Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on the mechanical properties of flax reinforced methylmethacrylate and urethane acrylate composites
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Many structural applications are attracted to natural fibre-reinforced polymeric composites due to their eco-friendliness, recyclability, and cost-effectiveness. While significant progress has been made, their interface compatibility with the polymeric matrix is still challenging. Therefore, the present study proposed a method for improving the mechanical and dynamic mechanical performance of flax-reinforced novel methylmethacrylate (Elium®) and urethane acrylate (Crestapol®) composites. The technique involved the dispersion of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the matrix at different weight percentages (0.5–0.75%) to improve the fibre/matrix interface. Flax/Elium® (FE) and flax/Crestapol® (FC) composites with varying weight percentages of MCC were manufactured using the vacuum infusion method. The resulting improvements in mechanical and dynamic properties were evaluated through in-plane shear (± 45° tensile), flexural, short beam shear, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The effects of MCC on these properties of flax/Elium® were compared to those of flax/Crestapol® composites. The addition of MCC improved the in-plane shear strength (FE: 13–20%, FC: 10–17%), flexural strength (FE: 6–13%, FC: 13%) and interlaminar shear strength (FE: 9–17%, FC: 10–20%). Also, FE composite showed 7–11%, 10–14% and 10–17% higher in-plane shear, flexural and interlaminar shear strengths, respectively, compared to FC composites. The DMA results confirmed the positive effect of Elium® resin and MCC on the dynamic storage and loss modulus.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Advanced Cellulose Research Studies · biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Kinvi-Dossou G, Boumbimba RM, Bonfoh N, Koutsawa Y, Eccli D, Gerard P (2018) A numerical homogenization of E-glass/acrylic woven composite laminates: application to low velocity impact. Compos Struct 200:540–55410.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.137 ↗
2. Haggui M, Jendli Z, El Mahi A, Akrout A, Haddar M (2023) Damage analysis in flax/elium composite using linear and nonlinear resonance techniques. J Vib Eng Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42417-023-01015-210.1007/s42417-023-01015-2 ↗
3. Khalili P, Skrifvars M, Ertürk AS (2021) Fabrication, mechanical testing and structural simulation of regenerated cellulose fabric elium® thermoplastic composite system. Polymers 13(17):296910.3390/polym13172969 ↗
4. Bhudolia SK, Gohel G, Vasudevan D, Leong KF, Gerard P (2023) Delamination behaviour and surface morphology of wholly thermoplastic composites using different ultra-high molecular weight thermoplastic fabrics with pristine and toughened Elium resin under mode I loading. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 164:10727310.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107273 ↗
5. Bhudolia SK, Gohel G, Vasudevan D, Leong KF, Gerard P (2022) On the mode II fracture toughness, failure, and toughening mechanisms of wholly thermoplastic composites with ultra-lightweight thermoplastic fabrics and innovative Elium® resin. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 161:10711510.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107115 ↗
6. Gohel G, Bhudolia SK, Leong KF, Gerard P (2023) Understanding the impact properties and damage phenomenon of ultra-lightweight all-thermoplastic composite structures. Int J Impact Eng 172:10440510.1016/j.ijimpeng.2022.104405 ↗
7. Chilali A, Zouari W, Assarar M, Kebir H, Ayad R (2016) Analysis of the mechanical behaviour of flax and glass fabrics-reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset resins. J Reinf Plast Compos 35(16):1217–123210.1177/0731684416645203 ↗
8. Monti A, El Mahi A, Jendli Z, Guillaumat L (2016) Mechanical behaviour and damage mechanisms analysis of a flax-fibre reinforced composite by acoustic emission. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 90:100–11010.1016/j.compositesa.2016.07.002 ↗
9. Saidane EH, Scida D, Pac MJ, Ayad R (2019) Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness of flax, glass and hybrid flax-glass fibre woven composites: failure mechanism evaluation using acoustic emission analysis. Polym Test 75:246–25310.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.02.022 ↗
10. Obande W, Mamalis D, Ray D, Yang L, Brádaigh CMÓ (2019) Mechanical and thermomechanical characterisation of vacuum-infused thermoplastic-and thermoset-based composites. Mater Des 175:10782810.1016/j.matdes.2019.107828 ↗
11. Obande W, Brádaigh CMÓ, Ray D (2020) Thermoplastic hybrid-matrix composite prepared by a room-temperature vacuum infusion and in-situ polymerisation process. Compos Commun 22:10043910.1016/j.coco.2020.100439 ↗
12. Ciardiello R, Fiumarella D, Belingardi G (2023) Enhancement of the mechanical performance of glass-fibre-reinforced composites through the infusion process of a thermoplastic recyclable resin. Polymers 15(15):316010.3390/polym15153160 ↗
13. Bhudolia SK, Joshi SC, Bert A, Di BY, Makam R, Gohel G (2019) Flexural characteristics of novel carbon methylmethacrylate composites. Compos Commun 13:129–13310.1016/j.coco.2019.04.007 ↗
14. Bhudolia SK, Perrotey P, Joshi SC (2018) Mode I fracture toughness and fractographic investigation of carbon fibre composites with liquid Methylmethacrylate thermoplastic matrix. Compos B Eng 134:246–25310.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.057 ↗
15. Barbosa LCM, Bortoluzzi DB, Ancelotti AC Jr (2019) Analysis of fracture toughness in mode II and fractographic study of composites based on Elium® 150 thermoplastic matrix. Compos B Eng 175:10708210.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107082 ↗
16. Shanmugam L et al (2019) Enhanced mode I fracture toughness of UHMWPE fabric/thermoplastic laminates with combined surface treatments of polydopamine and functionalized carbon nanotubes. Compos B Eng 178:10745010.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107450 ↗
17. Shanmugam L, Kazemi ME, Rao Z, Yang L, Yang J (2020) On the metal thermoplastic composite interface of Ti alloy/UHMWPE-Elium® laminates. Compos B Eng 181:10757810.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107578 ↗
18. Kazemi ME, Shanmugam L, Lu D, Wang X, Wang B, Yang J (2019) Mechanical properties and failure modes of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composites with a novel liquid thermoplastic resin, Elium®. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 125:10552310.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105523 ↗
19. Raghavendra G, Ojha S, Acharya SK, Pal SK (2014) Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites and comparison with the glass and neat epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 48(20):2537–254710.1177/0021998313499955 ↗
20. Raghavendra G, Ojha S, Acharya SK, Pal SK (2015) Influence of micro/nanofiller alumina on the mechanical behavior of novel hybrid epoxy nanocomposites. High Perform Polym 27(3):342–35110.1177/0954008314550889 ↗
21. da Luz FS, Ramos FJHTV, Nascimento LFC, da Silva Figueiredo ABH, Monteiro SN (2018) Critical length and interfacial strength of PALF and coir fiber incorporated in epoxy resin matrix. J Market Res 7(4):528–534
22. Kumar R, Kumar K, Bhowmik S, Sarkhel G (2019) Tailoring the performance of bamboo filler reinforced epoxy composite: insights into fracture properties and fracture mechanism. J Polym Res 26:1–1510.1007/s10965-019-1720-x ↗
23. Vivek S, Kanthavel K (2019) Effect of bagasse ash filled epoxy composites reinforced with hybrid plant fibres for mechanical and thermal properties. Compos B Eng 160:170–17610.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.038 ↗
24. Chaudhary V, Bajpai PK, Maheshwari S (2018) An investigation on wear and dynamic mechanical behavior of jute/hemp/flax reinforced composites and its hybrids for tribological applications. Fibers Polym 19:403–41510.1007/s12221-018-7759-6 ↗
25. Haggui M, El Mahi A, Jendli Z, Akrout A, Haddar M (2019) Static and fatigue characterization of flax fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites by acoustic emission. Appl Acoust 147:100–11010.1016/j.apacoust.2018.03.011 ↗
26. Demski S, Dydek K, Bartnicka K, Majchrowicz K, Kozera R, Boczkowska A (2023) Introduction of SWCNTs as a method of improvement of electrical and mechanical properties of CFRPs based on thermoplastic acrylic resin. Polymers 15(3):50610.3390/polym15030506 ↗
27. Stanley WF, Bandaru AK, Rana S, Parveen S, Pichandi S (2021) Mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and wear performance of novel non-crimp glass fabric-reinforced liquid thermoplastic composites filled with cellulose microcrystals. Mater Des 212:11027610.1016/j.matdes.2021.110276 ↗
28. Mohammadinejad R, Karimi S, Iravani S, Varma RS (2016) Plant-derived nanostructures: types and applications. Green Chem 18(1):20–5210.1039/C5GC01403D ↗
29. Popescu MC, Dogaru BI, Popescu CM (2017) The influence of cellulose nanocrystals content on the water sorption properties of bio-based composite films. Mater Des 132:170–17710.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.067 ↗
30. Jabbar A, Militký J, Wiener J, Kale BM, Ali U, Rwawiire S (2017) Nanocellulose coated woven jute/green epoxy composites: characterization of mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior. Compos Struct 161:340–34910.1016/j.compstruct.2016.11.062 ↗
31. Pichandi S, Rana S, Parveen S, Fangueiro R (2018) A green approach of improving interface and performance of plant fibre composites using microcrystalline cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 197:137–14610.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.074 ↗
32. Juntaro J, Pommet M, Mantalaris A, Shaffer M, Bismarck A (2007) Nanocellulose enhanced interfaces in truly green unidirectional fibre reinforced composites. Compos Interfaces 14(7–9):753–76210.1163/156855407782106573 ↗
33. Asadi A, Miller M, Moon RJ, Kalaitzidou K (2016) Improving the interfacial and mechanical properties of short glass fiber/epoxy composites by coating the glass fibers with cellulose nanocrystals. Express Polym Lett. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.5410.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.54 ↗
34. Husgafvel R, Vanhatalo K, Rodriguez-Chiang L, Linkosalmi L, Dahl O (2016) Comparative global warming potential assessment of eight microcrystalline cellulose manufacturing systems. J Clean Prod 126:620–62910.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.091 ↗
35. Parveen S, Pichandi S, Goswami P, Rana S (2020) Novel glass fibre reinforced hierarchical composites with improved interfacial, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties developed using cellulose microcrystals. Mater Des 188:10844810.1016/j.matdes.2019.108448 ↗
36. Kadiyala AK, Devlin K, Lee S, Comer A (2022) Evaluation of the flexural properties and failure evolution of a hybrid composite manufactured by automated dry fibre placement followed by liquid resin infusion. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 154:10676410.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106764 ↗
37. Kadiyala AK, Portela A, Devlin K, Lee S, O’Carroll A, Jones D, Comer A (2021) Mechanical evaluation and failure analysis of composite laminates manufactured using automated dry fibre tape placement followed by liquid resin infusion. Compos Sci Technol 201:10851210.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108512 ↗
38. Gago I, Del Río M, León G, Miguel B (2020) Urethane-acrylate/aramid nanocomposites based on graphenic materials. A comparative study of their mechanical properties. Polymers 12(10):238810.3390/polym12102388 ↗
39. Gray N (2016) New BBVA digital bank headquarters in Madrid saves energy using composite sun panels fabricated from Crestapol® infusion resin and Crystic® FIREGUARD intumescent in-mold gelcoat. Reinf Plast 60(2):100–10310.1016/j.repl.2016.01.005 ↗
40. Liang S, Gning PB, Guillaumat L (2015) Quasi-static behaviour and damage assessment of flax/epoxy composites. Mater Des 67:344–35310.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.048 ↗
41. Kiziltas A, Gardner DJ, Han Y, Yang HS (2014) Mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) filled engineering thermoplastic composites. J Polym Environ 22:365–37210.1007/s10924-014-0676-5 ↗
42. https://pdf.directindustry.com/pdf/bcomp/amplitex-5008/201565-790819.html.
43. Elium® 150 Technical data sheet. Available from: .
44. https://www.scottbader.com/wpcontent/uploads/Crestapol_1260_TDS_Oct_2019.pdf.
45. TG YG, P M, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S, Jawaid M (2022) Mechanical and thermal properties of flax/carbon/kevlar based epoxy hybrid composites. Polym Compos 43(8):5649–566210.1002/pc.26880 ↗
46. Kannan TG, Wu CM, Cheng KB, Wang CY (2013) Effect of reinforcement on the mechanical and thermal properties of flax/polypropylene interwoven fabric composites. J Ind Text 42(4):417–43310.1177/1528083712442695 ↗
47. Sarikanat M, Seki Y, Sever K, Bozaci E, Demir A, Ozdogan E (2016) The effect of argon and air plasma treatment of flax fiber on mechanical properties of reinforced polyester composite. J Ind Text 45(6):1252–126710.1177/1528083714557057 ↗
48. Oun A, Manalo A, Alajarmeh O, Abousnina R, Gerdes A (2022) Influence of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid flax-fiber-epoxy composites incorporating graphene. Polymers 14(9):184110.3390/polym14091841 ↗
49. Ferry JD (1980) Viscoelastic properties of polymers. Wiley
50. Idicula M, Malhotra SK, Joseph K, Thomas S (2005) Dynamic mechanical analysis of randomly oriented intimately mixed short banana/sisal hybrid fibre reinforced polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 65(7–8):1077–108710.1016/j.compscitech.2004.10.023 ↗