cooling rate. Corros Sci 150:100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.01.03010.1016/j.corsci.2019.01.030 ↗
68. Serdechnova M, Volovitch P, Brisset F, Ogle K (2014) On the cathodic dissolution of Al and Al alloys. Electrochim Acta 124:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.14510.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.145 ↗
69. Zheng Q, Wu J, Jiang H, Zhang L, Zhao J, He J (2021) Effect of micro-alloying element La on corrosion behavior of Al–Mg–Si alloys. Corros Sci 179:109113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.10911310.1016/j.corsci.2020.109113 ↗