journal article·2022-05

Impact of oxygen concentration at the HfOx/Ti interface on the behavior of HfOx filamentary memristors

Jinho Hah, Matthew P. West, Fabia F. Athena, Riley Hanus, Eric M. Vogel, Samuel Graham

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 57· Issue 20
Publisher page

Abstract

Moving toward the future computing and non-volatile memory, memristors have gained wide attention for their in-memory computing and neuromorphic computing applications. The resistive switching dynamics in oxide-based memristors rely critically on oxygen ions and their recombination with oxygen vacancies to partially rupture and form the conductive filament (CF) for modulating the device between the low resistance state and high resistance state. In this study, we investigated the effect of oxygen ion concentration at the HfOx/Ti interface on the behavior of HfOx-based filamentary memristors. Devices with higher oxygen ion concentrations at the HfOx surface were fabricated by treating with oxygen plasma at various times on the as grown ~ 5 nm HfOx active layer via atomic layer deposition. Detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and depth profile analyses verify the excess oxygen ion presence at the HfOx surface, and the formation of a thin TiOx layer between the HfOx and Ti layers, resulting in a HfOx/TiOx/Ti interface structure. This work demonstrates the importance of interface chemistry at the HfOx/Ti interface region and its oxygen ion motion for controlled growth of the CF during memristor set operation, which is favorable for analog logic computation. While the components of improving the memristor performance, offering multilevel resistance states, and enhancing the resistance controllability are all have been achievable, displaying a gradual SET behavior in HfOx-based memristor still remains as a challenge. Overcoming this obstacle in the HfOx-based memristor can lead to a tremendous progress toward controlling the resistance on the SET side, which can be thus programmable and be useful for analog logic computation based on spiking networks. This work demonstrates the importance of oxygen ion concentration at the HfOx/Ti interface and its motion for controlled growth of the CF during memristor set operation for resistance controllability.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Memory and Neural Computing · Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices · Neuroscience and Neural Engineering

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (48)

Show source-provided references
1. Zidan MA, Strachan JP, Lu WD (2018) The future of electronics based on memristive systems. Nat Electron 1(1):22–2910.1038/s41928-017-0006-8 ↗
2. Chua L (1971) Memristor-the missing circuit element. IEEE Trans Circuit Theory 18(5):507–51910.1109/TCT.1971.1083337 ↗
3. Strukov DB, Snider GS, Stewart DR, Williams RS (2008) The missing memristor found. Nature 453(7191):80–8310.1038/nature06932 ↗
4. Prezioso M, Merrikh-Bayat F, Hoskins BD, Adam GC, Likharev KK, Strukov DB (2015) Training and operation of an integrated neuromorphic network based on metal-oxide memristors. Nature 521(7550):61–6410.1038/nature14441 ↗
5. Pickett MD, Medeiros-Ribeiro G, Williams RS (2013) A scalable neuristor built with Mott memristors. Nat Mater 12(2):114–11710.1038/nmat3510 ↗
6. Wang Z, Joshi S, Savelev SE, Jiang H, Midya R, Lin P, Hu M, Ge N, Strachan JP, Li Z, Wu Q, Barnell M, Li GL, Xin HL, Williams RS, Xia Q, Yang JJ (2017) Memristors with diffusive dynamics as synaptic emulators for neuromorphic computing. Nat Mater 16(1):101–10810.1038/nmat4756 ↗
7. Hu L, Fu S, Chen Y, Cao H, Liang L, Zhang H, Gao J, Wang J, Zhuge F (2017) Ultrasensitive memristive synapses based on lightly oxidized sulfide films. Adv Mater 29(24):160692710.1002/adma.201606927 ↗
8. Sangwan VK, Jariwala D, Kim IS, Chen K-S, Marks TJ, Lauhon LJ, Hersam MC (2015) Gate-tunable memristive phenomena mediated by grain boundaries in single-layer MoS2. Nat Nanotechnol 10(5):403–40610.1038/nnano.2015.56 ↗
9. Yan K, Peng M, Yu X, Cai X, Chen S, Hu H, Chen B, Gao X, Dong B, Zou D (2016) High-performance perovskite memristor based on methyl ammonium lead halides. J Mater Chem C 4(7):1375–1381. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC00141F10.1039/C6TC00141F ↗
10. Yang J-Q, Wang R, Wang Z-P, Ma Q-Y, Mao J-Y, Ren Y, Yang X, Zhou Y, Han S-T (2020) Leaky integrate-and-fire neurons based on perovskite memristor for spiking neural networks. Nano Energy 74:10482810.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104828 ↗
11. Fang Y, Zhai S, Chu L, Zhong J (2021) Advances in halide perovskite memristor from lead-based to lead-free materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13(15):17141–1715710.1021/acsami.1c03433 ↗
12. Zhang X, Zhao X, Shan X, Tian Q, Wang Z, Lin Y, Xu H, Liu Y (2021) Humidity effect on resistive switching characteristics of the CH3NH3PbI3 memristor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13(24):28555–2856310.1021/acsami.1c05590 ↗
13. Berzina T, Erokhina S, Camorani P, Konovalov O, Erokhin V, Fontana MP (2009) Electrochemical control of the conductivity in an organic memristor: a time-resolved X-ray fluorescence study of ionic drift as a function of the applied voltage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1(10):2115–211810.1021/am900464k ↗
14. Lee S-H, Park H-L, Kim M-H, Kang S, Lee S-D (2019) Interfacial triggering of conductive filament growth in organic flexible memristor for high reliability and uniformity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(33):30108–3011510.1021/acsami.9b10491 ↗
15. Mahata C, Lee C, An Y, Kim M-H, Bang S, Kim CS, Ryu J-H, Kim S, Kim H, Park B-G (2020) Resistive switching and synaptic behaviors of an HfO2/Al2O3 stack on ITO for neuromorphic systems. J Alloy Compd 826:15443410.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154434 ↗
16. Basnet P, Pahinkar DG, West MP, Perini CJ, Graham S, Vogel EM (2020) Substrate dependent resistive switching in amorphous-HfOx memristors: an experimental and computational investigation. J Mater Chem C 8(15):5092–510110.1039/C9TC06736A ↗
17. Liu C, Zhang C-C, Cao Y-Q, Wu D, Wang P, Li A-D (2020) Optimization of oxygen vacancy concentration in HfO2/HfOx bilayer-structured ultrathin memristors by atomic layer deposition and their biological synaptic behavior. J Mater Chem C 8(36):12478–1248410.1039/D0TC02494E ↗
18. West MP, Basnet P, Pahinkar DG, Montgomery RH, Graham S, Vogel EM (2020) Impact of the thermal environment on the analog temporal response of HfOx-based neuromorphic devices. Appl Phys Lett 116(6):06350410.1063/1.5139627 ↗
19. Kumar S, Wang Z, Huang X, Kumari N, Davila N, Strachan JP, Vine D, Kilcoyne ALD, Nishi Y, Williams RS (2016) Conduction channel formation and dissolution due to oxygen thermophoresis/diffusion in hafnium oxide memristors. ACS Nano 10(12):11205–1121010.1021/acsnano.6b06275 ↗
20. Pósa L, El Abbassi M, Makk P, Sánta B, Nef C, Csontos M, Calame M, Halbritter A (2017) Multiple physical time scales and dead time rule in few-nanometers sized graphene–SiOx-graphene memristors. Nano Lett 17(11):6783–678910.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03000 ↗
21. Ryu J-H, Mahata C, Kim S (2021) Long-term and short-term plasticity of Ta2O5/HfO2 memristor for hardware neuromorphic application. J Alloy Compd 850:15667510.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156675 ↗
22. Wang Z, Yin M, Zhang T, Cai Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Huang R (2016) Engineering incremental resistive switching in TaOx based memristors for brain-inspired computing. Nanoscale 8(29):14015–1402210.1039/C6NR00476H ↗
23. Ryu J-H, Kim S (2020) Artificial synaptic characteristics of TiO2/HfO2 memristor with self-rectifying switching for brain-inspired computing. Chaos Solitons Fractals 140:11023610.1016/j.chaos.2020.110236 ↗
24. Chen A (2016) A review of emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies and applications. Solid State Electron 125:25–3810.1016/j.sse.2016.07.006 ↗
25. Banerjee W, Liu Q, Hwang H (2020) Engineering of defects in resistive random access memory devices. J Appl Phys 127(5):05110110.1063/1.5136264 ↗
26. Zhao H, Dong Z, Tian H, DiMarzi D, Han M-G, Zhang L, Yan X, Liu F, Shen L, Han S-J, Cronin S, Wu W, Tice J, Guo J, Wang H (2017) Atomically thin femtojoule memristive device. Adv Mater 29(47):170323210.1002/adma.201703232 ↗
27. Hsieh C-C, Roy A, Chang Y-F, Shahrjerdi D, Banerjee SK (2016) A sub-1-volt analog metal oxide memristive-based synaptic device with large conductance change for energy-efficient spike-based computing systems. Appl Phys Lett 109(22):22350110.1063/1.4971188 ↗
28. Lee J, Lu WD (2018) On-demand reconfiguration of nanomaterials: when electronics meets ionics. Adv Mater 30(1):170277010.1002/adma.201702770 ↗
29. Waser R, Dittmann R, Staikov G, Szot K (2009) Redox-based resistive switching memories–nanoionic mechanisms, prospects, and challenges. Adv Mater 21(25–26):2632–266310.1002/adma.200900375 ↗
30. Lee HY, Chen YS, Chen PS, Wu TY, Chen F, Wang CC, Tzeng PJ, Tsai M, Lien C (2010) Low-power and nanosecond switching in robust hafnium oxide resistive memory with a thin Ti cap. IEEE Electron Device Lett 31(1):44–4610.1109/LED.2009.2034670 ↗
31. Brivio S, Covi E, Serb A, Prodromakis T, Fanciulli M, Spiga S (2015) Gradual set dynamics in HfO2-based memristor driven by sub-threshold voltage pulses. In: 2015 international conference on memristive systems (MEMRISYS), pp 1–210.1109/MEMRISYS.2015.7378383 ↗
32. Januar M, Prakoso SP, Lan S-Y, Mahanty RK, Kuo S-Y, Liu K-C (2015) The role of oxygen plasma in the formation of oxygen defects in HfOx films deposited at room temperature. J Mater Chem C 3(16):4104–411410.1039/C4TC02838D ↗
33. Foster AS, Lopez Gejo F, Shluger AL, Nieminen RM (2002) Vacancy and interstitial defects in hafnia. Phys Rev B 65(17):17411710.1103/PhysRevB.65.174117 ↗
34. Qian LX, Lai PT (2014) Fluorinated InGaZnO thin-film transistor with HfLaO gate dielectric. IEEE Electron Device Lett 35(3):363–36510.1109/LED.2013.2296895 ↗
35. Liu X, Wang LL, Hu H, Lu X, Wang K, Wang G, Zhang S (2015) Performance and stability improvements of back-channel-etched amorphous indium–gallium–zinc thin-film-transistors by CF4+O2 plasma treatment. IEEE Electron Device Lett 36(9):911–91310.1109/LED.2015.2456034 ↗
36. Rogers JW, Erickson KL, Belton DN, Springer RW, Taylor TN, Beery JG (1988) Low temperature diffusion of oxygen in titanium and titanium oxide films. Appl Surf Sci 35(1):137–15210.1016/0169-4332(88)90043-8 ↗
37. Fehlner FP, Mott NF (1970) Low-temperature oxidation. Oxid Met 2(1):59–9910.1007/BF00603582 ↗
38. Calka P, Sowinska M, Bertaud T, Walczyk D, Dabrowski J, Zaumseil P, Walczyk C, Gloskovskii A, Cartoixà X, Suñé J, Schroeder T (2014) Engineering of the chemical reactivity of the Ti/HfO2 interface for RRAM: experiment and theory. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(7):5056–506010.1021/am500137y ↗
39. Kim T, Baek G, Yang S, Yang JY, Yoon KS, Kim SG, Lee JY, Im HS, Hong JP (2018) Exploring oxygen-affinity-controlled TaN electrodes for thermally advanced TaOx bipolar resistive switching. Sci Rep 8(1):853210.1038/s41598-018-26997-y ↗
40. Hardtdegen A, Torre CL, Cüppers F, Menzel S, Waser R, Hoffmann-Eifert S (2018) Improved switching stability and the effect of an internal series resistor in HfO2/TiOx Bilayer ReRAM Cells. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 65(8):3229–323610.1109/TED.2018.2849872 ↗
41. Yu S, Wu Y, Wong HSP (2011) Investigating the switching dynamics and multilevel capability of bipolar metal oxide resistive switching memory. Appl Phys Lett 98(10):10351410.1063/1.3564883 ↗
42. Gupta V, Kapur S, Saurabh S, Grover A (2020) Resistive random access memory: a review of device challenges. IETE Tech Rev 37(4):377–39010.1080/02564602.2019.1629341 ↗
43. Wu L, Liu H, Lin J, Wang S (2020) Self-Compliance and High Performance Pt/HfOx/Ti RRAM Achieved through Annealing. Nanomaterials 10(3):45710.3390/nano10030457 ↗
44. De Stefano F, Houssa M, Kittl JA, Jurczak M, Afanas’ev VV, Stesmans A (2012) Semiconducting-like filament formation in TiN/HfO2/TiN resistive switching random access memories. Appl Phys Lett 100(14):14210210.1063/1.3696672 ↗
45. Chen YS, Chen B, Gao B, Liu LF, Liu XY, Kang JF (2013) Well controlled multiple resistive switching states in the Al local doped HfO2 resistive random access memory device. J Appl Phys 113(16):16450710.1063/1.4803076 ↗
46. Chand U, Huang K, Huang C, Tseng T (2015) Mechanism of nonlinear switching in HfO2-based crossbar RRAM with inserting large bandgap tunneling barrier layer. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 62(11):3665–367010.1109/TED.2015.2471835 ↗
47. Akbari M, Kim M-K, Kim D, Lee J-S (2017) Reproducible and reliable resistive switching behaviors of AlOX/HfOX bilayer structures with Al electrode by atomic layer deposition. RSC Adv 7(27):16704–1670810.1039/C6RA26872B ↗
48. Kim S, Chen J, Chen Y-C, Kim M-H, Kim H, Kwon M-W, Hwang S, Ismail M, Li Y, Miao X-S, Chang Y-F, Park B-G (2019) Neuronal dynamics in HfOx/AlOy-based homeothermic synaptic memristors with low-power and homogeneous resistive switching. Nanoscale 11(1):237–24510.1039/C8NR06694A ↗