Improved exfoliation of surface-functionalized graphene oxide by epoxy monomer and enhanced mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites
Source abstract
Abstract
The surface functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) provides an efficient way to improve the dispersion of GO in matrix and the interfacial properties of nanocomposites. In this contribution, GO grafted by bifunctional, trifunctional and tetrafunctional epoxy monomers (E51, AFG90, AG80) was designed and three epoxy-functionalized GO (EFGO) samples were acquired and utilized as fillers for epoxy nanocomposites. The chemical, structural and morphological characteristics of EFGO samples were studied. The exfoliation and dispersion state of EFGO in epoxy matrix were characterized. Mechanical properties of the nanocomposites at room temperature (RT), liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT) and after thermal cycling were comprehensively investigated. Results showed that the interlayer distance of EFGO was enlarged with the increase in functionality degree of the grafted epoxy monomers. AG80-functionalized GO (AGGO) with the largest interlayer distance showed the best exfoliation and dispersion in the nanocomposites, while E51-functionalized GO (EGO) showed the worst. Correspondingly, AGGO/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited the highest mechanical properties at RT, LNT and after thermal cycling. The toughening mechanisms of EFGO for epoxy resin were disclosed to better understand the role of epoxy monomers grafted to GO surfaces in the nanocomposites.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Fiber-reinforced polymer composites · Mechanical Behavior of Composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (63)
Show source-provided references
1. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321:385–38810.1126/science.1157996 ↗
2. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–90710.1021/nl0731872 ↗
3. Bolotin KI, Sikes KJ, Jiang Z, Klima M, Fudenberg G, Hone J, Kim P, Stormer HL (2008) Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun 146:351–35510.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024 ↗
4. Ma W, Li W, Li M, Mao Q, Pan Z, Zhu M, Zhang Y (2020) Scalable microgel spinning of a three-dimensional porous graphene fiber for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 8:25355–2536210.1039/D0TA08937K ↗
5. Rostami S, Puza F, Ucak M, Ozgur E, Gul O, Ercan UK, Garipcan B (2021) Bifunctional sharkskin mimicked chitosan/graphene oxide membranes: reduced biofilm formation and improved cytocompatibility. Appl Surf Sci 544:14882810.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148828 ↗
6. Jen YM, Chang HH, Lu CM, Liang SY (2021) Temperature-dependent synergistic effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets on the tensile quasi-static and fatigue properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Polymers 13:8410.3390/polym13010084 ↗
7. Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2009) Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 3(12):3884–389010.1021/nn9010472 ↗
8. Hadaeghnia M, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi I, Wood-Adams PM (2020) Manipulating the morphology of PA6/POE blends using graphene to achieve balanced electrical and mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol 200:10841210.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108412 ↗
9. Klimchitskaya GL, Mostepanenko M (2013) Van der Waals and Casimir interactions between two graphene sheets. Phys Rev B 87:1081–108910.1103/PhysRevB.87.075439 ↗
10. Fu Y, Liu L, Zhang JW, Hiscox WC (2014) Functionalized graphenes with polymer toughener as novel interface modifier for property-tailored polylactic acid/graphene nanocomposites. Polymer 55:6381–638910.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.014 ↗
11. Prusty RK, Rathore DK, Sahoo S, Parida V, Ray BC (2017) Mechanical behaviour of graphene oxide embedded epoxy nanocomposite at sub- and above- zero temperature environments. Compos Commun 3:47–5010.1016/j.coco.2017.02.003 ↗
12. Cui J, Shan W, Xu J, Qiu H, Li J, Yang J (2020) Effect of silane-bridging on the dispersion of polyetheramine-functionalized graphene oxide in waterborne epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 200:10843810.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108438 ↗
13. Zhang F, Liu W, Liang L, Yang M, Wang S, Shi H, Xie Y, Pi K (2020) Application of polyether amine intercalated graphene oxide as filler for enhancing hydrophobicity, thermal stability, mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of waterborne polyurethane. Diam Relat Mater 109:10807710.1016/j.diamond.2020.108077 ↗
14. Xie Y, Liu W, Liu C, He S, Zhang F, Shi H, Yang M, Wang Z (2019) Investigation of covalently grafted polyacrylate chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with reinforced mechanical performance. J Appl Polym Sci 136(32):4784210.1002/app.47842 ↗
15. Rahman SS, Arshad M, Zubair M, Ghasri-Khouzani M, Qureshi A, Ullah A (2020) Facile fabrication of graphene oxide/poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite with high toughness and thermal stability. Mater Today Commun 25:10163310.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101633 ↗
16. Li T, Meng Z, Keten S (2020) Interfacial mechanics and viscoelastic properties of patchy graphene oxide reinforced nanocomposites. Carbon 158:303–31310.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.039 ↗
17. Hussein A, Sarkar S, Oh D, Lee K, Kim B (2016) Epoxy/p-phenylenediamine functionalized graphene oxide composites and evaluation of their fracture toughness and tensile properties. J Appl Polym Sci 133(34):4382110.1002/app.43821 ↗
18. Niu M, Wang H, Li J, Chen H, Li L, Yang H, Liu X, Chen Z, Liu H, Chen J (2020) Polyethylene glycol grafted with carboxylated graphene oxide as a novel interface modifier for polylactic acid/graphene nanocomposites. Roy Soc Open Sci 7:19215410.1098/rsos.192154 ↗
19. Seong M, Kim DS (2015) Effects of facile amine-functionalization on the physical properties of epoxy/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 132(28):4226910.1002/app.42269 ↗
20. Feng P, Song G, Li X, Xu H, Xu L, Lv D, Zhu X, Huang Y, Ma L (2021) Effects of different “rigid-flexible” structures of carbon fibers surface on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites. J Colloid Interf Sci 583:13–2310.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.005 ↗
21. Kadhim N, Zaman A, Jiang M, Li Y, Yang X, Qiu J, Zhou Z (2021) A cast-in-place fabrication of high performance epoxy composites cured in an in-situ synthesized 3D foam of nanofibers. Compos Part B-Eng 205:10849510.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108495 ↗
22. Jyotishkumar P, Moldenaers P, George SM, Thomas S (2012) Viscoelastic effects in thermoplastic poly(styrene-acrylonitrile)-modified epoxy-DDM system during reaction induced phase separation. Soft Matter 8(28):7452–746210.1039/c2sm07055c ↗
23. Jyotishkumar P, Özdilek C, Moldenaers P, Sinturel C, Janke A, Pionteck J, Thomas S (2010) Dynamics of phase separation in poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)-modified epoxy/DDS system: kinetics and viscoelastic effects. J Phys Chem B 114(42):13271–1328110.1021/jp101661t ↗
24. Wang X, Li N, Wang J, Li G, Zong L, Liu C, Jian X (2018) Hyperbranched polyether epoxy grafted graphene oxide for benzoxazine composites: enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties. Compos Sci Technol 155:11–2110.1016/j.compscitech.2017.11.013 ↗
25. Shen B, Zhai W, Tao M, Lu D, Zheng W (2013) Chemical functionalization of graphene oxide toward the tailoring of the interface in polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 77:87–9410.1016/j.compscitech.2013.01.014 ↗
26. Wan YJ, Tang LC, Gong LX, Yan D, Li YB, Wu LB, Jiang JX, Lai GQ (2014) Grafting of epoxy chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with improved mechanical and thermal properties. Carbon 69:467–48010.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.050 ↗
27. Guan LZ, Wan YJ, Gong LX, Yan D, Tang LC, Wu LB, Jiang JX, Lai GQ (2014) Toward effective and tunable interphases in graphene oxide/epoxy composites by grafting different chain lengths of polyetheramine onto graphene oxide. J Mater Chem A 2(36):15058–1506910.1039/C4TA02429J ↗
28. Huang C, Ren MF, Li T, Chang X, Cong J, Lei YJ (2016) Trans-scale modeling framework for failure analysis of cryogenic composite tanks. Compos Part B- Eng 85:41–4910.1016/j.compositesb.2015.09.023 ↗
29. Ma HL, Jia Z, Lau KT, Li X, Hui D, Shi SQ (2017) Enhancement on mechanical strength of adhesively-bonded composite lap joints at cryogenic environment using coiled carbon nanotubes. Compos Part B-Eng 110:396–40110.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.019 ↗
30. Li H, Wang K, Chen G, Sun L, Yang J (2020) Internal stress analysis of epoxy adhesively-boned joints based on their thermomechanical properties at cryogenic temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 137:4931110.1002/app.49311 ↗
31. Rosetti Y, Alcouffe P, Pascault JP, Gerard JF, Lortie F (2018) Polyether sulfone-based epoxy toughening: from micro- to nano-phase separation via PES end-chain modification and process engineering. Materials 11(10):196010.3390/ma11101960 ↗
32. Rodríguez ES, Falchi VG, Asaro L, Zucchi IA, Williams RJJ (2019) Toughening an epoxy network by the addition of an acrylic triblock copolymer and halloysite nanotubes. Compos Commun 12:86–9010.1016/j.coco.2018.12.010 ↗
33. Surendran A, Pionteck J, Vogel R, Kalarikkal N, Geethamma GV, Thomas S (2018) Effect of organically modified clay on the morphology, rheology and viscoelasticity of epoxy-thermoplastic nanocomposites. Polym Test 70:18–2910.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.06.023 ↗
34. Tian J, Yang J, Yang C, Hao S (2019) Compression and reduction of graphene oxide aerogels into flexible, porous and functional graphene films. J Mater Sci 54:13147–13156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03828-710.1007/s10853-019-03828-7 ↗
35. Tian J, Yang C, Yang J, Hao S (2021) The correlated effects of filler loading on the curing reaction and mechanical properties of graphene oxide reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 56:3723–373710.1007/s10853-020-05336-5 ↗
36. Fan J, Yang J, Li H, Tian J, Wang M, Zhao Y (2021) Cryogenic mechanical properties of graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposites: influence of graphene oxide with different oxidation degrees. Polym Test 96:10707410.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107074 ↗
37. Li H, Wang K, Chen G, Sun L, Yang J (2020) Cryogenic mechanical properties and failure mechanism of epoxy nanocomposites modified by multiwalled carbon nanotubes with tunable oxygen-containing groups on surface. J Appl Polym Sci 137:4926610.1002/app.49266 ↗
38. Li J, Wu Z, Huang C, Huang R, Li L (2014) Mechanical behaviors of hyberbranched epoxy toughened bisphenol F epoxy resin for cryogenic applications. AIP Conf Proc 125:1574
39. Zhao Y, Chen ZK, Liu Y, Xiao HM, Feng QP, Fu SY (2013) Simultaneously enhanced cryogenic tensile strength and fracture toughness of epoxy resins by carboxylic nitrile-butadiene nano-rubber. Compos Part A-Appl S 55:178–18710.1016/j.compositesa.2013.09.005 ↗
40. Zhao H, Ding J, Yu H (2018) Variation of mechanical and thermal properties in sustainable graphene oxide/epoxy composites. Sci Rep 8:1656010.1038/s41598-018-34976-6 ↗
41. Qi Z, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Gao L, Zhang C, Tian J (2018) Synergistic effect of functionalized graphene oxide and carbon nanotube hybrids on mechanical properties of epoxy composites. RSC Adv 8(67):38689–3870010.1039/C8RA08312F ↗
42. Yu G, Wu P (2014) Effect of chemically modified graphene oxide on the phase separation behaviour and properties of an epoxy/polyetherimide binary system. Polym Chem 5:96–10410.1039/C3PY00878A ↗
43. Li FY, Huang L, Li Q, Wang X, Ma XL, Jiang CN, Zhou XQ, Duan WG, Lei FH (2019) Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of novel hybrids of dehydroabietic acid bearing 1,2,3-triazole moiety. Molecules 24:419110.3390/molecules24224191 ↗
44. Wei Y, Hu X, Jiang Q, Sun Z, Wang P, Qiu Y, Liu W (2018) Influence of graphene oxide with different oxidation levels on the properties of epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 161:74–8410.1016/j.compscitech.2018.04.007 ↗
45. Zhou H, Zhai HJ (2018) Boosting the electrochemical capacitive properties of polypyrrole using carboxylated graphene oxide as a new dopant. J Mater Sci-Mater El 29:7893–7903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-8789-610.1007/s10854-018-8789-6 ↗
46. Fan J, Yang J, Wang L, Li H, Tian J, Ye J, Zhao Y (2021) Enhanced mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites with mildly surface-functionalized graphene oxide by tuned amine species. Appl Surf Sci 558:14996410.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149964 ↗
47. Rohini R, Bose S (2018) Extraordinary improvement in mechanical properties and absorption-driven microwave shielding through epoxy-grafted graphene “interconnects.” ACS Omega 3(3):3200–321010.1021/acsomega.7b01997 ↗
48. Yan L, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Zou H, Chen Y, Liang M (2019) Effect of graphene oxide with different exfoliation levels on the mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Polym Bull 76:6033–604710.1007/s00289-018-02675-x ↗
49. Tian W, Gao Q, Tan Y, Yang K, Zhu L, Yang C, Zhang H (2015) Bio-inspired beehive-like hierarchical nanoporous carbon derived from bamboo-based industrial by-product as a high performance supercapacitor electrode material. J Mater Chem A 3:5656–566410.1039/C4TA06620K ↗
50. Zhang D, Fu L, Liao L, Liu N, Dai B, Zhang C (2012) Preparation, characterization, and application of electrochemically functional graphene nanocomposites by one-step liquid-phase exfoliation of natural flake graphite with methylene blue. Nano Res 5(12):875–88710.1007/s12274-012-0271-9 ↗
51. Wang Z, Tang XZ, Yu ZZ, Guo P, Song HH, Du XS (2011) Dispersion of graphene oxide and its flame retardancy effect on epoxy nanocomposites. Chinese J Polym Sci 29(3):368–37610.1007/s10118-011-1037-7 ↗
52. Rao Y, Pochan JM (2007) Mechanics of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Macromolecules 40(2):290–29610.1021/ma061445w ↗
53. Okan BS (2017) Fabrication of multilayer graphene oxide-reinforced high density polyethylene nanocomposites with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties via thermokinetic mixing. Turk J Chem 41:381–39010.3906/kim-1608-53 ↗
54. Vuluga D, Thomassin JM, Molenberg I, Huynen I, Gilbert B, Jérôme C, Alexandre M, Detrembleur C (2011) Straightforward synthesis of conductive graphene/polymer nanocomposites from graphite oxide. Chem Commun 47(9):2544–254610.1039/c0cc04623j ↗
55. Hu Y, Sun CB, Kou J (2020) Exfoliation of poly(ethylene glycol)-intercalated graphite oxide composite in water without sonication. Int J Min Met Mater 27(6):840–84510.1007/s12613-019-1932-4 ↗
56. Chen X, Ma Y, Cheng Y, Zhang A, Liu W (2019) Enhanced mechanical and flame-resistant properties of polypropylene nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide-functionalized ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol. J Appl Polym Sci 136(41):4803610.1002/app.48036 ↗
57. Park YT, Qian Y, Chan C, Suh T, Nejhad MG, Macosko CW, Stein A (2015) Epoxy toughening with low graphene loading. Adv Funct Mater 25(4):575–58510.1002/adfm.201402553 ↗
58. Jiang T, Kuila T, Kim NH, Ku BC, Lee JH (2013) Enhanced mechanical properties of silanized silica nanoparticle attached graphene oxide/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 79(5):115–12510.1016/j.compscitech.2013.02.018 ↗
59. Tham MW, Fazita MN, Khalil HA, Zuhudi NZM, Jaafar M, Rizal S, Haafiz MM (2018) Tensile properties prediction of natural fibre composites using rule of mixtures: A review. J Reinf Plast Comp 38:211–24810.1177/0731684418813650 ↗
60. Reed RP, Walsh RP (1994) Tensile properties of resins at low temperatures. Adv Cryog Eng 40:1129–1136
61. Olowojoba GB, Eslava S, Gutierrez ES, Kinloch AJ, Mattevi C, Rocha VG, Taylor AC (2016) In situ thermally reduced graphene oxide/epoxy composites: thermal and mechanical properties. Appl Nanosci 6:1015–102210.1007/s13204-016-0518-y ↗
62. Hussein A, Sarkar S, Lee K, Kim B (2017) Cryogenic fracture behavior of epoxy reinforced by a novel graphene oxide/poly(p-phenylenediamine) hybrid. Compos Part B-Eng 129:133–14210.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.085 ↗
63. Quaresimin M, Schulte K, Zappalorto M, Chandrasekaran S (2016) Toughening mechanisms in polymer nanocomposites: from experiments to modeling. Compos Sci Technol 123:187–20410.1016/j.compscitech.2015.11.027 ↗