Improving density and strength-to-ductility ratio of a 3D-printed Al–Si alloy by high-pressure torsion
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Good combination of strength and ductility in metallic materials is always desired. To this end, this study assesses the combination of two modern manufacturing processes, namely additive manufacturing (AM) and severe plastic deformation, for an AlSi11Cu alloy. Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) produced an alloy with spherical pores with an average size of 42 μm, representing a volume fraction lower than 0.15%. At the mesoscale, the alloy showed a cellular microstructure made up of Al cells and Si-rich boundaries with an average size of 0.69 µm, which were broken down by the high-pressure torsion (HPT) process into ultrafine particles smaller than 0.41 µm. The HPT process transformed the columnar grains of the as-built material into ultrafine-grained grains around the disk edges, while the central zone conserved the as-built characteristics for a number of HPT turns smaller than ¼. HPT processing at room and warm temperatures gave rise to strength–ductility improvements with yield strengths and elongations larger than 400 MPa and 10%, respectively. The good strength–ductility trade-off was related to the porosity decrease, the breakdown of the interconnected network into particles of ultrafine size, the grain size reduction due to the dislocation density increase, and the formation of precipitates and Si-rich particles of different sizes. Thus, AM and HPT improved the grain boundary and precipitation strengthening, giving rise to an Al–Si alloy with superior mechanical properties. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (85)
Show source-provided references
1. Paolini A, Kollmannsberger S, Rank E (2019) Additive manufacturing in construction: a review on processes, applications, and digital planning methods. Addit Manuf 30:100894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.10089410.1016/j.addma.2019.100894 ↗
2. Najmon JC, Raeisi S, Tovar A (2019) 2 - Review of additive manufacturing technologies and applications in the aerospace industry. In: Froes F, Boyer R (eds) Additive manufacturing for the aerospace industry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 7–3110.1016/B978-0-12-814062-8.00002-9 ↗
3. Attaran M (2017) The rise of 3-D printing: the advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing. Bus Horiz 60:677–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.01110.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.011 ↗
4. Thapliyal S, Shukla S, Zhou L et al (2021) Design of heterogeneous structured Al alloys with wide processing window for laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf 42:102002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.10200210.1016/j.addma.2021.102002 ↗
5. Geng Y, Wang Q, Wang Y et al (2022) Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanism of high-strength AlSi8.1 Mg1.4 alloy produced by selective laser melting. Mater Des 218:110674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.11067410.1016/j.matdes.2022.110674 ↗
6. Gunasekaran J, Sevvel P, John Solomon I (2021) Metallic materials fabrication by selective laser melting: a review. Mater Today Proc 37:252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.16210.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.162 ↗
7. Rosenthal I, Stern A, Frage N (2014) Microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg parts produced by the laser beam additive manufacturing (AM) technology. Metallogr Microstruct Anal 3:448–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-014-0168-y10.1007/s13632-014-0168-y ↗
8. Kok Y, Tan XP, Wang P et al (2018) Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: a critical review. Mater Des 139:565–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.02110.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021 ↗
9. Garmendia X, Chalker S, Bilton M et al (2020) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-modified AlSi10Mg fabricated by laser-powder bed fusion. Materialia 9:100590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.10059010.1016/j.mtla.2020.100590 ↗
10. Gong H, Rafi K, Gu H et al (2014) Analysis of defect generation in Ti–6Al–4V parts made using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes. Addit Manuf 1–4:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.00210.1016/j.addma.2014.08.002 ↗
11. Sun Z, Tan X, Tor SB, Yeong WY (2016) Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates. Mater Des 104:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.03510.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.035 ↗
12. Zhu ZG, An XH, Lu WJ et al (2019) Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy. Mater Res Lett 7:453–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2019.165013110.1080/21663831.2019.1650131 ↗
13. Karunakaran R, Ortgies S, Tamayol A et al (2020) Additive manufacturing of magnesium alloys. Bioact Mater 5:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.00410.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.004 ↗
14. Aversa A, Marchese G, Saboori A et al (2019) New aluminum alloys specifically designed for laser powder bed fusion: a review. Materials (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1207100710.3390/ma12071007 ↗
15. Muñoz JA, Pavlov M, Cheverikin V et al (2021) Heterogeneity consequences on the mechanical and microstructural evolution of an AlSi11Cu alloy obtained by selective laser melting. Mater Charact 174:110989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.11098910.1016/j.matchar.2021.110989 ↗
16. Muñoz JA, Elizalde S, Komissarov A, Cabrera JM (2022) Effect of heat treatments on the mechanical and microstructural behavior of a hypoeutectic Al alloy obtained by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Sci Eng A 857:144091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14409110.1016/j.msea.2022.144091 ↗
17. Guo Q, Zhao C, Qu M et al (2019) In-situ characterization and quantification of melt pool variation under constant input energy density in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process. Addit Manuf 28:600–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.02110.1016/j.addma.2019.04.021 ↗
18. Santos Macías JG, Douillard T, Zhao L et al (2020) Influence on microstructure, strength and ductility of build platform temperature during laser powder bed fusion of AlSi10Mg. Acta Mater 201:231–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.10.00110.1016/j.actamat.2020.10.001 ↗
19. Kempf A, Hilgenberg K (2021) Influence of heat treatments on AlSi10Mg specimens manufactured with different laser powder bed fusion machines. Mater Sci Eng A 818:141371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14137110.1016/j.msea.2021.141371 ↗
20. Mishra RS, Thapliyal S (2021) Design approaches for printability-performance synergy in Al alloys for laser-powder bed additive manufacturing. Mater Des 204:109640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.10964010.1016/j.matdes.2021.109640 ↗
21. Tan C, Li R, Su J et al (2023) Review on field assisted metal additive manufacturing. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 189:104032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.10403210.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104032 ↗
22. Zhilyaev AP, Langdon TG (2008) Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: fundamentals and applications. Prog Mater Sci 53:893–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.03.00210.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.03.002 ↗
23. Cao Y, Ni S, Liao X et al (2018) Structural evolutions of metallic materials processed by severe plastic deformation. Mater Sci Eng R Reports 133:1–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2018.06.00110.1016/j.mser.2018.06.001 ↗
24. Al-Zubaydi ASJ, Gao N, Dzugan J et al (2022) The hot deformation behaviour of laser powder bed fusion deposited Al–Si–Cu alloy processed by high-pressure torsion. J Mater Sci 57:20402–20418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07847-910.1007/s10853-022-07847-9 ↗
25. Al-Zubaydi ASJ, Gao N, Wang S, Reed PAS (2022) Microstructural and hardness evolution of additively manufactured Al–Si–Cu alloy processed by high-pressure torsion. J Mater Sci 57:8956–8977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07234-410.1007/s10853-022-07234-4 ↗
26. Hosseinzadeh A, Radi A, Richter J et al (2021) Severe plastic deformation as a processing tool for strengthening of additive manufactured alloys. J Manuf Process 68:788–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.05.07010.1016/j.jmapro.2021.05.070 ↗
27. Zhao W, Han J-K, Kuzminova YO et al (2021) Significance of grain refinement on micro-mechanical properties and structures of additively-manufactured CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 807:140898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14089810.1016/j.msea.2021.140898 ↗
28. Liu Y, Xu M, Xiao L et al (2023) Dislocation array reflection enhances strain hardening of a dual-phase heterostructured high-entropy alloy. Mater Res Lett 11:638–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2023.220816610.1080/21663831.2023.2208166 ↗
29. Zhu Y, Wu X (2023) Heterostructured materials. Prog Mater Sci 131:101019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.10101910.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101019 ↗
30. Muñoz JA, Komissarov A, Avalos M, Bolmaro RE (2020) Mechanical and microstructural behavior of a heterogeneous austenitic stainless steel processed by equal channel angular sheet extrusion (ECASE). Mater Sci Eng A 792:139779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.13977910.1016/j.msea.2020.139779 ↗
31. Jamalian M, Hamid M, De Vincentis N et al (2019) Creation of heterogeneous microstructures in copper using high-pressure torsion to enhance mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 756:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.02410.1016/j.msea.2019.04.024 ↗
32. Raabe D (2023) The materials science behind sustainable metals and alloys. Chem Rev 123:2436–2608. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c0079910.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00799 ↗
33. Harris T Additive Manufacturing. European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA). https://www.epma.com/additive-manufacturing. Accessed 20 Jun 2023
34. Igathinathane C, Pordesimo LO, Columbus EP et al (2008) Shape identification and particles size distribution from basic shape parameters using ImageJ. Comput Electron Agric 63:168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2008.02.00710.1016/j.compag.2008.02.007 ↗
35. Bai S, Perevoshchikova N, Sha Y, Wu X (2019) The effects of selective laser melting process parameters on relative density of the AlSi10Mg parts and suitable procedures of the Archimedes method. Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/app903058310.3390/app9030583 ↗
36. Bachmann F, Hielscher R, Schaeben H (2010) Texture analysis with MTEX—free and open source software toolbox. Solid State Phenom 160:63–68. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.160.6310.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.160.63 ↗
37. Dragonfly | 3D Visualization and Analysis Solutions for Scientific and Industrial Data | ORS. https://www.theobjects.com/dragonfly/index.html. Accessed 21 Jun 2023
38. Lutterotti L, Matthies S, Wenk HR (1999) MAUD (material analysis using diffraction): a user friendly Java program for Rietveld texture analysis and more. In: the twelfth international conference on textures of materials (ICOTOM-12). NRC Research Press, Ottowa, Canada, p 1599
39. Edwards GA, Stiller K, Dunlop GL, Couper MJ (1998) The precipitation sequence in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater 46:3893–3904. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00059-710.1016/S1359-6454(98)00059-7 ↗
40. Jarco A, Pezda J (2021) Effect of heat treatment process and optimization of its parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the alsi11(Fe) alloy. Materials (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1409239110.3390/ma14092391 ↗
41. Muñoz JA, Khelfa T, Duarte GA et al (2022) Plastic behavior and microstructure heterogeneity of an AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy processed by symmetric and asymmetric rolling. Metals (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/met1210155110.3390/met12101551 ↗
42. Wang G, Ouyang H, Fan C et al (2020) The origin of high-density dislocations in additively manufactured metals. Mater Res Lett 8:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2020.175173910.1080/21663831.2020.1751739 ↗
43. Dhal A, Thapliyal S, Gaddam S et al (2022) Multiscale hierarchical and heterogeneous mechanical response of additively manufactured novel Al alloy investigated by high-resolution nanoindentation mapping. Sci Rep 12:18344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23083-210.1038/s41598-022-23083-2 ↗
44. Tejedor R, Edalati K, Benito JA et al (2019) High-pressure torsion of iron with various purity levels and validation of Hall-Petch strengthening mechanism. Mater Sci Eng A 743:597–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.12710.1016/j.msea.2018.11.127 ↗
45. Ito Y, Edalati K, Horita Z (2017) High-pressure torsion of aluminum with ultrahigh purity (99.9999%) and occurrence of inverse Hall-Petch relationship. Mater Sci Eng A 679:428–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.06610.1016/j.msea.2016.10.066 ↗
46. Van Cauwenbergh P, Samaee V, Thijs L et al (2021) Unravelling the multi-scale structure–property relationship of laser powder bed fusion processed and heat-treated AlSi10Mg. Sci Rep 11:6423. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85047-210.1038/s41598-021-85047-2 ↗
47. Suwas S, Mondal S (2019) Texture evolution in severe plastic deformation processes. Mater Trans 60:1457–1471. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MF20193310.2320/matertrans.MF201933 ↗
48. Orlov D, Bhattacharjee PP, Todaka Y et al (2009) Texture evolution in pure aluminum subjected to monotonous and reversal straining in high-pressure torsion. Scr Mater 60:893–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.00410.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.004 ↗
49. Mazilkin AA, Straumal BB, Borodachenkova MV et al (2012) Gradual softening of Al–Zn alloys during high-pressure torsion. Mater Lett 84:63–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.06.02610.1016/j.matlet.2012.06.026 ↗
50. Alberto Muñoz J, Komissarov A, Avalos M, Bolmaro RE (2020) Heat treatment effect on an AA6063 alloy. Mater Lett 277:128338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.12833810.1016/j.matlet.2020.128338 ↗
51. Valiev RZ, Zhu Y (2015) Recent Findings in Superior Strength and Ductility of Ultrafine-Grained Materials. Trans Mater Res Soc Japan 40:309–318. https://doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.40.30910.14723/tmrsj.40.309 ↗
52. Williamson GK, Hall WH (1953) X-ray line broadening from filed aluminium and wolfram. Acta Metall 1:22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(53)90006-610.1016/0001-6160(53)90006-6 ↗
53. Warren BE (1959) X-ray studies of deformed metals. Prog Met Phys 8:147–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0502-8205(59)90015-210.1016/0502-8205(59)90015-2 ↗
54. Ungár T, Tichy G, Gubicza J, Hellmig RJ (2005) Correlation between subgrains and coherently scattering domains. Powder Diffr 20:366–375. https://doi.org/10.1154/1.213531310.1154/1.2135313 ↗
55. Gubicza J, Szépvölgyi J, Mohai I et al (2000) The effect of heat-treatment on the grain-size of nanodisperse plasmathermal silicon nitride powder. J Mater Sci 35:3711–3717. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100480060760510.1023/A:1004800607605 ↗
56. Williamson GK, Smallman RE (1956) III. Dislocation densities in some annealed and cold-worked metals from measurements on the X-ray debye-scherrer spectrum. Philos Mag A J Theor Exp Appl Phys 1:34–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478643560823807410.1080/14786435608238074 ↗
57. Li J, Xu J, Wang CT et al (2016) Microstructural Evolution and Micro-Compression in High-Purity Copper Processed by High-Pressure Torsion. Adv Eng Mater 18:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20150048810.1002/adem.201500488 ↗
58. Gubicza J (2022) Comment on “Influence of prior deformation temperature on strain induced martensite formation and its effect on the tensile strengthening behaviour of type 304 SS studied by XRDLPA. Materials Science & Engineering A 826 (2021) 141960.” Mater Sci Eng A 832:142450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14245010.1016/j.msea.2021.142450 ↗
59. Khelfa T, Muñoz-Bolaños JA, Li F et al (2019) Microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6082-T6 by ECAP under warm processing. Met Mater Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00388-y10.1007/s12540-019-00388-y ↗
60. Zehetbauer MJ, Stüwe HP, Vorhauer A et al (2003) The role of hydrostatic pressure in severe plastic deformation. Adv Eng Mater 5:330–33710.1002/adem.200310090 ↗
61. Rezaeifar H, Elbestawi M (2022) Porosity formation mitigation in laser powder bed fusion process using a control approach. Opt Laser Technol 147:107611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.10761110.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107611 ↗
62. Girelli L, Tocci M, Gelfi M, Pola A (2019) Study of heat treatment parameters for additively manufactured AlSi10Mg in comparison with corresponding cast alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 739:317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.02610.1016/j.msea.2018.10.026 ↗
63. Wu H, Ren Y, Ren J et al (2021) Selective laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy under melting mode transition: microstructure evolution, nanomechanical behaviors and tensile properties. J Alloys Compd 873:159823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.15982310.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159823 ↗
64. Siddique S, Imran M, Wycisk E et al (2015) Influence of process-induced microstructure and imperfections on mechanical properties of AlSi12 processed by selective laser melting. J Mater Process Technol 221:205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.02.02310.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.02.023 ↗
65. Li R, Wang M, Li Z et al (2020) Developing a high-strength Al-Mg-Si-Sc-Zr alloy for selective laser melting: crack-inhibiting and multiple strengthening mechanisms. Acta Mater 193:83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.03.06010.1016/j.actamat.2020.03.060 ↗
66. Snopiński P, Matus K, Tatiček F, Rusz S (2022) Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off in additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy by ECAP processing. J Alloys Compd 918:165817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16581710.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165817 ↗
67. Bai Y, Yang Y, Xiao Z et al (2018) Process optimization and mechanical property evolution of AlSiMg0.75 by selective laser melting. Mater Des 140:257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.04510.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.045 ↗
68. Liu M, Wada T, Suzuki A et al (2020) Effect of annealing on anisotropic tensile properties of Al–12%Si alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Crystals. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst1011100710.3390/cryst10111007 ↗
69. Park T-H, Baek M-S, Hyer H et al (2021) Effect of direct aging on the microstructure and tensile properties of AlSi10Mg alloy manufactured by selective laser melting process. Mater Charact 176:111113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.11111310.1016/j.matchar.2021.111113 ↗
70. Li L, Yuan T, Deng C, Zheng D (2022) Effects of aging treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Si-Zr alloys. J Alloys Compd 890:161810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.16181010.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161810 ↗
71. Li XP, Wang XJ, Saunders M et al (2015) A selective laser melting and solution heat treatment refined Al-12Si alloy with a controllable ultrafine eutectic microstructure and 25% tensile ductility. Acta Mater 95:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.05.01710.1016/j.actamat.2015.05.017 ↗
72. Aboulkhair NT, Simonelli M, Parry L et al (2019) 3D printing of aluminium alloys: additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys using selective laser melting. Prog Mater Sci 106:100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.10057810.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100578 ↗
73. Muñoz JA, Higuera OF, Benito JA et al (2019) Analysis of the micro and substructural evolution during severe plastic deformation of ARMCO iron and consequences in mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 740–741:108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.10010.1016/j.msea.2018.10.100 ↗
74. Muñoz JA, Khelfa T, Komissarov A, Cabrera J-M (2020) Ductility and plasticity of ferritic-pearlitic steel after severe plastic deformation. Mater Sci Eng A 805:140624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14062410.1016/j.msea.2020.140624 ↗
75. Zhao YH, Guo YZ, Wei Q et al (2008) Influence of specimen dimensions on the tensile behavior of ultrafine-grained Cu. Scr Mater 59:627–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.05.03110.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.05.031 ↗
76. Zhu Z, Ng FL, Seet HL et al (2022) Superior mechanical properties of a selective-laser-melted AlZnMgCuScZr alloy enabled by a tunable hierarchical microstructure and dual-nanoprecipitation. Mater Today 52:90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.11.01910.1016/j.mattod.2021.11.019 ↗
77. Ma K, Wen H, Hu T et al (2014) Mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanisms in ultrafine grain precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy. Acta Mater 62:141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.04210.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.042 ↗
78. Zhao L, Song L, Santos Macías JG et al (2022) Review on the correlation between microstructure and mechanical performance for laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg. Addit Manuf 56:102914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.10291410.1016/j.addma.2022.102914 ↗
79. Simar A, Bréchet Y, de Meester B et al (2007) Sequential modeling of local precipitation, strength and strain hardening in friction stir welds of an aluminum alloy 6005A–T6. Acta Mater 55:6133–6143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.01210.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.012 ↗
80. Khelfa T, Muñoz-Bolaños J-A, Li F et al (2021) Strain-hardening behavior in an AA6060-T6 alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing. Adv Eng Mater 23:2000730. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20200073010.1002/adem.202000730 ↗
81. Muñoz JA, Khelfa T, Gheorghe D et al (2023) Microstructure characterization of metallic materials processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP): an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Mater Trans 64:1791–1805. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MT-MF202204210.2320/matertrans.MT-MF2022042 ↗
82. Hall EO (1951) The deformation and ageing of mild steel: III discussion of results. Proc Phys Soc Sect B 64:747. https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/30310.1088/0370-1301/64/9/303 ↗
83. Petch NJ (1953) The cleavage strength of polycrystals. J Iron Steel Inst 174:25–28
84. Khelfa T, Rekik MA, Muñoz-Bolaños JA et al (2017) Microstructure and strengthening mechanisms in an Al-Mg-Si alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 95:1165–1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1310-110.1007/s00170-017-1310-1 ↗
85. Zhao L, Santos Macías JG, Ding L et al (2019) Damage mechanisms in selective laser melted AlSi10Mg under as built and different post-treatment conditions. Mater Sci Eng A 764:138210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13821010.1016/j.msea.2019.138210 ↗