In situ detection of thermally induced porosity in additively manufactured and sintered objects
Source abstract
Abstract
Dilatation measurements, combined with thermal programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD-MS), were utilized for studying thermally induced porosity (TIP) in selective laser melting additively manufactured (AM) AlSi10Mg and Ta30at.%–Ti samples produced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). A clear abrupt upward deviation in thermal expansion is observed, most probably indicating the occurrence of TIP mechanisms in both AM objects and powder metallurgy samples. For both AlSi10Mg and Ta30at.%–Ti, pores are clearly observed by either microscopic or macroscopic examinations. The TPD-MS analysis shows that both water and hydrogen evolve from AlSi10Mg powder particles, thus suggesting that thermally induced expansion of trapped hydrogen in HIP’ed Ta30at.%–Ti alloy and in laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg is the main source for the pressure increase in pores that consequently leads to permanent expansion upon heating. A simplified model that correlates the pressure inside the pores with the weakening of the material upon heating and TIP is proposed.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (45)
Show source-provided references
1. Wu X, Liang J, Mei J, Mitchell C, Goodwin PS, Voice W (2004) Microstructures of laser-deposited Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Des 25:137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2003.09.00910.1016/j.matdes.2003.09.009 ↗
2. Murr LE, Gaytan SM, Ramirez DA, Martinez E, Hernandez J, Amato KN, Shindo PW, Medina FR, Wicker RB (2012) Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies. J Mater Sci Technol 28(1):1–1410.1016/S1005-0302(12)60016-4 ↗
3. Wimpenny DI, Pandey PM, Kumar LJ (2016) Advances in 3D printing & additive manufacturing technologies. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0812-210.1007/978-981-10-0812-2 ↗
4. Peebles RE (1971) Titanium powder metallurgy forgings. US Air Force Tech Rep, pp 58–81
5. Agius D, Kourousis KI, Wallbrink C, Song T (2017) Cyclic plasticity and microstructure of as-built SLM Ti–6Al–4V: the effect of build orientation. Mater Sci Eng A 701(May):85–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.06.06910.1016/j.msea.2017.06.069 ↗
6. Uzan NE, Shneck R, Yeheskel O, Frage N (2017) Fatigue of AlSi10Mg specimens fabricated by additive manufacturing selective laser melting (AM-SLM). Mater Sci Eng A 704:229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.02710.1016/j.msea.2017.08.027 ↗
7. Yang KV, Rometsch P, Jarvis T et al (2017) Porosity formation mechanisms and fatigue response in Al–Si–Mg alloys made by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng A 712:166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.07810.1016/j.msea.2017.11.078 ↗
8. Dreshfield R., Miner RV (1980) Effects of thermally induced porosity on an as-HIP powder metallurgy superalloy. Am Inst Min 1–20
9. Hsu F, Solomon AA (1983) Growth and interconnection of pressurized pores in Nickel and relation to stress rupture models. Acta Mater 31(3):453–46410.1016/0001-6160(83)90222-5 ↗
10. Weber JH, Gilman PS, Forest S (1984) Environmentally induces porosity in Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr oxide dispersion strengthened alloys. Scr Metall 18:479–48210.1016/0036-9748(84)90425-3 ↗
11. Eylon D, Schwenket SW, Froes FH (1985) Thermally induced porosity in Ti–6AI–4V prealloyed powder compacts. Metall Trans A 16A:1526–153110.1007/BF02658686 ↗
12. Moreen HA (1991) Control of thermally induced porosity for the fabrication of beryllium optics. Rockwell Int Corp 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.4652310.1117/12.46523 ↗
13. Huron ES, Casey RL, Henry MF, Mourer DP (2004) The influence of alloy chemistry and powder production methods on porosity in a P/M nickel-base superalloy. In: Superalloys. Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Pittsburgh, pp 667–676
14. Elhaj A, Irgum K (2014) Monolithic space-filling porous materials from engineering plastics by thermally induced phase separation. Appl Mater Interfaces 6:15653–15666. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502977z10.1021/am502977z ↗
15. Bennison SJ, Harmer MP (1985) Swelling of hot-pressed A12O3. J Am Ceram Soc 68(11):591–59710.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb16161.x ↗
16. Bass JD, Boissiere C, Nicole L, Grosso D, Sanchez C (2008) Thermally induced porosity in CSD MgF 2-based optical coatings: an easy method to tune the refractive index. Chem Mater 20(17):5550–555610.1021/cm8010106 ↗
17. Namdar D, Stacey RJ, John S (2009) First results on thermally induced porosity in chlorite cooking vessels from Merv (Turkmenistan) and implications for the formation and preservation of archaeological lipid residues. J Archaeol Sci 36(11):2507–2516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.00310.1016/j.jas.2009.07.003 ↗
18. Ghabezloo S, Sulem J (2010) Temperature induced pore fluid pressurization in geomaterials. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1011.6501
19. Mohajerani M, Delage P, Sulem J et al (2012) A laboratory investigation of thermally induced pore pressures in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 52:112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.02.01210.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.02.012 ↗
20. Tillmann W, Schaak C, Nellesen J, Schaper M, Aydinöz ME, Hoyer K (2017) Hot isostatic pressing of IN718 components manufactured by selective laser melting. Addit Manuf 13:93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.11.00610.1016/j.addma.2016.11.006 ↗
21. Mower TM, Long MJ (2016) Mechanical behavior of additive manufactured, powder-bed laser-fused materials. Mater Sci Eng A 651:198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.06810.1016/j.msea.2015.10.068 ↗
22. Aboulkhair NT, Everitt NM, Ashcroft I, Tuck C (2014) Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting. Addit Manuf 1:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.00110.1016/j.addma.2014.08.001 ↗
23. Weingarten C, Buchbinder D, Pirch N, Meiners W, Wissenbach K, Poprawe R (2015) Formation and reduction of hydrogen porosity during selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg. J Mater Process Technol 221:112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.02.01310.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.02.013 ↗
24. Li W, Li S, Liu J et al (2016) Effect of heat treatment on AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting: microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism. Mater Sci Eng A 663:116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.08810.1016/j.msea.2016.03.088 ↗
25. Uzan NE, Ramati S, Shneck R, Frage N, Yeheskel O (2018) On the effect of shot-peening on fatigue resistance of AlSi10Mg specimens fabricated by additive manufacturing using selective laser melting (AM-SLM). Addit Manuf 21(April):458–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.03010.1016/j.addma.2018.03.030 ↗
26. Hayun S, Brazilai S (2015) Mechanical alloying and thermal analysis of Ta–Ti alloys. J Mater Sci 50(20):6833–6838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9240-510.1007/s10853-015-9240-5 ↗
27. Sagi S, Hayun S (2016) High-temperature heat capacity of SPS-processed Y3Al5O12 (YAG) and Nd:yAG. J Chem Thermodyn 93:123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2015.09.03510.1016/j.jct.2015.09.035 ↗
28. ASTM International (2017) E228-17: standard test method for linear thermal expansion of solid materials with a push-rod dilatometer. https://doi.org/10.1520/e0228-1710.1520/e0228-17 ↗
29. ASTM International (2015) E962-15: standard test methods for density of compacted or sintered powder metallurgy (PM) products using archimedes’ principle. https://doi.org/10.1520/b0962-15.210.1520/b0962-15.2 ↗
30. Danon A, Avraham I, Koresh JE (1997) Temperature programmed desorption-mass spectrometer with supersonic molecular beam inlet system. Rev Sci Instrum 68(12):4359–4363. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.114839710.1063/1.1148397 ↗
31. Zeppelin FV, Haluška M, Hirscher M (2003) Thermal desorption spectroscopy as a quantitative tool to determine the hydrogen content in solids. Thermochim Acta 404:251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00183-710.1016/S0040-6031(03)00183-7 ↗
32. Zheng XH, Sui JH, Zhang X, Yang ZY, Wang HB, Tian XH (2013) Thermal stability and high-temperature shape memory effect of Ti–Ta–Zr alloy. Scr Mater 68(12):1008–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.03.00810.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.03.008 ↗
33. John P, Buenconsejo S, Young H, Hosoda H, Miyazaki S (2009) Shape memory behavior of Ti–Ta and its potential as a high-temperature shape memory alloy. Acta Mater 57(4):1068–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2008.10.04110.1016/j.actamat.2008.10.041 ↗
34. Young H, Fukushima T, John P, Buenconsejo S, Nam T, Miyazaki S (2011) Martensitic transformation and shape memory properties of Ti–Ta–Sn high temperature shape memory alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 528(24):7238–7246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.02110.1016/j.msea.2011.06.021 ↗
35. Barzilai S, Toher C, Curtarolo S, Levy O (2016) Evaluation of the tantalum-titanium phase diagram from ab initio calculations temperature. Acta Mater 120:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.05310.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.053 ↗
36. Li XP, Donnell KMO, Sercombe TB (2016) Selective laser melting of Al–12Si alloy: enhanced densification via powder drying. Addit Manuf J 10:10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.01.00310.1016/j.addma.2016.01.003 ↗
37. Kim YW, Griffith WM, Froes FH (1985) Surface oxides in P/M aluminum alloys. JOM 37:27–3310.1007/BF03257675 ↗
38. Litvintsev AI, Arbuzova LA (1967) Kinetics of degassing of aluminum powders. Poroshkovaya Metall 49(1):1–10
39. Davis SJ, Watts JF (1995) Degassing and surface analysis of gas atomized aluminium alloy powders. J Mater Process Technol 30:3811–3819
40. Lalauze R, Guillemin I, Pijolat C (1986) Temperature programmed desorption studies of outgassing of aluminum powder. J Therm Anal 31:1109–111910.1007/BF02119266 ↗
41. Kimura A, Shibata M, Kondoh K, Takeda Y, Katayama M, Kanie T (1997) Reduction mechanism of surface oxide in aluminum alloy powders containing magnesium studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation Reduction mechanism of surface oxide in aluminum alloy powders containing magnesium studied by x-ray. Appl Phys Lett 70(26):3615–3617. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.11925010.1063/1.119250 ↗
42. Ronsley CE, Neufeld H (1948) The solubility of hydrogen in liquid and solid aluminium. J Inst Met 74:599
43. Atwood RC, Sridhar S, Zhang W, Lee PD (2000) Diffusion-controlled growth of hydrogen pores in aluminium-silicon castings: in situ observation and modelling. Acta Mater 48(2):405–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00363-810.1016/S1359-6454(99)00363-8 ↗
44. Uzan NE, Shneck R, Yeheskel O, Frage N (2018) High-temperature mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg specimens fabricated by additive manufacturing using selective laser melting technologies (AM-SLM). Addit Manuf 24(October):257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.09.03310.1016/j.addma.2018.09.033 ↗
45. Ferguson JB, Lopez HF, Cho K, Kim CS (2016) Temperature effects on the tensile properties of precipitation-hardened Al–Mg–Cu–Si alloys. Metals (Basel) 43(6):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/met603004310.3390/met6030043 ↗