TRIP effect produced by cold rolling of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L
Source abstract
Abstract
This study aims to study the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) by cold rolling in AISI 316L grade ASTM F138: 2019 (biomedical material) and its compliance with ISO 5832. The cold rolling of 316L is less expensive and gives a good surface finish and dimensional deviations as compared with casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and forging. However, the cold working processes of 316L stainless steel can produce unwanted phases by the TRIP effect that limits its use as a biomaterial according to ISO. Understanding the TRIP effect of 316L by cold rolling can help to become more accessible to biomedical engineering applications. To evaluate the TRIP effect on cold-rolled 316L steel under conditions of low thickness reduction (deformation) of 10, 20, and 30%, mechanical, electrochemical, morphological, magnetic, and crystallographic analyses were performed. Crystallographic analysis by X-ray diffractograms indicated the presence of martensitic crystalline phase α’ for samples with 20 and 30% thickness reduction, which was also verified by metallographic, Vickers microhardness, and ferritoscopy tests. Based on the results obtained, the reversion treatment is recommended for cold conformations in 316L steel as a metallic biomaterial greater than 10% thickness reduction.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metal Alloys Wear and Properties · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Metallurgy and Material Forming
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (70)
Show source-provided references
1. Pires ALR, Bierhalz ACK, Moraes AM (2015) Biomaterials: types, applications, and market. Química Nova 38: 957–971. https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-40422015000700957.10.5935/0100-4042.20150094 ↗
2. Marques AVM, Carmo KMD, Lage WC, Teixeira RLP, Lacerda JCD, Teixeira CHSB, Shitsuka R (2020) Evaluation of the effect of plastic deformation on the microstructure, hardness and magnetic properties of AISI type 316L stainless steel. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 25. https://www.scielo.br/j/rmat/a/BMPfCmgcbyW97vTNMLD7GJG/?lang=pt.10.1590/s1517-707620200002.1011 ↗
3. Pathote D, Jaiswal D, Singh V, Behera CK (2022) Optimization of electrochemical corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel as an effective biomaterial for orthopedic applications. Mater Today proc 57:265–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.50110.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.501 ↗
4. ASTM F139-12. Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673) (2012). https://www.astm.org/f0139-12.html
5. He B (2020) On the factors governing austenite stability: intrinsic versus extrinsic. Materials 13(15):3440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1315344010.3390/ma13153440 ↗
6. Sohrabi MJ, Mirzadeh H, Dehghanian C (2020) Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled AISI 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels during reversion annealing. Iran J Mater Forming 7(1):92–99. https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5744_03ed43392306bbe6fd08c3b03193843f.pdf
7. Bleck W, Guo X, Ma Y (2017) The TRIP effect and its application in cold formable sheet steels. Steel Res Int 88(10):1700218. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.20170021810.1002/srin.201700218 ↗
8. ISO 5832-1. Implants for surgery—metallic materials—Part 1: Wrought stainless steel, International Organization for Standardization (2016) https://www.iso.org/standard/66636.html
9. Asri RIM, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Lah NAC, Ghani SAC, Tarlochan F, Raza MR (2017) Corrosion and surface modification on biocompatible metals: a review. Mater Sci Eng C 77:1261–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.10210.1016/j.msec.2017.04.102 ↗
10. ASTM F138-19. Standard specification for wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum stainless steel bar and wire for surgical implants (UNS S31673) (2019). https://www.astm.org/f0138-19.html
11. Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (2004) Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. San Diego, California, pp. 162–4. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-bulletin/article/library/0D723BFF0B9D79E2BE31A292CF83D973
12. Marques RA, Rogero SO, Terada M, Pieretti EF, Costa I (2014) Localized corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity evaluation of ferritic stainless steels for use in implantable dental devices with magnetic connections. Int J Electrochem Sci 9(3):1340. http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol9/90301340.pdf10.1016/S1452-3981(23)07798-2 ↗
13. MARKET DATA (2021) Global Biomaterials Market Size, Share, Trends, COVID-19 Impact & Growth Analysis Report—Segmented by Material Type, Application and Region—Industry Forecast (2021 to 2026) (2021). https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/biomaterials-market
14. THE EMERGEN RESEARCH. Biomaterials Market by Type (Ceramic, Metallic, Polymeric, Natural, Others), By Application (Cardiovascular, Ophthalmology, Orthopedic, Plastic Surgery, Neurology, Others), and Regions Forecasts to 2027 (2020) https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/biomaterialsmarket
15. Callister Jr WD, Rethwisch DG (2021) Fundamentals of materials science and engineering: an integrated approach. Wiley, New York. https://www.wiley.com/en-br/Fundamentals+of+Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+An+Integrated+Approach%2C+6th+Edition-p-9781119688945
16. Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials 27(9):1728–1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.00310.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003 ↗
17. Sumita M, Hanawa T, Teoh SH (2004) Development of nitrogen-containing nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for metallic biomaterials. Mater Sci Eng C 24(6–8):753–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.08.03010.1016/j.msec.2004.08.030 ↗
18. Hanawa T (2004) Metal ion release from metal implants. Mater Sci Eng C 24(6–8):745–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.08.01810.1016/j.msec.2004.08.018 ↗
19. Davis JR (2003) Handbook of materials for medical devices, 1st edn. ASM International, USA. https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1849770/06974G_Frontmatter.pdf
20. Al-Rashidy ZM, Farag MM, Ghany NA, Ibrahim AM, Abdel-Fattah WI (2018) Orthopedic bioactive glass/chitosan composites coated 316L stainless steel by green electrophoretic co-deposition. Surf Coat Technol 334: 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.05210.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.052 ↗
21. Prasad K, Bazaka O, Chua M et al (2017) Metallic biomaterials: current challenges and opportunities. Mater 10(8):884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1008088410.3390/ma10080884 ↗
22. Teixeira RLP, de Lacerda JC, Conceição IC, da Silva SN, Siqueira GO, Moura Filho F (2021) The effects of Niobium on the bioactivity of Ni-Ti-al-Nb shape memory alloys. Arch Metallurgy Mater 66(2). https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2021.13587610.24425/amm.2021.135876 ↗
23. Aksakal B, Yildirim ÖS, Gul H (2004) Metallurgical failure analysis of various implant materials used in orthopedic applications. J Failure Anal Prevent 4(3):17–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-996-0007-910.1007/s11668-996-0007-9 ↗
24. Hosseini MR, Ahangari M, Johar MH, Allahkaram SR (2021) Optimization of nano HA-SiC coating on AISI 316L medical grade stainless steel via electrophoretic deposition. Mater Lett 285:129097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.12909710.1016/j.matlet.2020.129097 ↗
25. Tümer D, Güngörürler M, Havıtçıoğlu H, Arman Y (2020) Investigation of effective coating of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy and 316L stainless steel with graphene or carbon nanotubes with finite element methods. J Mater Res Technol 9(6):15880–15893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.11.05210.1016/j.jmrt.2020.11.052 ↗
26. Vafa E, Bazargan-Lari R, Bahrololoom ME (2021) Electrophoretic deposition of polyvinyl alcohol/natural chitosan/bioactive glass composite coatings on 316L stainless steel for biomedical application. Progress Organic Coatings 151:106059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.10605910.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106059 ↗
27. Kaur S, Bala N, Khosla C (2019) Characterization of hydroxyapatite coating on 316L stainless steel by sol–gel technique. Surf Eng Appl Electrochem 55(3):357–366. https://doi.org/10.3103/S106837551903010410.3103/S1068375519030104 ↗
28. Rivlin VG, Raynor GV (1980) 1: Critical evaluation of constitution of chromium-iron-nickel system. Int Metals Rev 25(1):21–40. https://doi.org/10.1179/imtr.1980.25.1.2110.1179/imtr.1980.25.1.21 ↗
29. Stewart BWKP, Christopher PW (2014) International agency for research on cancer. World cancer report 2014. https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014
30. Sohrabi MJ, Naghizadeh M, Mirzadeh H (2020) Deformation-induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: a review. Arch Civil Mech Eng 20(4):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.08.06610.1016/j.vacuum.2018.08.066 ↗
31. Soleimani M, Kalhor A, Mirzadeh H (2020) Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in advanced steels: a review. Mater Sci Eng A 795: 140023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14002310.1016/j.msea.2020.140023 ↗
32. Santos DB, Barbosa R, de Oliveira PP, Pereloma EV (2009) Mechanical behavior and microstructure of high carbon Si–Mn–Cr Steel with trip effect. ISIJ Int 49(10):1592–1600. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.159210.2355/isijinternational.49.1592 ↗
33. Zackay VF, Parker ER, Fahr D, Busch R (1967) The enhancement of ductility in high-strength steels. ASM Trans Quart 60(2):252–259. https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=201602018455359736
34. Bleck W, Xiaofei G, Ma Y (2017) The TRIP effect and its application in cold formable sheet steels. Steel Res Int 88(10):1700218. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.20170021810.1002/srin.201700218 ↗
35. Wei Y, Lu Q, Kou Z, Feng T, Lai Q (2023) Microstructure and strain hardening behavior of the transformable 316L stainless steel processed by cryogenic pre-deformation. Mater Sci Eng A 862:144424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14442410.1016/j.msea.2022.144424 ↗
36. Leslie WC (1981) The physical metallurgy of steels. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., London, pp 396. https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000436817
37. ASTM E112-13. Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size (2021). https://www.astm.org/e0112-13r21.html
38. Ashby MF, Shercliff H, Cebon D (2018) Materials: engineering, science, processing and design. Butterworth-Heinemann, UK. https://shop.elsevier.com/books/materials/ashby/978-0-08-102376-1
39. Sabooni S, Karimzadeh F, Enayati MH, Ngan AHW, Jabbari H (2015) Gas tungsten arc welding and friction stir welding of ultrafine grained AISI 304L stainless steel: microstructural and mechanical behavior characterization. Mater Characterization 109:138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.08.00910.1016/j.matchar.2015.08.009 ↗
40. Padilha AF, de Aguiar DJM, Plaut RL (2012) Duplex stainless steels: a dozen of significant phase transformations. Defect and diffusion forum. Vol. 322. Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.322.16310.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.322.163 ↗
41. Marques FM, Rocha ADS, Santos GR, Wolfart Junior M, Costa RC, Ferreira JZ (2021) The influence of surface condition on the electrochemical properties of ASTM F138 steel for biomedical applications. Mater Res 24. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-006210.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0062 ↗
42. Padilha AF, Ronald LP, Rios PR (2003) Annealing of cold-worked austenitic stainless steels. ISIJ Int 43(2):135–143. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.13510.2355/isijinternational.43.135 ↗
43. Diniz AE, Machado AR, Corrêa JG (2016) Tool wear mechanisms in the machining of steels and stainless steels. Int J Adv Manufact Technol 87(9):3157–3168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8704-310.1007/s00170-016-8704-3 ↗
44. Berrahmoune MR, Berveiller S, Inal K, Patoor K (2006) E Delayed cracking in 301LN austenitic steel after deep drawing: martensitic transformation and residual stress analysis. Mater Sci Eng A 438:262–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.18910.1016/j.msea.2006.02.189 ↗
45. Sandim MJR, Mauro V, Tavares SSM, Zilnyk KD, Sandim HRZ (2021) Magnetic properties and microstructural characterization of cold-rolled and annealed 317L austenitic stainless steel. J Magnet Magnet Mater 539:168336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.16833610.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168336 ↗
46. Altan T, Tekkaya AE (2012) Sheet metal forming: fundamentals. ASM International, USA. https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1849770/05340G_TOC.pdf10.31399/asm.tb.smff.9781627083164 ↗
47. Liverani E, Toschi S, Ceschini L, Fortunato A (2017) Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel. J Mater Process Technol 249:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.04210.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.042 ↗
48. ASTM E92–17(2017) Standard Test Methods For Vickers Hardness And Knoop Hardness Of Metallic Materials. https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/astm/astme9217
49. Nnakwo KC, Osakwe FO, Ugwuanyi BC, Oghenekowho PA, Okeke IU, Maduka EA (2021) Grain characteristics, electrical conductivity, and hardness of Zn-doped Cu–3Si alloys system. SN Appl Sci 3(11):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04784-110.1007/s42452-021-04784-1 ↗
50. Li X, Cui L, Li J, Chen Y, Han W, Shonkwiler S, McMains S (2022) Automation of intercept method for grain size measurement: a topological skeleton approach. Mater Des 224:111358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.11135810.1016/j.matdes.2022.111358 ↗
51. IMAGEJ. Intersect Count Method for quantitative metallography (2022). https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/macros/toolsets/Intersects_Method.txt
52. Chadha K, Tian Y, Spray JG, Aranas C Jr (2020) Effect of annealing heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of hot isostatic pressed 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Metals 10(6):753. https://doi.org/10.3390/met1006075310.3390/met10060753 ↗
53. Lacerda JCD, Freitas LLD., Brito RF, Moura Filho F, Teixeira RLP (2021) Comparative study between sensitization degree of the 0.4% Mo austenitic stainless steel and UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel. Mater Res 24.1:e20200408. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0408.10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0408 ↗
54. Lacerda JCD, Teixeira RLP, Souza, RMRD, Soares RB, Lins VDFC (2020) Pitting corrosion behavior of UNS S31803 and UNS S32304 duplex stainless steels in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Mater. (Rio de Janeiro) 25.2:e-12622. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620200002.102210.1590/S1517-707620200002.1022 ↗
55. Teixeira RLP, de Lacerda JC, Conceição IC, da Silva S N, Siqueira GO, Moura Filho F (2021) The effects of niobium on the bioactivity of Ni-Ti-al-Nb shape memory alloys. Arch Metall Mater 66.2:437–442. http://imim.pl/files/archiwum/Vol2_2021/12.pdf10.24425/amm.2021.135876 ↗
56. TESCAN VEGA (2022) Analytical SEM for routine materials characterization, research and quality control applications at the micron scale. https://www.tescan.com/product/sem-for-materials-science-tescan-vega/
57. Camerini CG, Silva VMA, Soares IA, Santos RWF, Ramos JE, Santos JMC, Pereira GR (2018) Ferrite content meter analysis for delta ferrite evaluation in superduplex stainless steel. J Market Res 7(3):366–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.00510.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.005 ↗
58. Shahri MG, Salehi M, Hosseini SR, Naderi M (2017) Effect of nanostructured grains on martensite formation during plasma nitriding of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol 310:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.01910.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.019 ↗
59. FERITSCOPE FMP30 (2022) Measurement of the Ferrite Content in Austenitic and Duplex Steel. https://www.qnde.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/FERITSCOPE-FMP-30-catalogue.pdf
60. MALVERN PANALALYTICAL (2022) X-ray diffractometers, Benchtop & floorstanding XRD solutions. https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/products/category/x-ray-diffractometers
61. Sohrabi MJ, Mirzadeh H, Dehghanian C (2020) Significance of martensite reversion and austenite stability to the mechanical properties and transformation-induced plasticity effect of austenitic stainless steels. J Mater Eng Perform 29(5):3233–3242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04798-710.1007/s11665-020-04798-7 ↗
62. Kheiri S, Mirzadeh H, Naghizadeh M (2019) Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel via cold rolling and reversion annealing. Mater Sci Eng A 759:90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.05.02810.1016/j.msea.2019.05.028 ↗
63. ICCD (2022) International Centre for Diffraction Data, Powder Diffraction File (PDF)—Phase Search. https://www.icdd.com/pdfsearch/
64. Singh R, Agrahari S, Yadav SD, Kumar A (2021) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of 316 austenitic stainless steel by CGP. Mater Sci Eng A 812: 141105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14110510.1016/j.msea.2021.141105 ↗
65. Amininejad A, Jamaati R, Hosseinipour SJ (2019) Achieving superior strength and high ductility in AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel via asymmetric cold rolling. Mater Sci Eng A 767: 138433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13843310.1016/j.msea.2019.138433 ↗
66. Zhou Z, Wang S, Li J, Li Y, Wu X, Zhu Y (2020) Hardening after annealing in nanostructured 316L stainless steel. Nano Mater Sci 2(1):80–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14110510.1016/j.msea.2021.141105 ↗
67. Silva EDF, Oliveira LFCD (2011) Chemical and metallographic characterization of stainless steel in implants removed from patients. Acta Ortopedica Brasileira 19:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-7852201100050000310.1590/S1413-78522011000500003 ↗
68. Padilha AF, Rios PR (2002) Decomposition of austenite in austenitic stainless steels. ISIJ Int 42(4):325–327. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.32510.2355/isijinternational.42.325 ↗
69. Santos TA, Santos RCD, Martins WDP, Nascimento CCFD (2019) Avaliação da susceptibilidade à corrosão de um aço inoxidável AISI 316L submetido à simulação térmica com o uso da Gleeble. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 24. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620190003.076110.1590/S1517-707620190003.0761 ↗
70. Lesyk DA, Soyama H, Mordyuk BN, Dzhemelinskyi VV, Martinez S, Khripta NI, Lamikiz A (2019) Mechanical surface treatments of AISI 304 stainless steel: effects on surface microrelief, residual stress, and microstructure. J Mater Eng Performance 28(9):5307–5322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04273-y10.1007/s11665-019-04273-y ↗