Morphology and properties of polypropylene/nano-CaCO3 composites prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted extrusion
Source abstract
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP)/calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano-CaCO3) composites were prepared using a two-stage modular extruder with the assistance of supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2). The crystallization and melting behavior, crystal forms, and crystal morphology were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. The loading of sc-CO2 injected into the extruder was optimized to be 2.0 phr. At this optimized loading, nano-CaCO3 particles were homogeneously dispersed in PP matrix. The addition of nano-CaCO3 particles has little impact on the melting behavior of PP, but exerts significant influence on the crystalline morphology of PP/nano-CaCO3 composites. At the optimized loading of sc-CO2, the PP/nano-CaCO3 composite has the highest impact strength due to the best dispersion of nano-CaCO3 particles in the PP matrix.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer Foaming and Composites · biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties · Polymer crystallization and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. Liang JZ, Zhu B, Ma WY (2014) Morphology and mechanical properties of PP/POE/nano-CaCO3 composites. Polym Compos. doi: 10.1002/pc.23210
2. Lin Y, Chen H, Chan C, Wu J (2008) High impact toughness polypropylene/CaCO3 nanocomposites and the toughening mechanism. Macromolecules 41:9204–921310.1021/ma801095d ↗
3. Dasari A, Zhang QX, Yu ZZ, Mai YW (2010) Toughening polypropylene and its nanocomposites with submicrometer voids. Macromolecules 43:5734–573910.1021/ma100633y ↗
4. Cui YH, Jin X, Shen F, Han C, Wang JB (2009) Fabrication and characterization of in situ synthesized nano-CaCO3-reinforced polypropylene composite materials. J Vinyl Addit Technol 15:178–18310.1002/vnl.20192 ↗
5. Wu S (1988) A generalized criterion for rubber toughening: the critical matrix ligament thickness. J Appl Polym Sci 35:549–56110.1002/app.1988.070350220 ↗
6. Pradittham A, Charitngam N, Puttajan S, Atong D, Pechyen C (2014) Surface modified CaCO3 by palmitic acid as nucleating agents for polypropylene film: mechanical, thermal and physical properties. Energy Proc 56:264–27310.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.157 ↗
7. Wan W, Yu D, Guo X, Xie Y (2008) Effect of nanoparticle surface treatment on nonisothermal crystallization behavior of polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites. Polym Plast Technol Eng 47:433–44210.1080/03602550801898438 ↗
8. Wang G, Chen XY, Huang R, Zhang L (2002) Nano-CaCO3/polypropylene composites made with ultra-high-speed mixer. J Mater Sci Lett 21:985–98610.1023/A:1016044204168 ↗
9. Bridge B, Cheng KH (1987) On-line ultrasonic monitoring of the extrusion of CaCO3-filled polypropylene. J Mater Sci Lett 6:219–22210.1007/BF01728992 ↗
10. Huang HX, Jiang G, Mao SQ (2006) Microstructure and on-line shear viscosity of PP/nano-CaCO3 composites prepared by twin-screw extruder. J Mater Sci 41:4985–4988. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0113-910.1007/s10853-006-0128-2 ↗
11. Tadmor Z, Gogos G (1979) Principles of polymer processing. Interscience Publication, New York
12. Wu D, Meng Q, Liu Y, Ding Y, Chen W, Xu H, Ren D (2003) In situ bubble-stretching dispersion mechanism for additives in polymers. J Polym Sci Part B 41:1051–105810.1002/polb.10450 ↗
13. Yoo HJ, Han CD (1982) Oscillatory behavior of a gas bubble growing (or collapsing) in viscoelastic liquids. AIChE J 28:1002–100910.1002/aic.690280616 ↗
14. Meng QY, Zheng X, Wu DM (2007) Analysis of nanogranule dispersion using the ISBS method. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 38:239–24210.1051/epjap:2007085 ↗
15. Zheng XT, Wu DM, Meng QY, Wang KJ, Liu Y, Wan L, Ren DY (2008) Mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene/nano-magnesium hydroxide composites prepared by an in situ bubble stretching method. J Polym Res 15:59–6510.1007/s10965-007-9141-7 ↗
16. Cai LF, Huang XB, Rong MZ, Ruan WH, Zhang MQ (2006) Effect of grafted polymeric foaming agent on the structure and properties of nano-silica/polypropylene composites. Polymer 47:7043–705010.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.016 ↗
17. Cai LF, Huang XB, Rong MZ, Ruan WH, Zhang MQ (2006) Fabrication of nanoparticle/polymer composites by in situ bubble-stretching and reactive compatibilization. Macromol Chem Phys 207:2093–210210.1002/macp.200600414 ↗
18. Cai LF, Mai YL, Rong MZ, Ruan WH, Zhang MQ (2007) Interfacial effects in nano-silica/polypropylene composites fabricated by in situ chemical blowing. Express Polym Lett 1:2–710.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.2 ↗
19. Zhao Y, Huang HX, Chen YK, Wu XJ (2010) SC-CO2-assisted rubber dispersion and dynamic vulcanization in blending of PP/EPDM thermoplastic olefin. J Mater Sci 45:4054–4057. doi: 10.1007/s10853-010-4488-210.1007/s10853-010-4488-2 ↗
20. Ding J, Ma WH, Song FJ, Qin Z (2013) Effect of nano-Calcium Carbonate on microcellular foaming of polypropylene. J Mater Sci 48:2504–2511. doi: 10.1001/s10853-012-7039-110.1007/s10853-012-7039-1 ↗
21. Li D, Wang C, Wang Z (2014) Foaming behaviour of microcellular foam short carbon fibres/polypropylene/nano-CaCO3 composites. Plast Rubber Compos 43:130–13710.1179/1743289814Y.0000000079 ↗
22. Lai SM, Hsu RC, Hsieh CY, Chiu FC (2015) Comparisons of polycarbonate and polycarbonate/carbon nanotube nanocomposites and their microcellular foams prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Mater Sci 50:2272–2283. doi: 10.1007/s10853-014-8790-210.1007/s10853-014-8790-2 ↗
23. Lin Y, Chen H, Chan CM, Wu J (2011) Nucleating effect of calcium stearate coated CaCO3 nanoparticles on polypropylene. J Colloid Interface Sci 354:570–57610.1016/j.jcis.2010.10.069 ↗
24. Zhang Z, Tao Y, Yang Z, Mai K (2008) Preparation and characteristics of nano-CaCO3 supported β-nucleating agent of polypropylene. Eur Polymer J 44:1955–196110.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.022 ↗
25. Nguyen QT, Baird DG (2007) An improved technique for exfoliating and dispersing nanoclay particles into polymer matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide. Polymer 48:6923–693310.1016/j.polymer.2007.09.015 ↗
26. Zhao Y, Huang HX (2008) Dynamic rheology and microstructure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared under sc-CO2 by melt compounding. Polym Test 27:129–13410.1016/j.polymertesting.2007.11.006 ↗
27. Su FH, Huang HX, Zhao Y (2011) Microstructure and mechanical properties of polypropylene/poly (ethylene-co-octene copolymer)/clay ternary nanocomposites prepared by melt blending using supercritical carbon dioxide as a processing aid. Compos B 42:421–42810.1016/j.compositesb.2010.12.005 ↗
28. Gorena K, Okan OB, Chen L, Schadler LS, Ozisik R (2012) Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted dispersion and distribution of silica nanoparticles in polymers. J Supercrit Fluids 67:108–11310.1016/j.supflu.2012.03.013 ↗
29. Clark EJ, Hoffman JD (1984) Regime III crystallization in polypropylene. Macromolecules 17:878–88510.1021/ma00134a058 ↗
30. Zhang QX, Yu ZZ, Xie XL, Mai YW (2004) Crystallization and impact energy of polypropylene/CaCO3 nanocomposites with nonionic modifier. Polymer 45:5985–599410.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.044 ↗
31. Ma LF, Wang WK, Bao RY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB (2013) Toughening of polypropylene with β-nucleated thermoplastic vulcanizates based on polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene rubber blends. Mater Des 51:536–54310.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.066 ↗
32. Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2007) Dynamic-mechanical and thermal characterization of polypropylene/ethylene-octene copolymer blend. J Appl Polym Sci 104:3137–314410.1002/app.25941 ↗