Influence of pigment and internal stresses on water uptake in model epoxy: a thermodynamic approach
Source abstract
Abstract
This study focused on the influence of a pigment (titanium dioxide at rates of 10 and 20 wt%) on the hygrothermal ageing of a model epoxy polymer resin (DGEBA–DAMP). An ageing cycle composed of sorption and desorption steps was applied at different temperatures. Gravimetric study was carried out on free films. Results of pigmented samples were compared with those of the resin alone to better understand impact of the titanium dioxide. TiO2 had no major influence on gravimetric curves: water content curves exhibited a pseudo-Fickian behaviour during sorption and Fickian one during desorption. Moreover, results pointed out that pigment did not absorb water. Curve treatment allowed to obtain diffusion coefficient and water content at equilibrium for each step of ageing. Values of diffusion coefficients indicated that titanium dioxide did not have major influence on the beginning of diffusion, whereas it slowed down the end of water uptake. During sorption, water content at equilibrium was dependent on TiO2 amount. After desorption, pigmented systems contained residual water for ageing cycles at high temperature. Finally, results of diffusion coefficients showed that diffusion phenomena were heat dependent. A thermodynamic approach was then used to have access to enthalpy of diffusion ΔH and pre-exponential factor D 0. These parameters were impacted by the presence of titanium dioxide. This was mainly due to the presence of additional internal stresses of Type II.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer crystallization and properties · Polymer composites and self-healing · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Klopffer MH, Flaconnèche B (2001) Transport properties of gases in polymers: bibliographic review. Oil Gas Sci Technol 56(3):223–24410.2516/ogst:2001021 ↗
2. Perera DY (2004) Effect of pigmentation on organic coating characteristics. Prog Organ Coat 50(4):247–262. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.03.00210.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.03.002 ↗
3. Olivier M-G, Romano A-P, Vandermiers C, Mathieu X, Poelman M (2008) Influence of the stress generated during an ageing cycle on the barrier properties of cataphoretic coatings. Prog Organ Coat 63(3):323–329. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.01.01810.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.01.018 ↗
4. Feaugas X (2003) Tensile and cyclic hardening: back and effective stresses concepts and their applications. Recent Res Dev Mater Sci 4:35–64
5. Brusselle-Dupend N, Lai D, Feaugas X, Guigon M, Clavel M (2001) Mechanical behavior of a semicrystalline polymer before necking. Part 1: characterization of uniaxial behavior. Polym Eng Sci 41(1):66–76. doi: 10.1002/pen.1070910.1002/pen.10709 ↗
6. Brusselle-Dupend N, Lai D, Feaugas X, Guigon M, Clavel M (2002) Experimental characterization and modeling of the uniaxial mechanical behavior of polypropylene before necking. Oil Gas Sci Technol 57(2):155–16810.2516/ogst:2002012 ↗
7. Bouvet G, Douminge L, Feaugas X, Touzain S, Mallarino S (2013) Fluorescence spectroscopy applied to study cyclic creep behaviour and internal stresses of semi-crystalline high-density polyethylene. J Appl Phys 113(2):024901–02490910.1063/1.4773529 ↗
8. Huldén M, Hansen CM (1985) Water permeation in coatings. Prog Organ Coat 13(3–4):171–194. doi: 10.1016/0033-0655(85)80025-X10.1016/0033-0655(85)80025-X ↗
9. Bouvet G, Dang N, Cohendoz S, Feaugas X, Mallarino S, Touzain S (2015) Impact of polar groups concentration and free volume on water sorption in model epoxy free films and coatings. Prog Organ Coat 96:32–41. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.12.01110.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.12.011 ↗
10. Perera DY, Selier P (1973) Water transport in organic coatings. Prog Organ Coat 2(1):57–80. doi: 10.1016/0300-9440(73)80016-510.1016/0300-9440(73)80016-5 ↗
11. Chiang MYM, Fernandez-Garcia M (2003) Relation of swelling and Tg depression to the apparent free volume of a particle-filled, epoxy-based adhesive. J Appl Polym Sci 87(9):1436–1444. doi: 10.1002/app.1157610.1002/app.11576 ↗
12. Li L, Zhang S, Chen Y, Liu M, Ding Y, Luo X, Pu Z, Zhou W, Li S (2005) Water transportation in epoxy resin. Chem Mater 17(4):839–845. doi: 10.1021/cm048884z10.1021/cm048884z ↗
13. He Y (2012) Moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling behavior of an underfill material. Thermochim Acta 546:143–152. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2012.07.01610.1016/j.tca.2012.07.016 ↗
14. Whitney JM, Browning CE (1978) Some anomalies associated with moisture diffusion in epoxy matrix composite materials. In: Vinson EJR (ed) American society for testing and materials, advanced composite materials-environmental effects ASTM STP 658. pp 43–60. doi: https://books.google.fr/books?id=0_c5vB0VAIoC&pg=PA1&hl=fr&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false10.1520/STP34857S ↗
15. Aminabhavi TM (1988) Liquid diffusion into epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 35(5):1251–1256. doi: 10.1002/app.1988.07035051110.1002/app.1988.070350511 ↗
16. Li Y, Xue B (2016) Hydrothermal ageing mechanisms of unidirectional flax fabric reinforced epoxy composites. Polym Degrad Stab 126:144–158. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.00410.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.004 ↗
17. McKague EL, Reynolds JD, Halkias JE (1978) Swelling and glass transition relations for epoxy matrix material in humid environments. J Appl Polym Sci 22(6):1643–1654. doi: 10.1002/app.1978.07022061510.1002/app.1978.070220615 ↗
18. DeIasi R, Whiteside JB (1978) Effect of moisture on epoxy resins and composites. In: Vinson EJR (ed) American society for testing and materials, advanced composite materials-environmental effects, ASTM STP 658. pp 2–20. doi: https://books.google.fr/books?id=0_c5vB0VAIoC&pg=PA1&hl=fr&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false10.1520/STP34855S ↗
19. Deroiné M, Le Duigou A, Corre Y-M, Le Gac P-Y, Davies P, César G, Bruzaud S (2014) Seawater accelerated ageing of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polym Degrad Stab 105:237–247. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.02610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.026 ↗
20. Chauffaille S, Devos O, Jumel J, Shanahan MER (2010) Liquid diffusion in polymeric adhesives by electrochemical-impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Int J Adhes Adhes 30(7):602–608. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2010.05.01010.1016/j.ijadhadh.2010.05.010 ↗
21. De’Nève B, Shanahan MER (1993) Water absorption by an epoxy resin and its effect on the mechanical properties and infra-red spectra. Polymer 34(24):5099–510510.1016/0032-3861(93)90254-8 ↗
22. Deroiné M, Le Duigou A, Corre YM, Le Gac PY, Davies P, César G, Bruzaud S (2014) Accelerated ageing and lifetime prediction of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) in distilled water. Polym Test 39:70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.07.01810.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.07.018 ↗
23. Fredj N, Cohendoz S, Mallarino S, Feaugas X, Touzain S (2010) Evidencing antagonist effects of water uptake and leaching processes in marine organic coatings by gravimetry and EIS. Prog Organ Coat 67(3):287–29510.1016/j.porgcoat.2009.11.001 ↗
24. Vosgien Lacombre C (2017) Influence du taux de pigment sur la dégradation de revêtements polymères anticorrosion sous contraintes environnementales couplées. Thèse, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle
25. Vosgien Lacombre C, Bouvet G, Cohendoz S, Feaugas X, Trinh D, Touzain S, Mallarino S (2017) Influence du taux de charges sur les processus de diffusion de l’eau dans des revêtements époxy. Paper presented at the DEPOS27, Dourdan, France
26. Vosgien Lacombre C, Bouvet G, Cohendoz S, Feaugas X, Trinh D, Touzain S, Mallarino S (2017) Influence du taux de pigment sur la durabilité d’un revêtement époxy anticorrosion. Paper presented at the Journées GFP Sud-Ouest 2017, Latresne, France
27. Vosgien Lacombre C, Bouvet G, Cohendoz S, Trinh D, Feaugas X, Touzain S, Mallarino S (In Review) Influence of internal stresses on the physicochemical and mechanical properties evolution of pigmented epoxy systems during hygrothermal ageing. Surface and Coatings Technology10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.10.013 ↗
28. Vosgien Lacombre C, Trinh D, Bouvet G, Feaugas X, Mallarino S, Touzain S (2017) Influence of pigment on the degradation of anticorrosion polymer coatings using a thermodynamic analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data. Electrochim Acta 234:7–15. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.05010.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.050 ↗
29. Pascault JP, Sautereau H, Williams RJJ, Verdu J (2002) Thermosetting Polymers. Marcel Dekker, INC, New York10.1201/9780203908402 ↗
30. Sun Y, Zhang Z, Wong CP (2005) Influence of interphase and moisture on the dielectric spectroscopy of epoxy/silica composites. Polymer 46(7):2297–2305. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.04110.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.041 ↗
31. Tcharkhtchi A, Bronnec PY, Verdu J (2000) Water absorption characteristics of diglycidylether of butane diol–3,5-diethyl-2,4-diaminotoluene networks. Polymer 41(15):5777–5785. doi: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00801-010.1016/s0032-3861(99)00801-0 ↗
32. Lide DR (1994) Handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
33. Chateauminois A, Vincent L, Chabert B, Soulier JP (1994) Study of the interfacial degradation of a glass-epoxy composite during hygrothermal ageing using water diffusion measurements and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Polymer 35(22):4766–4774. doi: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90730-710.1016/0032-3861(94)90730-7 ↗
34. Boisseau A, Davies P, Thiebaud F (2012) Sea water ageing of composites for ocean energy conversion systems: influence of glass fibre type on static behaviour. Appl Compos Mater 19(3):459–473. doi: 10.1007/s10443-011-9219-610.1007/s10443-011-9219-6 ↗
35. Apicella A, Tessieri R, de Cataldis C (1984) Sorption modes of water in glassy epoxies. J Membr Sci 18:211–22510.1016/S0376-7388(00)85035-8 ↗
36. Zimm BH, Lundberg JL (1956) Sorption of vapors by high polymers. J Phys Chem 60(4):425–428. doi: 10.1021/j150538a01010.1021/j150538a010 ↗
37. Le Gac PY, Roux G, Davies P, Fayolle B, Verdu J (2014) Water clustering in polychloroprene. Polymer 55(12):2861–2866. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.02410.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.024 ↗
38. Fernández-García M, Chiang MYM (2002) Effect of hygrothermal aging history on sorption process, swelling, and glass transition temperature in a particle-filled epoxy-based adhesive. J Appl Polym Sci 84(8):1581–1591. doi: 10.1002/app.1044710.1002/app.10447 ↗
39. Zhou J, Lucas JP (1995) The effects of a water environment on anomalous absorption behavior in graphite/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 53(1):57–64. doi: 10.1016/0266-3538(94)00078-610.1016/0266-3538(94)00078-6 ↗
40. Zou C (2007) The effect of humidity and surface functionalisation on the dielectric properties of nanocomposites. University of Leicester
41. Broughton WR, Lodeiro MJ (2000) Techniques for monitoring water absorption in fibre reinforced polymer composites. National Physical Laboratory Measurement Note CMMT(MN) 64
42. Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2004) Thermal stability and water uptake of high performance epoxy layered silicate nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 40(1):187–195. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.09.00810.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.09.008 ↗
43. Theocaris PS, Kontou EA, Papanicolaou GC (1983) The effect of moisture absorption on the thermomechanical properties of particulates. Colloid Polym Sci 261(5):394–403. doi: 10.1007/BF0141821210.1007/BF01418212 ↗
44. Apicella A, Nicolais L, de Cataldis C (1985) Characterization of the morphological fine structure of commercial thermosetting resins through hygrothermal experiments. In: Kaush H, Zachman H (eds) Characterization of polymers in the solid state I: part A: NMR and other spectroscopic methods part B: mechanical methods, vol 66. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 189–20710.1007/3-540-13779-3_21 ↗
45. Apicella A, Nicolais L, de Cataldis C (1985) Characterization of the morphological fine structure of commercial thermosetting resins through hygrothermal experiments. In: Kaush H, Zachman H (eds) Characterization of polymers in the solid state I: Part A: NMR and other spectroscopic methods Part B: mechanical methods, 66 edn. Advances in Polymer Science. Springer, Berlin, pp 189–207. doi: 10.1007/3-540-13779-3_2110.1007/3-540-13779-3_21 ↗
46. Zhou J, Lucas JP (1999) Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part I: the nature of water in epoxy. Polymer 40(20):5505–551210.1016/S0032-3861(98)00790-3 ↗
47. Rao RMVGK, Chanda M, Balasubramanian N (1984) Factors affecting moisture absorption in polymer composites. Part II: influence of external factors. J Reinf Plast Compos 3(3):246–25310.1177/073168448400300305 ↗
48. Bouvet G, Cohendoz S, Feaugas X, Touzain S, Mallarino S (2017) Microstructural reorganization in model epoxy network during cyclic hygrothermal ageing. Polymer 122:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.03210.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.032 ↗
49. Jelinski LW, Dumais JJ, Stark RE, Ellis TS, Karasz FE (1983) Interaction of epoxy resins with water. A quadrupole echo deuterium NMR study. Macromolecules 16(6):1019–1021. doi: 10.1021/ma00240a04010.1021/ma00240a040 ↗
50. Jelinski LW, Dumais JJ, Cholli AL, Ellis TS, Karasz FE (1985) Nature of the water-epoxy interaction. Macromolecules 18(6):1091–1095. doi: 10.1021/ma00148a00810.1021/ma00148a008 ↗