DataVXJournal of Materials SciencePaper
journal article·2021-09Open access

Self-lubricating triboactive (Cr,Al)N+Mo:S coatings for fluid-free applications

K. Bobzin, T. Brögelmann, C. Kalscheuer, M. Thiex

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 56· Issue 27
Publisher pageOpen full text
Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract Within this study, self-lubricating and triboactive (Cr,Al)N+Mo:S coatings were developed and investigated for the deposition on components in a low-temperature physical vapor deposition (PVD) hybrid process. Therefore, direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS) and high power pulse magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) PVD were combined by using an industrial coating machine. Hereby, it was possible to deposit dense and smooth triboactive, self-lubricating nitride coatings with different chemical compositions and architectures on 16MnCr5E samples. Two coating architectures, a matrix monolayer and a graded coating structure, were developed to evaluate the effect on the tribological behavior. The morphology and coating thickness were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the indentation hardness and modulus of indentation as well as the compound adhesion between substrate materials and coating were analyzed. Tribological analyses of (Cr,Al)N+Mo:S-coated and uncoated samples were conducted under fluid-free friction regime at room temperature T = (20 ± 3) °C, a velocity v = 0.1 m/s and a distance s = 1000 m by varying the Hertzian contact pressure from 400 MPa ≤ pH ≤ 1300 MPa against steel counterparts, 100Cr6, in a pin-on-disk (PoD) tribometer. The graded coating architecture of (Cr,Al)N+Mo:S enabled a significant wear and friction reduction. Furthermore, Raman analyses prove the formation of solid lubrication tribofilm containing MoS2, MoO3 MoO2 and MoxOy at the toplayer of a graded (Cr,Al)N+Mo:S coating, which are responsible for the improved tribological behavior.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

Metals & alloysMaterials processing

OpenAlex topics: Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Lubricants and Their Additives

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (42)

Show source-provided references
1. Birkhofer H, Kümmerle T (2012) Feststoffgeschmierte Wälzlager: Einsatz, Grundlagen und Auslegung. VDI-Buch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg10.1007/978-3-642-16797-3 ↗
2. Martens S (2008) Ölfreie Industriegetriebe: Maßnahmen und Möglichkeiten zur Minimierung bzw. Eliminierung herkömmlicher Schmierstoffe. Dissertation, Dresden, p 223. https://katalog.slub-dresden.de/id/0-1374188077
3. Schlecht B, Martens S, Röhmhild I (2005) Approaches to oil-free gears, VDI Berichte 1904 II, 1904 II, p 1021–1034. https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27344460430&origin=AuthorNamesList&txGid=7c8652c9ba7321b7eb8755369416d587
4. Röhmhild I (1998) Getriebe ohne Öl, Getriebe geringer Verluste: Forschungsbericht Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Forschungsbericht Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Vol 1, p 164
5. Singer IL, Fayeulle S, Ehni PD (1996) Wear behavior of triode-sputtered MoS2 coatings in dry sliding contact with steel and ceramics. Wear. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(95)06661-610.1016/0043-1648(95)06661-6 ↗
6. Stupp BC (1981) Synergistic effects of metals co-sputtered with MoS2. Thin Solid Films. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(81)90023-710.1016/0040-6090(81)90023-7 ↗
7. Teer DG, Hampshire J, Fox V, Bellido-Gonzalez V (1997) The tribological properties of MoS2/metal composite coatings deposited by closed field magnetron sputtering. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00498-210.1016/S0257-8972(97)00498-2 ↗
8. Ma KJ, Chao CL, Liu DS, Chen YT, Shieh MB (2002) Friction and wear behaviour of TiN/Au, TiN/MoS2 and TiN/TiCN/a-C: H coatings. J Mater Process Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00123-110.1016/S0924-0136(02)00123-1 ↗
9. Bobzin K (2017) High-performance coatings for cutting tools. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2016.11.00410.1016/j.cirpj.2016.11.004 ↗
10. Buhl R, Pulker HK, Moll E (1981) TiN coatings on steel. Thin Solid Films. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(81)90233-910.1016/0040-6090(81)90233-9 ↗
11. Knotek O, Löffler F, Scholl H-J (1991) Properties of arc-evaporated CrN and (Cr, Al)N coatings. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90205-B10.1016/0257-8972(91)90205-B ↗
12. Leyendecker T, Lemmer O, Esser S, Ebberink J (1991) The development of the PVD coating TiAlN as a commercial coating for cutting tools. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90142-J10.1016/0257-8972(91)90142-J ↗
13. Huang ZP, Sun Y, Bell T (1994) Friction behaviour of TiN, CrN and (TiAl)N coatings. Wear. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(94)90252-610.1016/0043-1648(94)90252-6 ↗
14. Bobzin K, Brögelmann T, Kruppe NC, Hoffmann DC, Klocke F, Mattfeld P, Trauth D, Hild R (2018) Tribological studies on self-lubricating (Cr, Al)N+Mo: S coatings at elevated temperature. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.06710.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.067 ↗
15. Kim SK, Cha BC (2004) Deposition of CrN–MoS2 thin films by DC magnetron sputtering. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.08.01310.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.08.013 ↗
16. Gilmore R, Baker MA, Gibson PN, Gissler W, Stoiber M, Losbichler P, Mitterer C (1998) Low-friction TiN–MoS2 coatings produced by dc magnetron co-deposition. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00602-110.1016/S0257-8972(98)00602-1 ↗
17. Bobzin K, Brögelmann T, Kalscheuer C, Naderi M (2016) Hybrid dcMS/HPPMS PVD nitride and oxynitride hard coatings for adhesion and abrasion reduction in plastics processing. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.10310.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.103 ↗
18. Ehiasarian AP, Wen JG, Petrov I (2007) Interface microstructure engineering by high power impulse magnetron sputtering for the enhancement of adhesion. J Appl Phys. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.269705210.1063/1.2697052 ↗
19. Tian X, Ma Y, Hu J, Bi M, Gong C, Chu PK (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of (AlTi)x N1–x films by magnetic-field-enhanced high power impulse magnetron sputtering. J Vac Sci Technol A Vac Surf Films. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.497120210.1116/1.4971202 ↗
20. Paulitsch J, Schenkel M, Schintlmeister A, Hutter H, Mayrhofer PH (2010) Low friction CrN/TiN multilayer coatings prepared by a hybrid high power impulse magnetron sputtering/DC magnetron sputtering deposition technique. Thin Solid Films. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.05.06110.1016/j.tsf.2010.05.061 ↗
21. Bobzin K, Bagcivan N, Ewering M, Brugnara RH, Theiß S (2011) DC-MSIP/HPPMS (Cr, Al, V)N and (Cr, Al, W)N thin films for high-temperature friction reduction. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.10.05610.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.10.056 ↗
22. Bobzin K, Brögelmann T, Kalscheuer C (2017) Triboactive CrAlN+X hybrid dcMS/HPPMS PVD nitride hard coatings for friction and wear reduction on components. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.06.08910.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.06.089 ↗
23. Bobzin K, Brögelmann T, Kruppe NC (2018) Enhanced PVD process control by online substrate temperature measurement. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.07.09610.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.07.096 ↗
24. Oliver WC, Pharr GM (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1992.156410.1557/JMR.1992.1564 ↗
25. DIN EN ISO 20502:2016-11, Hochleistungskeramik-Bestimmung der Haftung von keramischen Schichten mit dem Ritztest (ISO 20502:2005 einschließlich Cor 1:2009); Deutsche Fassung EN ISO 20502:2016, Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, p 38
26. Data sheet 16MnCr5E Stauberstahl, p 1. https://www.stauberstahl.com/fileadmin/Werkstoff-PDF/Werkstoff-17131-Datenblatt.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2021
27. Bobzin K, Brögelmann T, Kruppe NC, Engels M (2018) Investigations on the substrate bias influence on reactive HPPMS plasmas. Thin Solid Films. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2018.07.04810.1016/j.tsf.2018.07.048 ↗
28. Broitman E, Hultman L (2012) Adhesion improvement of carbon-based coatings through a high ionization deposition technique. J Phys Conf Ser. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/370/1/01200910.1088/1742-6596/370/1/012009 ↗
29. Kong H, Yoon E-S, Kwon OK (1995) Self-formation of protective oxide films at dry sliding mild steel surfaces under a medium vacuum. Wear. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(95)90039-X10.1016/0043-1648(95)90039-X ↗
30. Quinn TFJ, Rowson DM, Sullivan JL (1980) Application of the oxidational theory of mild wear to the sliding wear of low alloy steel. Wear. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(80)90002-210.1016/0043-1648(80)90002-2 ↗
31. Suszko T, Gulbiński W, Jagielski J (2005) The role of surface oxidation in friction processes on molybdenum nitride thin films. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.11910.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.119 ↗
32. Dieterle M, Mestl G (2002) Raman spectroscopy of molybdenum oxides. Phys Chem Chem Phys. https://doi.org/10.1039/B107046K10.1039/B107046K ↗
33. Windom BC, Sawyer WG, Hahn DW (2011) A Raman spectroscopic study of MoS2 and MoO3: applications to tribological systems. Tribol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9774-x10.1007/s11249-011-9774-x ↗
34. Seguin L, Figlarz M, Cavagnat R, Lassègues J-C (1995) Infrared and Raman spectra of MoO3 molybdenum trioxides and MoO3·xH2O molybdenum trioxide hydrates. Spectrochimica Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(94)00247-910.1016/0584-8539(94)00247-9 ↗
35. Casiraghi C, Ferrari AC, Robertson J (2005) Raman spectroscopy of hydrogenated amorphous carbons. Phys Rev B. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.08540110.1103/PhysRevB.72.085401 ↗
36. Beattie IR, Gilson TR (1970) The single-crystal Raman spectra of nearly opaque materials. Iron(III) oxide and chromium(III) oxide. J Chem Soc A. https://doi.org/10.1039/J1970000098010.1039/J19700000980 ↗
37. de Faria DLA, Venâncio Silva S, de Oliveira MT (1997) Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. J Raman Spectrosc. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199711)28:11%3c873:AID-JRS177%3e3.0.CO;2-B10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199711)28:11<873:AID-JRS177>3.0.CO;2-B ↗
38. Chen JM, Wang CS (1974) Second order Raman spectrum of MoS2. Solid State Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(74)90150-110.1016/0038-1098(74)90150-1 ↗
39. Wieting TJ, Verble JL (1971) Infrared and Raman studies of long-wavelength optical phonons in hexagonal MoS2. Phys Rev B. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.3.428610.1103/PhysRevB.3.4286 ↗
40. Shebanova ON, Lazor P (2003) Raman study of magnetite (Fe3O4): laser-induced thermal effects and oxidation. J Raman Spectrosc. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.105610.1002/jrs.1056 ↗
41. Mazzetti L, Thistlethwaite PJ (2002) Raman spectra and thermal transformations of ferrihydrite and schwertmannite. J Raman Spectrosc. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.83010.1002/jrs.830 ↗
42. Barshilia HC, Selvakumar N, Deepthi B, Rajam KS (2006) A comparative study of reactive direct current magnetron sputtered CrAlN and CrN coatings. Surf Coat Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.03710.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.037 ↗