Changes in microcapsules under heating: the effect of particle size on thermal stability and breakability
Source abstract
Abstract
In this work, the effect of particle size on the thermal stability and bursting phenomenon of the microcapsules with a melamine resin shell was studied. The heat-induced change process and mechanism of the prepared microcapsules were derived. Firstly, the microcapsules with different particle sizes were prepared and characterized via encapsulation efficiency measurements, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis curves of the samples were calculated, analyzed, and compared with the samples’ particle size and distribution, and the changes and differences in the microcapsules under heating environment were macroscopically studied. Furthermore, thermo-microscopic image analysis of the samples was conducted using a laboratory-combined instrument system, and their dynamic morphology in a temperature-increasing environment was microscopically investigated. On the basis of these data, it was found that the thermal bursting phenomenon occurred when the microcapsule particle size was larger than the “critical dimension.” And as the particle sizes decreased, their heat rupture resistance was improved, and the trend of change was described by an exponential function (y = 133.64 + 94.76 × 0.85x). When the microcapsule size was smaller than the critical dimension, the thermal bursting phenomenon disappeared and the thermal stability was depended on the degradation temperature of the MMF shell.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Phase Change Materials Research · Polymer composites and self-healing · Lignin and Wood Chemistry
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (35)
Show source-provided references
1. Ghayempour S, Montazer M (2016) Micro/nanoencapsulation of essential oils and fragrances: focus on perfumed, antimicrobial, mosquito-repellent and medical textiles. J Microencapsul 33(6):497–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2016.121618710.1080/02652048.2016.1216187 ↗
2. Nguon O, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Brandys FA, Li J, Gillies ER (2017) Microencapsulation by in situ polymerization of amino resins. Polym Rev 58(2):326–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2017.136476510.1080/15583724.2017.1364765 ↗
3. Rodrigues SN, Martins IM, Fernandes IP, Gomes PB, Mata VG, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE (2009) Scentfashion®: microencapsulated perfumes for textile application. Chem Eng J 149(1–3):463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.02110.1016/j.cej.2009.02.021 ↗
4. Son K, Yoo DI, Shin Y (2014) Fixation of vitamin E microcapsules on dyed cotton fabrics. Chem Eng J 239:284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.03410.1016/j.cej.2013.11.034 ↗
5. Pan X, York D, Preece JA, Zhang Z (2012) Size and strength distributions of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules prepared by membrane emulsification. Powder Technol 227:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.12.04110.1016/j.powtec.2011.12.041 ↗
6. Pielichowska K, Pielichowski K (2014) Phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Prog Mater Sci 65:67–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.00510.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.005 ↗
7. Sánchez P, Sánchez-Fernandez MV, Romero A, Rodríguez JF, Sánchez-Silva L (2010) Development of thermo-regulating textiles using paraffin wax microcapsules. Thermochim Acta 498(1–2):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.09.00510.1016/j.tca.2009.09.005 ↗
8. Wan X, Guo B, Xu J (2017) A facile hydrothermal preparation for phase change materials microcapsules with a pliable self-recovering shell and study on its thermal energy storage properties. Powder Technol 312:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.03510.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.035 ↗
9. Huo X, Li W, Wang Y, Han N, Wang J, Wang N, Zhang X (2018) Chitosan composite microencapsulated comb-like polymeric phase change material via coacervation microencapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 200:602–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.00310.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.003 ↗
10. Geng X, Li W, Yin Q, Wang Y, Han N, Wang N, Bian J, Wang J, Zhang X (2018) Design and fabrication of reversible thermochromic microencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage and its antibacterial activity. Energy 159:857–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.21810.1016/j.energy.2018.06.218 ↗
11. Zhao Y, Zhang W, Liao L-p, Wang S-j, Li W-j (2012) Self-healing coatings containing microcapsule. Appl Surf Sci 258(6):1915–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.15410.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.154 ↗
12. Tian R, Fu X, Zheng Y, Liang X, Wang Q, Ling Y, Hou B (2012) The preparation and characterization of double-layer microcapsules used for the self-healing of resin matrix composites. J Mater Chem 22(48):25437–25446. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34195f10.1039/c2jm34195f ↗
13. Zhu DY, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ (2015) Self-healing polymeric materials based on microencapsulated healing agents: from design to preparation. Prog Polym Sci 49–50:175–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.07.00210.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.07.002 ↗
14. Su J-F, Schlangen E, Qiu J (2013) Design and construction of microcapsules containing rejuvenator for asphalt. Powder Technol 235:563–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.11.01310.1016/j.powtec.2012.11.013 ↗
15. Sun D, Li B, Ye F, Zhu X, Lu T, Tian Y (2018) Fatigue behavior of microcapsule-induced self-healing asphalt concrete. J Clean Prod 188:466–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.28110.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.281 ↗
16. Ma Y, Li Z, Wang H, Li H (2019) Synthesis and optimization of polyurethane microcapsules containing [BMIm]PF6 ionic liquid lubricant. J Colloid Interface Sci 534:469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.05910.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.059 ↗
17. Imani A, Zhang H, Owais M, Zhao J, Chu P, Yang J, Zhang Z (2018) Wear and friction of epoxy based nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles and wax-containing microcapsules. Compos A 107:607–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.01.03310.1016/j.compositesa.2018.01.033 ↗
18. Kooiman K, Bohmer MR, Emmer M, Vos HJ, Chlon C, Shi WT, Hall CS, de Winter SH, Schroen K, Versluis M, de Jong N, van Wamel A (2009) Oil-filled polymer microcapsules for ultrasound-mediated delivery of lipophilic drugs. J Control Release 133(2):109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.09.08510.1016/j.jconrel.2008.09.085 ↗
19. Feng F, Li R, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Yang X, Duan H, Yang X (2014) Preparation of reduction-triggered degradable microcapsules for intracellular delivery of anti-cancer drug and gene. Polymer 55(1):110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.03510.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.035 ↗
20. Yuan L, Chen F, Gu A, Liang G, Lin C, Huang S, Nutt S, Chen G, Gao Y (2013) Synthesis of poly(urea-formaldehyde) encapsulated dibutyltin dilaurate through the self-catalysis of core materials. Polym Bull 71(1):261–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-013-1059-010.1007/s00289-013-1059-0 ↗
21. Wang N, Wu Y, Mi L, Zhang J, Li X, Fang Q (2014) The influence of silicone shell on double-layered microcapsules in intumescent flame-retardant natural rubber composites. J Therm Anal Calorim 118(1):349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3965-210.1007/s10973-014-3965-2 ↗
22. Yang Z, Ding L, Wu P, Liu Y, Nie F, Huang F (2015) Fabrication of RDX, HMX and CL-20 based microcapsules via in situ polymerization of melamine–formaldehyde resins with reduced sensitivity. Chem Eng J 268:60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.02410.1016/j.cej.2015.01.024 ↗
23. He Y, Li W, Han N, Wang J, Zhang X (2019) Facile flexible reversible thermochromic membranes based on micro/nanoencapsulated phase change materials for wearable temperature sensor. Appl Energy 247:615–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.07710.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.077 ↗
24. Choi TM, Je K, Park J-G, Lee GH, Kim S-H (2018) Photonic capsule sensors with built-in colloidal crystallites. Adv Mater 30(43):1803387. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180338710.1002/adma.201803387 ↗
25. Lee TY, Lee S, Kim YH, Kim DJ, Amstad E, Lee C-S, Kim S-H (2019) Microfluidic fabrication of capsule sensor platform with double-shell structure. Adv Funct Mater 29(48):1902670. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20190267010.1002/adfm.201902670 ↗
26. Fei X, Zhao H, Zhang B, Cao L, Yu M, Zhou J, Yu L (2015) Microencapsulation mechanism and size control of fragrance microcapsules with melamine resin shell. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects 469:300–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.03310.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.033 ↗
27. Zhao H, Fei X, Zhang B, Zhao S, Li G, Cao L (2019) Controlling the size of fragrance microcapsules using designed agitator paddles: experiment and CFD simulation. Particuology 43:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2017.12.00810.1016/j.partic.2017.12.008 ↗
28. Zhao H, Fei X, Cao L, Zhang B, Liu X (2019) The fabrication of fragrance microcapsules and their sustained and broken release behavior. Materials 12(3):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1203039310.3390/ma12030393 ↗
29. Li W, Zhang X-X, Wang X-C, Niu J-J (2007) Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated phase change material with low remnant formaldehyde content. Mater Chem Phys 106(2–3):437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.03010.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.030 ↗
30. Li W, Song G, Tang G, Chu X, Ma S, Liu C (2011) Morphology, structure and thermal stability of microencapsulated phase change material with copolymer shell. Energy 36(2):785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.04110.1016/j.energy.2010.12.041 ↗
31. Khakzad F, Alinejad Z, Shirin-Abadi AR, Ghasemi M, Mahdavian AR (2013) Optimization of parameters in preparation of PCM microcapsules based on melamine formaldehyde through dispersion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 292(2):355–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-013-3076-910.1007/s00396-013-3076-9 ↗
32. Alkan C, Aksoy SA, Anayurt RA (2015) Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid)/n-eicosane microcapsules for thermal comfort in textiles. Text Res J 85(19):2051–2058. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051751454875110.1177/0040517514548751 ↗
33. Wu B, Zheng G, Chen X (2015) Effect of graphene on the thermophysical properties of melamine-urea-formaldehyde/N-hexadecane microcapsules. RSC Adv 5(90):74024–74031. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12566a10.1039/c5ra12566a ↗
34. Sarkar S, Kim B (2017) Analysis of graphene-encapsulated polymer microcapsules with superior thermal and storage stability behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 138:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.01210.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.012 ↗
35. Zhang XX, Tao XM, Yick KL, Fan YF (2005) Expansion space and thermal stability of microencapsulated n-octadecane. J Appl Polym Sci 97(1):390–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.2176010.1002/app.21760 ↗