DataVXJournal of Materials SciencePaper
journal article·2023-08

Review: Textile-based soft robotics for physically challenged individuals

Akhiri Zannat, Mohammad Nasir Uddin, Sharif Tasnim Mahmud, Pinaki Shankar Saha Prithu, Rony Mia

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 58· Issue 31
Publisher page
Source abstract

Abstract

Due to the rapid advancements in the human–robot interface, soft robotics is getting attention in recent times. Conventional robots or robotic devices are not compatible with being used for internal application of the patient’s body even outer applications are also inhibited due to lack of flexibility, heavyweight, and less motion creation. As physically challenged persons require different degree of comfortability and flexibility in their everyday work or therapy, textile-based soft robots have diverse advantages including safety, easiness to use, and proper deformability to assist them. Any robotic system for rehabilitation of the impaired patients is composed of three different units of sensing, actuation, and controlling. The accommodation of these three units in conventional robotic systems makes the device heavy, rigid, and mechanically less functional. Textile materials have a higher level of inherent and programmable properties regarding physical and chemical structure, weight, durability, and deformability. Leveraging textile structures, many efforts have already been done for the fabrication of soft robots. This review will discuss the present scenario of textile-based soft actuators that are made to assist physically challenged individuals. Materials, fabrication methods, outcomes of the devices, requirement specific applications of soft robotics for physically challenged individuals have been discussed. Finally, we suggest some future directions for textile-based soft robots addressing some challenges in this field.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Advanced Materials and Mechanics · Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Vornholt K et al (2018) Disability and employment—overview and highlights. Eur J Work Organ Psychol 27(1):40–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.138753610.1080/1359432X.2017.1387536 ↗
2. Qassim HM, Wan Hasan WZ (2020) A review on upper limb rehabilitation robots. Appl Sci 10(19):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/app1019697610.3390/app10196976 ↗
3. Ekkelenkamp R, Veneman J, Van Der Kooij H (2005) LOPES: selective control of gait functions during the gait rehabilitation of CVA patients. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 9th international conference on rehabilitation robotics, vol 2005, pp 361–364. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2005.150112010.1109/ICORR.2005.1501120 ↗
4. Macmathúna L (2012) Getting to grips with innovation and genre diversification in the work of the Ó Neachtain circle in early eighteenth-century Dublin. Eighteenth Century Irel 27(3):53–83. https://doi.org/10.3828/eci.2012.610.3828/eci.2012.6 ↗
5. Reinkensmeyer D, Dietz V (2016) Neurorehabilitation technology: second edition. Neurorehabilitation technology, 2nd ed, pp 1–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28603-710.1007/978-3-319-28603-7 ↗
6. Hesse S, Waldner A, Tomelleri C (2010) Innovative gait robot for the repetitive practice of floor walking and stair climbing up and down in stroke patients. J Neuroeng Rehabil 7(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-7-3010.1186/1743-0003-7-30 ↗
7. Roy A et al (2007) Measurement of human ankle stiffness using the anklebot. In: 2007 IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics, ICORR’07, vol 00, no c, pp 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2007.442845010.1109/ICORR.2007.4428450 ↗
8. Banala SK, Agrawal SK, Kim SH, Scholz JP (2010) Novel gait adaptation and neuromotor training results using an active leg exoskeleton. IEEE/ASME Trans Mechatron 15(2):216–225. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2010.204124510.1109/TMECH.2010.2041245 ↗
9. Winfree KN, Stegall P, Agrawal SK (2011) Design of a minimally constraining, passively supported gait training exoskeleton: ALEX II. In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics, December 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2011.597549910.1109/ICORR.2011.5975499 ↗
10. Kawamoto H, Lee S, Kanbe S, Sankai Y (2003) Power assist method for HAL-3 using EMG-based feedback controller. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics, vol 2, pp 1648–1653https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2003.124464910.1109/icsmc.2003.1244649 ↗
11. Hu XL, Tong KY, Song R, Zheng XJ, Leung WWF (2009) A comparison between electromyography-driven robot and passive motion device on wrist rehabilitation for chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23(8):837–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/154596830933819110.1177/1545968309338191 ↗
12. Głowiński S, Blażejewski A (2019) An exoskeleton arm optimal configuration determination using inverse kinematics and genetic algorithm. Acta Bioeng Biomech 21(1):45–53. https://doi.org/10.5277/ABB-01268-2018-0210.5277/ABB-01268-2018-02 ↗
13. Miao Q, Zhang M, McDaid A, Peng Y, Xie SQ (2020) A robot-assisted bilateral upper limb training strategy with subject-specific workspace: a pilot study. Rob Auton Syst. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2019.10333410.1016/j.robot.2019.103334 ↗
14. Sheng B, Zhang Y, Meng W, Deng C, Xie S (2016) Bilateral robots for upper-limb stroke rehabilitation: state of the art and future prospects. Med Eng Phys 38(7):587–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.04.00410.1016/j.medengphy.2016.04.004 ↗
15. Bogue R (2018) Rehabilitation robots. Ind Rob 45(3):301–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/IR-03-2018-004610.1108/IR-03-2018-0046 ↗
16. Zhang H, Austin H, Buchanan S, Herman R, Koeneman J, He J (2011) Feasibility studies of robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation at clinic and home settings using RUPERT. In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2011.597544010.1109/ICORR.2011.5975440 ↗
17. Song R, Tong KY, Hu X, Li L (2008) Assistive control system using continuous myoelectric signal in robot-aided arm training for patients after stroke. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 16(4):371–379. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2008.92670710.1109/TNSRE.2008.926707 ↗
18. Cesqui B, Tropea P, Micera S, Krebs HI (2013) EMG-based pattern recognition approach in post stroke robot-aided rehabilitation: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 10(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-10-7510.1186/1743-0003-10-75 ↗
19. Majidi C (2014) Soft robotics: a perspective—current trends and prospects for the future. Soft Robot 1(1):5–11. https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2013.000110.1089/soro.2013.0001 ↗
20. Gries T, Raina M, Quadflieg T, Stolyarov O (2016) Manufacturing of textiles for civil engineering applications. Elsevier, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-446-8.00002-110.1016/B978-1-78242-446-8.00002-1 ↗
21. Fu C, Xia Z, Hurren C, Nilghaz A, Wang X (2022) Biosensors and bioelectronics textiles in soft robots: current progress and future trends. Biosens Bioelectron 196:113690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.11369010.1016/j.bios.2021.113690 ↗
22. Zeng W, Shu L, Li Q, Chen S, Wang F, Tao XM (2014) Fiber-based wearable electronics: a review of materials, fabrication, devices, and applications. Adv Mater 26(31):5310–5336. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20140063310.1002/adma.201400633 ↗
23. Weng W, Chen P, He S, Sun X, Peng H (2016) Smarte elektronische Textilien. Angew Chemie 128(21):6248–6277. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.20150733310.1002/ange.201507333 ↗
24. Jost K, Dion G, Gogotsi Y (2014) Textile energy storage in perspective. J Mater Chem A 2(28):10776–10787. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00203b10.1039/c4ta00203b ↗
25. Rus D, Tolley MT (2015) Design, fabrication and control of soft robots. Nature 521(7553):467–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1454310.1038/nature14543 ↗
26. Rich SI, Wood RJ, Majidi C (2018) Untethered soft robotics. Nat Electron 1(2):102–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0024-110.1038/s41928-018-0024-1 ↗
27. Wallin TJ, Pikul J, Shepherd RF (2018) 3D printing of soft robotic systems. Nat Rev Mater 3(6):84–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0002-210.1038/s41578-018-0002-2 ↗
28. Erol O, Pantula A, Liu W, Gracias DH (2019) Transformer hydrogels: a review. Adv Mater Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.20190004310.1002/admt.201900043 ↗
29. Thalman CM, Lam QP, Nguyen PH, Sridar S, Polygerinos P (2018) A novel soft elbow exosuit to supplement bicep lifting capacity. In: IEEE international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 6965–6971. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2018.8594403.10.1109/IROS.2018.8594403 ↗
30. T. H. Koh, N. Cheng, H. K. Yap, and C. H. Yeow, “Design of a soft robotic elbow sleeve with passive and intent-controlled actuation,” Front. Neurosci., vol. 11, no. OCT, pp. 1–12, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00597.10.3389/fnins.2017.00597 ↗
31. Simpson CS, Okamura AM, Hawkes EW (2017) Exomuscle: an inflatable device for shoulder abduction support. In: Proceedings—IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, pp 6651–6657. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2017.798978510.1109/ICRA.2017.7989785 ↗
32. O’Neill CT, Phipps NS, Cappello L, Paganoni S, Walsh CJ (2017) A soft wearable robot for the shoulder: design, characterization, and preliminary testing. In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics, vol 02129, pp 1672–1678.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2017.800948810.1109/ICORR.2017.8009488 ↗
33. Natividad RF, Hong SW, Miller-Jackson TM, Yeow CH (2019) The exosleeve: a soft robotic exoskeleton for assisting in activities of daily living. Biosyst Biorobot 22:406–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01887-0_7810.1007/978-3-030-01887-0_78 ↗
34. Yap HK et al (2017) A fully fabric-based bidirectional soft robotic glove for assistance and rehabilitation of hand impaired patients. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2(3):1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2017.266936610.1109/LRA.2017.2669366 ↗
35. In H, Kang BB, Sin MK, Cho KJ (2015) Exo-glove: a wearable robot for the hand with a soft tendon routing system. IEEE Robot Autom Mag 22(1):97–105. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2014.236286310.1109/MRA.2014.2362863 ↗
36. Polygerinos P, Wang Z, Galloway KC, Wood RJ, Walsh CJ (2015) Soft robotic glove for combined assistance and at-home rehabilitation. Rob Auton Syst 73:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2014.08.01410.1016/j.robot.2014.08.014 ↗
37. Connolly F, Wagner DA, Walsh CJ, Bertoldi K (2019) Sew-free anisotropic textile composites for rapid design and manufacturing of soft wearable robots. Extrem Mech Lett 27:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2019.01.00710.1016/j.eml.2019.01.007 ↗
38. Cappello L et al (2018) Exploiting textile mechanical anisotropy for fabric-based pneumatic actuators. Soft Robot 5(5):662–674. https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2017.007610.1089/soro.2017.0076 ↗
39. Nassour J, Hamker F (2019) Enfolded textile actuator for soft wearable robots. In: 2019 IEEE international conference on cyborg and bionic systems, CBS 2019, pp 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/CBS46900.2019.911442510.1109/CBS46900.2019.9114425 ↗
40. Bartlett NW et al (2015) A soft robotic orthosis for wrist rehabilitation. J Med Devices Trans ASME 9(3):2015–2017. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.403055410.1115/1.4030554 ↗
41. Garriga-Casanovas A, Faudzi AAM, Hiramitsu T, Rodriguez F, Baena Y, Suzumori K (2017) Multifilament pneumatic artificial muscles to mimic the human neck. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on robotics and biomimetics, ROBIO 2017, vol 2018, pp 809–816. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBIO.2017.832451710.1109/ROBIO.2017.8324517 ↗
42. J. Realmuto and T. Sanger (2019) A robotic forearm orthosis using soft fabric-based helical actuators. In: RoboSoft 2019-2019 IEEE international conference on soft robotics, pp 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOSOFT.2019.872275910.1109/ROBOSOFT.2019.8722759 ↗
43. Park SH, Yi J, Kim D, Lee Y, Koo HS, Park YL (2019) A lightweight, soft wearable sleeve for rehabilitation of forearm pronation and supination. In: RoboSoft 2019-2019 IEEE international conference on soft robotics, pp 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOSOFT.2019.872278310.1109/ROBOSOFT.2019.8722783 ↗
44. Agarwal G, Robertson MA, Sonar H, Paik J (2017) Design and computational modeling of a modular, compliant robotic assembly for human lumbar unit and spinal cord assistance. Sci Rep 7(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14220-310.1038/s41598-017-14220-3 ↗
45. Govin D, Saenz L, Athanasaki G, Snyder L, Polygerinos P (2018) Design and development of a soft robotic back orthosis. In: Frontiers in biomedical devices, BIOMED—2018 design of medical devices conference, DMD 2018, pp 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1115/DMD2018-680610.1115/DMD2018-6806 ↗
46. Sridar S, Nguyen PH, Zhu M, Lam QP, Polygerinos P (2017) Development of a soft-inflatable exosuit for knee rehabilitation. IEEE Int Conf Intell Robot Syst 2017:3722–3727. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2017.820622010.1109/IROS.2017.8206220 ↗
47. Fang J et al (2020) Novel accordion-inspired foldable pneumatic actuators for knee assistive devices. Soft Robot 7(1):95–108. https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2018.015510.1089/soro.2018.0155 ↗
48. Asbeck AT, Schmidt K, Walsh CJ (2015) Soft exosuit for hip assistance. Rob Auton Syst 73:102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2014.09.02510.1016/j.robot.2014.09.025 ↗
49. Thalman CM, Hsu J, Snyder L, Polygerinos P (2019) Design of a soft ankle-foot orthosis exosuit for foot drop assistance. In: Proceedings—IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, vol 2019, pp 8436–8442. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2019.879400510.1109/ICRA.2019.8794005 ↗
50. Park YL et al (2014) Design and control of a bio-inspired soft wearable robotic device for ankle-foot rehabilitation. Bioinspiration Biomim. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/1/01600710.1088/1748-3182/9/1/016007 ↗
51. Chung J, Heimgartner R, Oneill CT, Phipps NS, Walsh CJ (2018) ExoBoot, a soft inflatable robotic boot to assist ankle during walking: design, characterization and preliminary tests. In: Proceedings of the IEEE RAS EMBS international conference on biomedical robotics and biomechatronics, vol 2018, pp 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOROB.2018.848790310.1109/BIOROB.2018.8487903 ↗
52. Sovero S, Talele N, Smith C, Cox N, Swift T, Byl K (2017) Initial data and theory for a high specific-power ankle exoskeleton device. Springer Proc Adv Robot 1:355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50115-4_3110.1007/978-3-319-50115-4_31 ↗
53. Verl A, Albu-Schäffer A, Brock O, Raatz A (2015) Soft robotics: transferring theory to application. Soft Robot Transf Theory Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44506-810.1007/978-3-662-44506-8 ↗
54. Pfeifer R, Lungarella M, Iida F (2007) Self-organization, embodiment, and biologically inspired robotics. Science 318(5853):1088–1093. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114580310.1126/science.1145803 ↗
55. Wei S, Ghosh TK (2022) Bioinspired structures for soft actuators, vol 2101521. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.20210152110.1002/admt.202101521 ↗
56. Whitesides GM (2018) Soft robotics. Angew Chemie Int Ed 57(16):4258–4273. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20180090710.1002/anie.201800907 ↗
57. Polygerinos P et al (2017) Soft robotics: review of fluid-driven intrinsically soft devices; manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications in human–robot interaction. Adv Eng Mater 19(12):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20170001610.1002/adem.201700016 ↗
58. Boyraz P, Runge G, Raatz A (2018) An overview of novel actuators for soft robotics. High-Throughput 7(3):1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/act703004810.3390/act7030048 ↗
59. Polygerinos P et al (2017) Soft robotics: review of fluid-driven intrinsically soft devices; manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications in human–robot interaction. Adv Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20170001610.1002/adem.201700016 ↗
60. Gorissen B, Reynaerts D, Konishi S, Yoshida K, Kim JW, De Volder M (2017) Elastic inflatable actuators for soft robotic applications. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20160497710.1002/adma.201604977 ↗
61. Li S, Vogt DM, Rus D, Wood RJ (2017) Fluid-driven origami-inspired artificial muscles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(50):13132–13137. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.171345011410.1073/pnas.1713450114 ↗
62. Paez L, Agarwal G, Paik J (2016) Design and analysis of a soft pneumatic actuator with origami shell reinforcement. Soft Robot 3(3):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2016.002310.1089/soro.2016.0023 ↗
63. Phan PT, Thai MT, Hoang TT, Davies J, Nguyen CC (2022) Smart textiles using fluid-driven artificial muscle fibers. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15369-210.1038/s41598-022-15369-2 ↗
64. Hoang TT, Phan PT, Thai MT, Lovell NH, Do TN (2020) Bio-inspired conformable and helical soft fabric gripper with variable stiffness and touch sensing. Adv Mater Technol 5(12):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.20200072410.1002/admt.202000724 ↗
65. Hoang TT et al (2021) A wearable soft fabric sleeve for upper limb augmentation. Sensors 21(22):1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/s2122763810.3390/s21227638 ↗
66. Yang B et al (2021) Reprogrammable soft actuation and shape-shifting via tensile jamming. Sci Adv 7(40):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh207310.1126/sciadv.abh2073 ↗
67. Shah DS, Powers JP, Tilton LG, Kriegman S, Bongard J, Kramer-Bottiglio R (2021) A soft robot that adapts to environments through shape change. Nat Mach Intell 3(1):51–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-020-00263-110.1038/s42256-020-00263-1 ↗
68. Stylios GK, Wan T (2007) Shape memory training for smart fabrics. Trans Inst Meas Control 29(3–4):321–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/014233120706947910.1177/0142331207069479 ↗
69. Hu J et al (2010) WITHDRAWN: an overview of stimuli-responsive polymers for smart textile applications. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.04410.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.044 ↗
70. Sanchez V, Walsh CJ, Wood RJ (2021) Textile technology for soft robotic and autonomous garments. Adv Funct Mater 31(6):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200827810.1002/adfm.202008278 ↗
71. Chen J et al (2018) Artificial muscle-like function from hierarchical supramolecular assembly of photoresponsive molecular motors. Nat Chem 10(2):132–138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.288710.1038/nchem.2887 ↗
72. Yuan J et al (2019) Shape memory nanocomposite fibers for untethered high-energy microengines. Science 365(6449):155–158. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw372210.1126/science.aaw3722 ↗
73. Pan CL, Feng ZH, Ma YT, Liu YB (2008) Small torsional piezoelectric fiber actuators with helical electrodes. Appl Phys Lett 92(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.283000910.1063/1.2830009 ↗
74. Pan CL, Ma YT, Liu YB, Zhang Q, Feng ZH (2008) Torsional displacement of piezoelectric fiber actuators with helical electrodes. Sens Actuators A Phys 148(1):250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.08.00210.1016/j.sna.2008.08.002 ↗
75. Khudiyev T et al (2017) Electrostrictive microelectromechanical fibres and textiles. Nat Commun 8(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01558-510.1038/s41467-017-01558-5 ↗
76. Egusa S et al (2010) Multimaterial piezoelectric fibres. Nat Mater 9(8):643–648. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat279210.1038/nmat2792 ↗
77. Baumgartner R et al (2020) A lesson from plants: high-speed soft robotic actuators. Adv Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.20190339110.1002/advs.201903391 ↗
78. Li Y, Guo M, Li Y (2019) Recent advances in plasticized PVC gels for soft actuators and devices: a review. J Mater Chem C 7(42):12991–13009. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04366g10.1039/c9tc04366g ↗
79. Furuse A, Hashimoto M (2017) Development of novel textile and yarn actuators using plasticized PVC gel. Electroact Polym Actuators Devices 10163:1016327. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.225859510.1117/12.2258595 ↗
80. Kaasik F et al (2017) Scalable fabrication of ionic and capacitive laminate actuators for soft robotics. Sens Actuators B Chem 246:154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.06510.1016/j.snb.2017.02.065 ↗
81. Baughman RH et al (1999) Carbon nanotube actuators. Science 284(5418):1340–1344. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.134010.1126/science.284.5418.1340 ↗
82. Foroughi J et al (2011) Torsional carbon nanotube artificial muscles. Science 334(6055):494–497. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.121122010.1126/science.1211220 ↗
83. Ruangsupapichat N, Pollard MM, Harutyunyan SR, Feringa BL (2011) Reversing the direction in a light-driven rotary molecular motor. Nat Chem 3(1):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.87210.1038/nchem.872 ↗
84. Gelebart AH, Mc Bride M, Schenning APHJ, Bowman CN, Broer DJ (2016) Photoresponsive fiber array: toward mimicking the collective motion of cilia for transport applications. Adv Funct Mater 26(29):5322–5327. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20160122110.1002/adfm.201601221 ↗
85. Yoshino T, Kondo M, Mamiya JI, Kinoshita M, Yu Y, Ikeda T (2010) Three-dimensional photomobility of crosslinked azobenzene liquid-crystalline polymer fibers. Adv Mater 22(12):1361–1363. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20090287910.1002/adma.200902879 ↗
86. Lancia F, Ryabchun A, Katsonis N (2019) Life-like motion driven by artificial molecular machines. Nat Rev Chem 3(9):536–551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0122-210.1038/s41570-019-0122-2 ↗
87. Liao J, Yang M, Liu Z, Zhang H (2019) Fast photoinduced deformation of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers containing α-cyanostilbene derivative. J Mater Chem A 7(5):2002–2008. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12030g10.1039/c8ta12030g ↗
88. Kim H et al (2018) Thermally responsive torsional and tensile fiber actuator based on graphene oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(38):32760–32764. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b1242610.1021/acsami.8b12426 ↗
89. Cherubini A, Moretti G, Vertechy R, Fontana M (2015) Experimental characterization of thermally-activated artificial muscles based on coiled nylon fishing lines. AIP Adv. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.492331510.1063/1.4923315 ↗
90. Ionov L, Stoychev G, Jehnichen D, Sommer JU (2017) Reversibly actuating solid Janus polymeric fibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(5):4873–4881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b1308410.1021/acsami.6b13084 ↗
91. Farhan M, Rudolph T, Kratz K, Lendlein A (2018) Torsional fiber actuators from shape-memory polymer. MRS Adv 3(63):3861–3868. https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.62110.1557/adv.2018.621 ↗
92. Shi Q et al (2017) A remote controllable fiber-type near-infrared light-responsive actuator. Chem Commun 53(81):11118–11121. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc03408c10.1039/c7cc03408c ↗
93. Kim H et al (2019) Intelligently actuating liquid crystal elastomer-carbon nanotube composites. Adv Funct Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20190506310.1002/adfm.201905063 ↗
94. Park J et al (2017) Electrically controllable twisted-coiled artificial muscle actuators using surfacemodified polyester fibers. Smart Mater Struct 26(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa532310.1088/1361-665X/aa5323 ↗
95. Jia T et al (2019) Moisture sensitive smart yarns and textiles from self-balanced silk fiber muscles. Adv Funct Mater 29(18):1–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20180824110.1002/adfm.201808241 ↗
96. Cheng H et al (2013) Graphene fibers with predetermined deformation as Moisture-triggered actuators and robots. Angew Chemie Int Ed 52(40):10482–10486. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20130435810.1002/anie.201304358 ↗
97. Mu J et al (2019) Sheath-run artificial muscles. Sci 365:150-155. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw240310.1126/science.aaw2403 ↗
98. Chen P et al (2015) Hierarchically arranged helical fibre actuators driven by solvents and vapours. Nat Nanotechnol 10(12):1077–1083. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.19810.1038/nnano.2015.198 ↗
99. Wang W et al (2018) Natural alginate fiber-based actuator driven by water or moisture for energy harvesting and smart controller applications. J Mater Chem A 6(45):22599–22608. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08064j10.1039/c8ta08064j ↗
100. Yu Y, Wang J, Han X, Yang S, An G, Lu C (2023) Fiber-shaped soft actuators: fabrication, actuation mechanism and application. Adv Fiber Mater. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00254-410.1007/s42765-022-00254-4 ↗