In situ analysis of damage evolution in an Al/$$\hbox {Al}2\hbox {O}3$$Al2O3 MMC under tensile load by synchrotron X-ray refraction imaging
Source abstract
Abstract
The in situ analysis of the damage evolution in a metal matrix composite (MMC) using synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) is presented. The investigated material is an Al alloy (6061)/10 vol $$\%$$ $$\hbox {Al}2\hbox {O}3$$ MMC after T6 heat treatment. In an interrupted tensile test the gauge section of dog bone-shaped specimens is imaged in different states of tensile loading. On the basis of the SXRR images, the relative change of the specific surface (proportional to the amount of damage) in the course of tensile loading was analyzed. It could be shown that the damage can be detected by SXRR already at a stage of tensile loading, in which no observation of damage is possible with radiographic absorption-based imaging methods. Moreover, the quantitative analysis of the SXRR images reveals that the amount of damage increases homogeneously by an average of 25% with respect to the initial state. To corroborate the experimental findings, the damage distribution was imaged in 3D after the final tensile loading by synchrotron X-ray refraction computed tomography (SXRCT) and absorption-based synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT). It could be evidenced that defects and damages cause pronounced indications in the SXRCT images.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Surface Polishing Techniques · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (47)
Show source-provided references
1. Mortensen A, Llorca J (2010) Metal matrix composites. Annu Rev Mater Res 40(1):243–27010.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104511 ↗
2. Buffière JY, Proudhon H, Ferrie E, Ludwig W, Maire E, Cloetens P (2005) Three dimensional imaging of damage in structural materials using high resolution micro-tomography. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 238(1–4):75–8210.1016/j.nimb.2005.06.021 ↗
3. Clyne TW, Withers PJ (1993) An introduction to metal matrix composites: Cambridge solid state science series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge10.1017/CBO9780511623080 ↗
4. Garces G, Bruno G, Wanner A (2007) Load transfer in short fibre reinforced metal matrix composites. Acta Mater 55(16):5389–540010.1016/j.actamat.2007.06.003 ↗
5. Garces G, Bruno G, Wanner A (2006) Residual stresses in random-planar aluminium/Saffil® short-fibre composites deformed in different loading modes. Int J Mater Res 97(10):1312–131910.3139/146.101372 ↗
6. Garces G, Bruno G, Wanner A (2006) Residual stresses in deformed random-planar aluminium/Saffil®short-fibre composites. Mater Sci Eng A 417(1–2):73–8110.1016/j.msea.2005.10.069 ↗
7. Garces G, Bruno G, Wanner A (2006) Internal stress evolution in a random-planar short fiber aluminum composite. Scr Mater 55(2):163–16610.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.03.056 ↗
8. Cabeza S, Mishurova T, Bruno G, Garcés G, Requena G (2016) The role of reinforcement orientation on the damage evolution of AlSi12CuMgNi + 15% $$\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$$Al2O3 under compression. Scr Mater 122:115–11810.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.05.023 ↗
9. Requena G, Garcés G, Asghar Z, Marks E, Staron P, Cloetens P (2011) The effect of the connectivity of rigid phases on strength of Al–Si alloys. Adv Eng Mater 13(8):674–68410.1002/adem.201000292 ↗
10. Requena G, Degischer H (2006) Creep behaviour of unreinforced and short fibre reinforced AlSi12CuMgNi piston alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 420(1–2):265–27510.1016/j.msea.2006.01.024 ↗
11. Requena GC, Degischer HP (2005) Effects of particle reinforcement on creep behaviour of AlSi1MgCu. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 96(7):807–81310.3139/146.400017 ↗
12. Russell SS, Sutton MA, Chen HS (1989) Image correlation quantitative NDE of impact and fabrication damage in a glass fiber reinforced composite system. J Mater Eval 47(5):550–558
13. Maire E, Withers PJ (2014) Quantitative X-ray tomography. Int Mater Rev 59(1):1–4310.1179/1743280413Y.0000000023 ↗
14. Stock SR (2009) Microcomputed tomography: methodology and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton
15. Reimers W, Pyzalla AR, Schreyer A, Clemens H (2008) Neutrons and synchrotron radiation in engineering materials science. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim10.1002/9783527621927 ↗
16. Kriszt B, Foroughi B, Faure K, Degischer H (2000) Behaviour of aluminium foam under uniaxial compression. Mater Sci Technol 16:792–79610.1179/026708300101508450 ↗
17. Babout L, Maire E, Buffière J, Fougères R (2001) Characterization by X-ray computed tomography of decohesion, porosity growth and coalescence in model matrix composites. Acta Mater 49:2055–206310.1016/S1359-6454(01)00104-5 ↗
18. Ohgaki T, Toda H, Kobayashi M, Uesugi K, Niinomi M, Akahori T, Kobayash T, Makii K, Aruga Y (2006) In situ observations of compressive behaviour of aluminium foams by local tomography using high-resolution X-rays. Philos Mag 86(28):4417–443810.1080/14786430600724454 ↗
19. Khor KH, Buffière JY, Ludwig W, Toda H, Ubhi HS, Gregson PJ, Sinclair I (2004) In situ high resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography of fatigue crack closure micromechanisms. J Phys Condens Matter 16:3511–351510.1088/0953-8984/16/33/012 ↗
20. Buffière JY, Maire E, Verdu C, Cloetens P, Pateyron M, Peix G, Baruchel J (1997) Damage assessment in an Al/SiC composite during monotonic tensile tests using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Mater Sci Eng A A234–236:633–63510.1016/S0921-5093(97)00302-X ↗
21. Adrien J, Maire E, Gimenez N, Sauvant-Moynot V (2007) Experimental study of the compression behaviour of syntactic foams by in situ X-ray tomography. Acta Mater 55(5):1667–167910.1016/j.actamat.2006.10.027 ↗
22. Ferrie E, Buffiere J, Ludwig W, Gravouil A, Edwards L (2006) Fatigue crack propagation: In situ visualization using X-ray microtomography and 3D simulation using the extended finite element method. Acta Mater 54:1111–112210.1016/j.actamat.2005.10.053 ↗
23. Borbély A, Biermann H, Hartmann O, Buffière J (2003) The influence of the free surface on the fracture of alumina particles in an Al–$$\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$$Al2O3 metal-matrix composite. Comput Mater Sci 26:183–18810.1016/S0927-0256(02)00397-X ↗
24. Borbély A, Csikor F, Zabler S, Cloetens P, Biermann H (2004) Three-dimensional characterization of the microstructure of a metal-matrix composite by holotomography. Mater Sci Eng A 367:40–5010.1016/j.msea.2003.09.068 ↗
25. Chapman D, Thomlinson W, Johnston RE, Washburn D, Pisano E, Gmür N, Zhong Z, Menk R, Arfelli F, Sayers D (1997) Diffraction enhanced x-ray imaging. Phys Med Biol 42:2015–202510.1088/0031-9155/42/11/001 ↗
26. Müller BR, Hentschel MP (2013) Handbook of technical diagnostics, chap. Micro-diagnostics: x-ray and synchrotron techniques. Springer, Berlin, pp 287–30010.1007/978-3-642-25850-3_14 ↗
27. de Andrade SF, Williams JJ, Müller BR, Hentschel MP, Portella PD, Chawla N (2010) Three-dimensional microstructure visualization of porosity and Fe-rich inclusions in SiC particle-reinforced al alloy matrix composites by x-ray synchrotron tomography. Metall Mater Trans A 41(8):2121–212810.1007/s11661-010-0260-0 ↗
28. Huppmann M, Camin B, Pyzalla AR, Reimers W (2010) In-situ observation of creep damage evolution in Al–$$\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$$Al2O3 MMCs by synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Int J Mater Res 101(3):372–37910.3139/146.110277 ↗
29. Soppa E, Fischer G, Seidenfuß M, Lammert R, Wackenhut G, Diem H (2008) Deformation and damage in Al based composites. FE simulations and experiments. In: Hirsch J, Skrotzki B, Gottstein G (eds) Aluminium alloys, their physical and mechanical properties, vol 2. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 1225–1231
30. Schneider Y, Soppa E, Kohler C, Mokso R, Roos E (2011) Numerical and experimental investigations of the global and local behaviour of an Al(6061)/$$\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$$Al2O3 metal matrix composite under low cycle fatigue. Proced Eng 10:1515–1520; 11th international conference on the mechanical behavior of materials (ICM11)10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.253 ↗
31. Marrow T, Buffière JY, Withers P, Johnson G, Engelberg D (2004) High resolution X-ray tomography of short fatigue crack nucleation in austempered ductile cast iron. Int J Fatigue 26(7):717–72510.1016/j.ijfatigue.2003.11.001 ↗
32. Buffière JY, Maire E, Cloetens P, Lormand G, Fougères R (1999) Characterization of internal damage in a MMCp using X-ray synchrotron phase contrast microtomography. Acta Mater 47(5):1613–162510.1016/S1359-6454(99)00024-5 ↗
33. Verdu C, Adrien J, Buffière J (2008) Three-dimensional shape of the early stages of fatigue cracks nucleated in nodular cast iron. Mater Sci Eng A 483–484:402–40510.1016/j.msea.2006.09.178 ↗
34. Babout L, Maire E, Fougères R (2004) Damage initiation in model metallic materials: X-ray tomography and modelling. Acta Mater 52(8):2475–248710.1016/j.actamat.2004.02.001 ↗
35. Maire E, Carmona V, Courbon J, Ludwig D (2007) Fast X-ray tomography and acoustic emission study of damage in metals during continuous tensile tests. Acta Mater 55:6806–681510.1016/j.actamat.2007.08.043 ↗
36. Buffière J, Maire E, Adrien J, Masse J, Boller E (2010) In situ experiments with X ray tomography: an attractive tool for experimental mechanics. Exp Mech 50:289–30510.1007/s11340-010-9333-7 ↗
37. Görner W, Hentschel MP, Müller BR, Riesemeier H, Krumrey M, Ulm G, Diete W, Klein U, Frahm R (2001) BAMline: the first hard X-ray beamline at BESSY II. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrom Detect Assoc Equip 467–468, Part 1:703–706; 7th international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00466-1 ↗
38. Müller BR, Lange A, Hentschel MP, Kupsch A (2013) A comfortable procedure for correcting X-ray detector backlight. In: Journal of physics: conference series, vol. 425, No. 19, p. 19201510.1088/1742-6596/425/19/192015 ↗
39. Hentschel MP, Kupsch A, Lange A, Müller BR (2013) Refraktions-interface-radiographie. DGZfP Jahrestagung 2013:1–12
40. Bruno G, Ehrig K, Haarring H, Harwardt M, Hentschel MP, Illerhaus B, Kupsch A, Lange A, Meinel D, Müller BR, Onel Y, Staude A, Wolk T (2014) Industrial and Synchrotron X-ray CT applications for materials characterisation. In: iCT conference 2014, pp 15–31
41. Laquai R, Müller BR, Kasperovich G, Haubrich J, Requena G, Bruno G (2018) X-ray refraction distinguishes unprocessed powder from empty pores in selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Res Lett 6(2):130–13510.1080/21663831.2017.1409288 ↗
42. Fensch-Kleemann FE, Harbich KW, Hentschel MP (2002) Microstructural characterisation of porous ceramics by X-ray refraction topography. CFI Ceram Forum Int 79(11):E35–E38
43. Müller BR, Lange A, Harwardt M, Hentschel M, Illerhaus B, Goebbels J, Bamberg J, Heutling F (2004) Refraction computed tomography—application to metal matrix composites. MP Mater Test 46(6):314–31910.3139/120.100592 ↗
44. Kak A, Slaney M (1988) Principles of computerized tomographic imaging. IEEE Press, Piscataway
45. Müller BR, Cooper R, Lange A, Kupsch A, Wheeler M, Hentschel M, Staude A, Pandey A, Shyam A, Bruno G (2018) Stress-induced microcrack density evolution in beta-eucryptite ceramics: experimental observations and possible route to strain hardening. Acta Mater 144(Supplement C):627–64110.1016/j.actamat.2017.10.030 ↗
46. Harbich KW, Hentschel MP, Schors J (2001) X-ray refraction characterization of non-metallic materials. NDT & E Int 34(4):297–30210.1016/S0963-8695(00)00070-0 ↗
47. Hampe A, Harbich KW, Hentschel MP, Rudolph HV (1999) The determination of inner surfaces in composites by x-ray refraction. In: Proceedings of the ICCM-12 conference, Paris, France