The microstructure of a graphene-reinforced tennis racquet
Source abstract
Abstract
The microstructure of a graphene-reinforced tennis racquet has been analysed using a combination of optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the main structural components in the racquet frame are high-strength carbon fibres in an epoxy resin matrix. It is also found that graphene-based nanoparticles are used to reinforce resin-rich regions in the shaft of the racquet at the discontinuity in the fibre tows, where the handle is joined to the racquet head. From a detailed analysis of the relative positions and intensities of the Raman G and 2D bands, it is demonstrated that the nanoparticles employed in the racquet are most probably graphite nanoplatelets which have been added to improve the mechanical properties of the resin-rich regions. The nomenclature used for describing graphene-based materials is also discussed in the context of this present study.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics · Sports Performance and Training
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (26)
Show source-provided references
1. Formula One Technical Regulations (2015) Federation Internationale de L’Automobile (FiA), Paris
2. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6:183–191. doi: 10.1038/Nmat184910.1038/nmat1849 ↗
3. Geim AK (2011) Nobel lecture: random walk to graphene. Rev Mod Phys 83:851–862. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.85110.1103/RevModPhys.83.851 ↗
4. Novoselov KS (2011) Nobel lecture: graphene: materials in the flatland. Rev Mod Phys 83:837–849. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.83710.1103/RevModPhys.83.837 ↗
5. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV et al (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–669. doi: 10.1126/science.110289610.1126/science.1102896 ↗
6. Avouris P (2010) Graphene: electronic and photonic properties and devices. Nano Lett 10:4285–4294. doi: 10.1021/nl102824h10.1021/nl102824h ↗
7. Young RJ, Kinloch IA, Gong L, Novoselov KS (2012) The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 72:1459–1476. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.00510.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.005 ↗
8. Papageorgiou DG, Kinloch IA, Young RJ (2015) Graphene/elastomer nanocomposites. Carbon 95:460–484. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.05510.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.055 ↗
9. HEAD Technology GMBH, Ltd (2013) US Patent 2013/0090193, USA
10. Gu XH, Young RJ, Day RJ (1995) Deformation micromechanics in model carbon-fiber-reinforced composites 1. The single-fiber pull-out test. J Mater Sci 30:1409–1419. doi: 10.1007/Bf0037524010.1007/BF00375240 ↗
11. Huang YL, Young RJ (1994) Microstructure and mechanical-properties of pitch-based carbon-fibers. J Mater Sci 29:4027–4036. doi: 10.1007/Bf0035596510.1007/BF00355965 ↗
12. Kong K, Deng LB, Kinloch IA, Young RJ, Eichhorn SJ (2012) Production of carbon fibres from a pyrolysed and graphitised liquid crystalline cellulose fibre precursor. J Mater Sci 47:5402–5410. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-6426-y10.1007/s10853-012-6426-y ↗
13. Tanaka F, Okabe T, Okuda H et al (2013) The effect of nanostructure upon the deformation micromechanics of carbon fibres. Carbon 52:372–378. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.04710.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.047 ↗
14. Tanaka F, Okabe T, Okuda H, Kinloch IA, Young RJ (2013) The effect of nanostructure upon the compressive strength of carbon fibres. J Mater Sci 48:2104–2110. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-6984-z10.1007/s10853-012-6984-z ↗
15. Young RJ (1995) Monitoring deformation processes in high-performance fibres using Raman spectroscopy. J Text Inst 86:360–381. doi: 10.1080/0040500950863134010.1080/00405009508631340 ↗
16. Gong L, Young RJ, Kinloch IA et al (2013) Reversible loss of bernal stacking during the deformation of few-layer graphene in nanocomposites. ACS Nano 7:7287–7294. doi: 10.1021/nn402830f10.1021/nn402830f ↗
17. Young RJ, Gong L, Kinloch IA, Riaz I, Jalil R, Novoselov KS (2011) Strain mapping in a graphene monolayer nanocomposite. ACS Nano 5:3079–3084. doi: 10.1021/nn200207910.1021/nn2002079 ↗
18. Bianco A, Cheng HM, Enoki T et al (2013) All in the graphene family—a recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon 65:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.03810.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.038 ↗
19. Wick P, Louw-Gaume AE, Kucki M et al (2014) Classification framework for graphene-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:7714–7718. doi: 10.1002/anie.20140333510.1002/anie.201403335 ↗
20. Li ZL, Young RJ, Kinloch IA (2013) Interfacial stress transfer in graphene oxide nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:456–463. doi: 10.1021/am3025131e10.1021/am302581e ↗
21. Gong L, Kinloch IA, Young RJ, Riaz I, Jalil R, Novoselov KS (2010) Interfacial stress transfer in a graphene monolayer nanocomposite. Adv Mater 22:2694–2697. doi: 10.1002/adma.20090426410.1002/adma.200904264 ↗
22. Gong L, Young RJ, Kinloch IA, Riaz I, Jalil R, Novoselov KS (2012) Optimizing the reinforcement of polymer-based nanocomposites by graphene. ACS Nano 6:2086–2095. doi: 10.1021/nn203917d10.1021/nn203917d ↗
23. Technical data sheet—xGnP® graphene nanoplatelets (2013) XG sciences Inc., Lansing, Michigan, USA
24. Chike KE, Myrick ML, Lyon RE, Angel SM (1993) Raman and near-infrared studies of an epoxy-resin. Appl Spectrosc 47:1631–1635. doi: 10.1366/000370293433471410.1366/0003702934334714 ↗
25. Li Z, Wang RG, Young RJ et al (2013) Control of the functionality of graphene oxide for its in epoxy nanocomposites application. Polymer 54:6437–6446. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.05410.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.054 ↗
26. Li Z, Young RJ, Wang RG et al (2013) The role of functional groups on graphene oxide in epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer 54:5821–5829. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.02610.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.026 ↗