journal article·2022-05

Effect of substrate temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiAl alloy fabricated using the twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing system

Lin Wang, Wenlu Zhou, Chen Shen, Yuelong Zhang, Fang Li, Yuhan Ding, Jianwen Xin, Baosen Wang, Xueming Hua

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 57· Issue 19
Publisher page

Abstract

TiAl alloy becomes a promising high-temperature structural material due to excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperature. However, the inherent brittleness makes it difficult to be processed by traditional technologies. Therefore, an innovative twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing (TW-PAAM) process is developed to fabricate TiAl alloy. Substrate heating is indispensable during additively manufactured TiAl alloy, which can alleviate its crack tendency. In this paper, crack-free TiAl alloy samples are fabricated using TW-PAAM, and the effect of substrate temperature (560, 620 and 680 °C) on as-deposited TiAl alloy is investigated in detail. With the increase in substrate temperature, microstructural lamellar spacing and colony size exhibit the tendency of increase. Also, α2 phase content, recrystallization degree and high Schmid factor frequency present the decrease tendency. These variations of microstructure characteristics further lead to the decrease in both microhardness and tensile properties of the deposit. These findings provide a valuable reference for optimizing microstructures and mechanical properties of additively manufactured TiAl alloys.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Intermetallics and Advanced Alloy Properties · Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Advanced materials and composites

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (48)

Show source-provided references
1. Kothari K, Radhakrishnan R, Wereley NM (2012) Advances in gamma titanium aluminides and their manufacturing techniques. Prog Aerosp Sci 55:1–1610.1016/j.paerosci.2012.04.001 ↗
2. Clemens H, Mayer S (2013) Design, processing, microstructure, properties, and applications of advanced intermetallic TiAl alloys. Adv Eng Mater 15:4191–421510.1002/adem.201200231 ↗
3. Bewlay BP, Nag S, Suzuki A, Weimer MJ (2016) TiAl alloys in commercial aircraft engines. Mater High Temp 33(4–5):549–55910.1080/09603409.2016.1183068 ↗
4. Dzogbewu TC (2020) Additive manufacturing of TiAl-based alloys. Manuf Rev 7:35
5. Thomas M, Malot T, Aubry P, Colin C, Vilaro T, Bertrand P (2016) The prospects for additive manufacturing of bulk TiAl alloy. Mater High Temp 33:571–57710.1080/09603409.2016.1171510 ↗
6. Baudana G, Biamino S, Ugues D, Lombardi M, Fino P, Pavese M, Badini C (2016) Titanium aluminides for aerospace and automotive applications processed by electron beam melting: contribution of Politecnico di Torino. Met Powder Rep 71:3193–319910.1016/j.mprp.2016.02.058 ↗
7. Balla VK, Das M, Mohammad A, Al-Ahmari AM (2016) Additive manufacturing of γ-TiAl: processing, microstructure, and properties. Adv Eng Mater 18:71208–7121510.1002/adem.201500588 ↗
8. Shen C, Pan Z, Cuiuri D, Ding D, Li H (2017) Influences of deposition current and interpass temperature to the Fe3Al-based iron aluminide fabricated using wire-arc additive manufacturing process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 88(5–8):2009–201810.1007/s00170-016-8935-3 ↗
9. Lober L, Biamino S, Ackelid U, Sabbadini S, Epicoco P, Fino P and Eckert J (2011) Comparison of selective laser and electron beam melted titanium aluminides. 22nd Annual international solid freeform fabrication symposium—an additive manufacturing conference, SFF, pp 547–556
10. Li W, Liu J, Zhou Y, Wen S, Wei Q, Yan C, Shi Y (2016) Effect of substrate preheating on the texture, phase and nanohardness of a Ti–45Al–2Cr–5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting. Scr Mater 118:13–1810.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.02.022 ↗
11. Gussone J, Hagedorn Y-C, Gherekhloo H, Kasperovich G, Merzouk T, Hausmann J (2015) Microstructure of γ-titanium aluminide processed by selective laser melting at elevated temperatures. Intermetallics 66:133–14010.1016/j.intermet.2015.07.005 ↗
12. Wu BT, Pan ZX, Ding DH, Cuiuri D, Li HJ, Xu J, Norrish J (2018) A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement. J Manuf Process 35:127–13910.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.001 ↗
13. Ma Y, Cuiuri D, Hoye N, Li H, Pan Z (2015) The effect of location on the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminides produced by additive layer manufacturing using in-situ alloying and gas tungsten arc welding. Mater Sci Eng A 631:230–24010.1016/j.msea.2015.02.051 ↗
14. Ma Y, Cuiuri D, Hoye N, Li H, Pan Z (2014) Effects of wire feed conditions on in situ alloying and additive layer manufacturing of titanium aluminides using gas tungsten arc welding. J Mater Res 29:172066–172071
15. Wang J, Pan Z, Wei L, He S, Cuiuri D, Li H (2019) Introduction of ternary alloying element in wire arc additive manufacturing of titanium aluminide intermetallic. Addit Manuf 27:236–245
16. Ma Y, Cuiuri D, Shen C, Li H, Pan Z (2015) Effect of interpass temperature on in-situ alloying and additive manufacturing of titanium aluminides using gas tungsten arc welding. Addit Manuf 8:71–77
17. Wu Y, Zhang S, Cheng X, Wang H (2019) Investigation on solid-state phase transformation in a Ti-47Al-2Cr-2V alloy due to thermal cycling during laser additive manufacturing process. J Alloy Compd 799:325–33310.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.337 ↗
18. Tang J, Huang B, He Y, Liu W, Zhou K, Wu A (2002) Hall–Petch relationship in two-phase TiAl alloys with fully lamellar microstructures. Mater Res Bull 37:71315–71321
19. Wang L, Zhang Y, Hua X, Shen C, Li F, Huang Y, Ding Y (2021) Fabrication of γ-TiAl intermetallic alloy using the twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing process: microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 812:14105610.1016/j.msea.2021.141056 ↗
20. Bai XW, Colegrove P, Ding JL, Zhou XM, Diao CL, Bridgeman P, Honnige JR, Zhang HO, Williams S (2018) Numerical analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow in multilayer deposition of PAW-based wire and arc additive manufacturing. Int J Heat Mass Transf 124:504–51610.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.085 ↗
21. Wu CS, Wang L, Ren WJ, Zhang XY (2014) Plasma arc welding: process, sensing, control and modeling. J Manuf Process 16:174–18510.1016/j.jmapro.2013.06.004 ↗
22. Wang L, Shen C, Zhang Y, Li F, Huang Y, Ding Y, Xin J, Zhou W, Hua X (2021) Effect of Al content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of γ-TiAl alloy fabricated by twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing system. Mater Sci Eng A 826:14200810.1016/j.msea.2021.142008 ↗
23. Wang L, Zhang Y, Hua X, Shen C, Li F, Huang Y, Ding Y, Zhang P, Lu Q, Zhang T, Shang J (2021) Twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing of the Ti–45Al titanium aluminide: processing, microstructures and mechanical properties. Intermetallics 136:10727710.1016/j.intermet.2021.107277 ↗
24. Yue H, Chen Y, Wang X, Kong F (2018) Effect of beam current on microstructure, phase, grain characteristic and mechanical properties of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy fabricated by selective electron beam melting. J Alloys Compd 750:617–62510.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.343 ↗
25. Cui N, Kong F, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhou H (2016) Hot deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization of a β-solidifying TiAl alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 652:231–23810.1016/j.msea.2015.11.097 ↗
26. Niu HZ, Chen YF, Zhang YS, Lu JW, Zhang W, Zhang PX (2016) Phase transformation and dynamic recrystallization behavior of a β-solidifying γ-TiAl alloy and its wrought microstructure control. Mater Des 90:196–20310.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.133 ↗
27. Zong Y, Wen D, Liu Z, Shan D (2016) γ-Phase transformation, dynamic recrystallization and texture of a forged TiAl-based alloy based on plane strain compression at elevated temperature. Mater Des 91:321–33010.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.120 ↗
28. Kan W, Liang Y, Peng H, Chen B, Guo H, Lin J (2017) Microstructural degradation of Ti-45Al-8Nb alloy during the fabrication process by electron beam melting. JOM 69:122596–12260110.1007/s11837-017-2592-3 ↗
29. Wang K, Wu M, Yan Z, Li D, Xin R, Liu Q (2018) Microstructure evolution and static recrystallization during hot rolling and annealing of an equiaxed-structure TC21 titanium alloy. J Alloy Compd 752:14–2210.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.148 ↗
30. Yang Q, Jiang B, Song B, Yu Z, He D, Chai Y, Zhang J, Pan F (2020) The effects of orientation control via tension-compression on microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet. J Magnes Alloys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.08.00510.1016/j.jma.2020.08.005 ↗
31. Kim Y (1990) Recent advances in gamma titanium aluminide alloys. MRS Online Proc Libr 213:777–79410.1557/PROC-213-777 ↗
32. Jeong B, Kim J, Lee T, Kim SW, Ryu S (2018) Systematic investigation of the deformsation mechanisms of a γ-TiAl single crystal. Sci Rep 8:1–12
33. Jones SA, Kaufman MJ (1993) Phase equilibria and transformations in intermediate titanium□aluminum alloys. Acta Metall Mater 41:2387–239810.1016/0956-7151(93)90069-5 ↗
34. Ohnuma I, Fujita Y, Mitsui H, Ishikawa K, Kainuma R, Ishida K (2000) Phase equilibria in the Ti–Al binary system. Acta Mater 48:123113–123123
35. Wang L, Zhang Y, Hua X, Shen C, Li F, Huang Y, Ding Y (2021) Fabrication of γ-TiAl intermetallic alloy using the twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing process: microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process 812:14105610.1016/j.msea.2021.141056 ↗
36. Chan KS, Kim YW (1995) Effects of lamellae spacing and colony size on the fracture resistance of a fully-lamellar TiAl alloy. Acta Metall Mater 43:2439–2451
37. Liu ZC, Lin JP, Li SJ, Chen GL (2002) Effects of Nb and Al on the microstructures and mechanical properties of high Nb containing TiAl base alloys. Intermetallics 10:653–65910.1016/S0966-9795(02)00037-7 ↗
38. Tang JC, Huang BY, Zhou KC, Liu WS, Liu Y, He YH (2001) Effect of Al content on the lamellar spacing in two-phase TiAl alloys. J Mater Sci Lett 20:1863–186410.1023/A:1012845422062 ↗
39. Yang J, Wang JN, Wang Y, Xia Q (2003) Refining grain size of a TiAl alloy by cyclic heat treatment through discontinuous coarsening. Intermetallics 11:9971–9974
40. Yim S, Bian H, Aoyagi K, Chiba A (2021) Effect of multi-stage heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure transformation of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 816:14132110.1016/j.msea.2021.141321 ↗
41. Tang B, Wang WY, Xiang L, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ji S, He J, Li J (2020) Metadynamic recrystallization behavior of β-solidified TiAl alloy during post-annealing after hot deformation. Intermetallics 117:10667910.1016/j.intermet.2019.106679 ↗
42. Shifeng W, Shuai L, Qingsong W, Yan C, Sheng Z, Yusheng S (2014) Effect of molten pool boundaries on the mechanical properties of selective laser melting parts. J Mater Process Technol 214:112660–11266710.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.06.002 ↗
43. Birosca S, Di Gioacchino F, Stekovic S, Hardy M (2014) A quantitative approach to study the effect of local texture and heterogeneous plastic strain on the deformation micromechanism in RR1000 nickel-based superalloy. Acta Mater 74:110–12410.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.039 ↗
44. Yue H, Chen Y, Wang X, Xiao S, Kong F (2018) Microstructure, texture and tensile properties of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy produced by selective electron beam melting. J Alloy Compd 766:450–45910.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.025 ↗
45. Li W, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li S, Wen S, Wei Q, Yan C, Shi Y (2016) Effect of laser scanning speed on a Ti-45Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting: microstructure, phase and mechanical properties. J Alloy Compd 688:626–63610.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.206 ↗
46. Dimiduk DM, Hazzledine PM, Parthasarathy TA, Seshagiri S, Mendiratta MG (1998) The role of grain size and selected microstructural parameters in strengthening fully lamellar TiAl alloys. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 29:137–14710.1007/s11661-998-0157-3 ↗
47. Appel F, Brossmann U, Christoph U, Eggert S, Janschek P, Lorenz U, Müllauer J, Oehring M, Paul JDH (2000) Recent progress in the development of gamma titanium aluminide alloys. Adv Eng Mater 2:11699–1172010.1002/1527-2648(200011)2:11<699::AID-ADEM699>3.0.CO;2-J ↗
48. Lin P, Feng A, Yuan S, Li G, Shen J (2013) Microstructure and texture evolution of a near-α titanium alloy during hot deformation. Mater Sci Eng A 563:16–2010.1016/j.msea.2012.11.064 ↗