The reinforcement efficacy of nano- and microscale silica for extruded wood flour/HDPE composites: the effects of dispersion patterns and interfacial modification
Source abstract
Abstract
The reinforcement efficacy of nano-silica particles for wood/plastic composites (WPCs) has been inconsistent in previous research. Accordingly, this systematic study was conducted to verify the reinforcement feasibility using silica particles. Micro- and nano-silica particles were incorporated into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) via direct compounding (dry dispersion) or by mixing in a solution (wet dispersion), to determine the effects of dispersion and particle size on the reinforcement efficacy of the resulting wood/HDPE composites. Compared with non-filled WPCs, dry dispersion reduced the WPCs’ mechanical strength for microsilica (> 30%), but increased it for nano-silica (< 10%). Wet dispersion plus a surface treatment of silica with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTS) improved the mechanical strengths of the WPCs by up to 30%; the creep deformation was also restricted to some extent. This study demonstrates that silica particles can reinforce WPCs to a moderate extent, if they are in the nano-diameter size range and are uniformly dispersed into the matrix of the WPC system.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Wood Treatment and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (35)
Show source-provided references
1. Zolfaghari A, Behravesh AH, Adli A (2013) Continuous glass fiber reinforced wood plastic composite in extrusion process: mechanical properties. Mater Des 51:701–70810.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.082 ↗
2. Naghipour M, Nematzadeh M, Yahyazadeh Q (2011) Analytical and experimental study on flexural performance of WPC–FRP beams. Constr Build Mater 25:829–83710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.104 ↗
3. Turku I, Kärki T (2013) The effect of carbon fibers, glass fibers and nanoclay on wood flour-polypropylene composite properties. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 72:73–7910.1007/s00107-013-0754-8 ↗
4. Ou R, Zhao H, Sui S, Song Y, Wang Q (2010) Reinforcing effects of Kevlar fiber on the mechanical properties of wood-flour/high-density-polyethylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 41:1272–127810.1016/j.compositesa.2010.05.011 ↗
5. Deka BK, Maji TK (2012) Effect of silica nanopowder on the properties of wood flour/polymer composite. Polym Eng Sci 52:1516–152310.1002/pen.23097 ↗
6. Fei P, Xiong H, Cai J, Liu C, Zia-ud D, Yu Y (2016) Enhanced the weatherability of bamboo fiber-based outdoor building decoration materials by rutile nano-TiO2. Constr Build Mater 114:307–31610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.166 ↗
7. Chen Y, Iroh JO (1999) Synthesis and characterization of polyimide/silica hybrid composites. Chem Mater 11:1218–122210.1021/cm980428l ↗
8. Cai LF, Huang XB, Rong MZ, Ruan WH, Zhang MQ (2006) Effect of grafted polymeric foaming agent on the structure and properties of nano-silica/polypropylene composites. Polymer 47:7043–705010.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.016 ↗
9. Chavooshi A, Madhoushi M, Navi M, Abareshi MY (2014) MDF dust/PP composites reinforced with nanoclay: morphology, long-term physical properties and withdrawal strength of fasteners in dry and saturated conditions. Constr Build Mater 52:324–33010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.045 ↗
10. Katsikis N, Zahradnik F, Helmschrott A, Münstedt H, Vital A (2007) Thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nano- and microcomposites as investigated by dynamic-mechanical experiments. Polym Degrad Stab 92:1966–197610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.08.009 ↗
11. Liu R, Luo S, Cao J, Peng Y (2013) Characterization of organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) modified wood flour and properties of its composites with poly(lactic acid). Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 51:33–4210.1016/j.compositesa.2013.03.019 ↗
12. Wang C, Wang S, Cheng H, Xian Y, Zhang S (2017) Mechanical properties and prediction for nanocalcium carbonate-treated bamboo fiber/high-density polyethylene composites. J Mater Sci 52:11482–1149510.1007/s10853-017-1285-1 ↗
13. Shariati M, Farzi G, Dadrasi A (2015) Mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of thin-walled square columns of silica/epoxy nanocomposite. Constr Build Mater 78:362–36810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.031 ↗
14. Wu CL, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Friedrich K (2002) Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 62:1327–134010.1016/S0266-3538(02)00079-9 ↗
15. Wu C, Zhang M, Rong M, Friedrich K (2005) Silica nanoparticles filled polypropylene: effects of particle surface treatment, matrix ductility and particle species on mechanical performance of the composites. Compos Sci Technol 65:635–64510.1016/j.compscitech.2004.09.004 ↗
16. Thio YS, Argon AS, Cohen RE (2004) Role of interfacial adhesion strength on toughening polypropylene with rigid particles. Polymer 45:3139–314710.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.064 ↗
17. Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Zheng YX, Zeng HM, Walter R, Friedrich K (2001) Structure–property relationships of irradiation grafted nano-inorganic particle filled polypropylene composites. Polymer 42:167–18310.1016/S0032-3861(00)00325-6 ↗
18. Chrissafis K, Paraskevopoulos KM, Pavlidou E, Bikiaris D (2009) Thermal degradation mechanism of HDPE nanocomposites containing fumed silica nanoparticles. Thermochim Acta 485:65–7110.1016/j.tca.2008.12.011 ↗
19. Li Y, Yu J, Guo ZX (2003) The influence of interphase on nylon-6/nano-SiO2 composite materials obtained from in situ polymerization. Polym Int 52:981–98610.1002/pi.1173 ↗
20. Pan MZ, Lian HL, Mei CT (2012) Flammability of nano silicon dioxide-wood fiber-polyethylene composites. J Compos Mater 47:1471–1477
21. Tabar MM, Tabarsa T, Mashkour M, Khazaeian A (2015) Using silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano-powder as reinforcement for walnut shell flour/HDPE composite materials. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 12:15–2110.1007/s13196-015-0139-1 ↗
22. Müller CM, Molinelli A, Karlowatz M, Aleksandrov A, Orlando T, Mizaikoff B (2012) Infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy of quartz and silica micro- and nanoparticulate films. J Phys Chem C 116:37–4310.1021/jp205137b ↗
23. Patel S, Bandyopadhyay A, Vijayabaskar V, Bhowmick AK (2006) Effect of acrylic copolymer and terpolymer composition on the properties of in situ polymer/silica hybrid nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 41:927–936. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-6576-x10.1007/s10853-006-6576-x ↗
24. Osswald J, Fehr KT (2006) FTIR spectroscopic study on liquid silica solutions and nanoscale particle size determination. J Mater Sci 41:1335–1339. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-7327-810.1007/s10853-006-7327-8 ↗
25. Oikawa Y, Saito T, Yamada S, Sugiya M, Sawada H (2015) Preparation and surface property of fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer/talc composite-encapsulated organic compounds: application for the separation of oil and water. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7:13782–1379310.1021/acsami.5b01588 ↗
26. Connell LS, Romer F, Suárez M, Valliant EM, Zhang Z, Lee PD, Smith ME, Hanna JV, Jones JR (2014) Chemical characterisation and fabrication of chitosan–silica hybrid scaffolds with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane. J Mater Chem B 2:668–68010.1039/C3TB21507E ↗
27. Hu M, Wang Z, Qu B, Hu K (2006) Vapour phase grafting of vinyltrimethoxysilane and water crosslinking of polypropylene. React Funct Polym 66:287–29610.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.08.005 ↗
28. Xie Y, Hill CAS, Xiao Z, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 41:806–81910.1016/j.compositesa.2010.03.005 ↗
29. Mammeri F, Bourhis EL, Rozes L, Sanchez C (2005) Mechanical properties of hybrid organic–inorganic materials. J Mater Chem 15:3787–381110.1039/b507309j ↗
30. Wang Q, Xiao Z, Wang W, Xie Y (2014) Coupling pattern and efficacy of organofunctional silanes in wood flour-filled polypropylene or polyethylene composites. J Compos Mater 49:677–68410.1177/0021998314525065 ↗
31. Deka BK, Maji TK (2012) Effect of SiO2 and nanoclay on the properties of wood polymer nanocomposite. Polym Bull 70:403–41710.1007/s00289-012-0799-6 ↗
32. Zhou HJ, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Friedrich K (2006) Effects of reactive compatibilization on the performance of nano-silica filled polypropylene composites. J Mater Sci 41:5767–5770. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0112-x.pdf10.1007/s10853-006-0112-x.pdf ↗
33. Huang R, Xu X, Lee S, Zhang Y, Kim BJ, Wu Q (2013) High density polyethylene composites reinforced with hybrid inorganic fillers: morphology, mechanical and thermal expansion performance. Materials 6:4122–413810.3390/ma6094122 ↗
34. Wang X, Gong LX, Tang LC, Peng K, Pei YB, Zhao L, Wu LB, Jiang JX (2015) Temperature dependence of creep and recovery behaviors of polymer composites filled with chemically reduced graphene oxide. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 69:288–29810.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.031 ↗
35. Muenstedt H, Katsikis N, Kaschta J (2008) Rheological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/nanoclay composites as investigated by creep recovery in shear. Macromolecules 41:9777–978310.1021/ma800237x ↗