Nanofibrillated cellulose in wood coatings: mechanical properties of free composite films
Source abstract
Abstract
Composite films of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), derived from beech wood pulp, and 8 commercial acrylic and alkyd polymeric binders were prepared. Structural and mechanical properties of the composites were assessed by microscopy and tensile tests before and after aging. While the NFC was compatible with acrylate polymers, it formed undesired aggregates during processing with the alkyd polymers. Modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and elongation at break of prepared films depended on the initial properties of the neat polymers. All composite films were stiffer, stronger, and less extensible than the corresponding neat polymer films. The reinforcing effect increased with increasing NFC content. Aging by artificial weathering strongly affected the mechanical properties of neat polymer and composite films. Alkyd films became, compared to the acrylate films, much stiffer and more brittle after artificial weathering. The results of the mechanical tests are regarded as promising step to use NFC as novel component in wood coatings.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies · Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Lignin and Wood Chemistry
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (41)
Show source-provided references
1. Wicks ZW, Jones FN, Pappas SP, Wicks DA (2006) Exterior durability. Organic coatings. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 97–12010.1002/9780470079072.ch5 ↗
2. Bulian F, Graystone JA (2009) Wood coatings—theory and practice, 1st edn. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
3. Sow C, Riedl B, Blanchet P (2011) UV-waterborne polyurethane–acrylate nanocomposite coatings containing alumina and silica nanoparticles for wood: mechanical, optical, and thermal properties assessment. J Coat Technol Res 8(2):211–22110.1007/s11998-010-9298-6 ↗
4. Blanchard V, Blanchet P (2011) Color stability for wood products during use: effects of inorganic nanoparticles. Bioresources 6(2):1219–122910.15376/biores.6.2.1219-1229 ↗
5. Schaller C, Rogez D, Braig A (2012) Organic vs inorganic light stabilizers for waterborne clear coats: a fair comparison. J Coat Technol Res 9(4):433–44110.1007/s11998-011-9380-8 ↗
6. Ren G, Hu D, Cheng EWC, Vargas-Reus MA, Reip P, Allaker RP (2009) Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications. Int J Antimicrob Agent 33(6):587–59010.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.004 ↗
7. Zimmermann T, Bordeanu N, Strub E (2010) Properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from different raw materials and its reinforcement potential. Carbohydr Polym 79(4):1086–109310.1016/j.carbpol.2009.10.045 ↗
8. Helbert W, Cavaille JY, Dufresne A (1996) Thermoplastic nanocomposites filled with wheat straw cellulose whiskers. Part 1: processing and mechanical behavior. Polym Compos 17(4):604–61110.1002/pc.10650 ↗
9. Agoda-Tandjawa G, Durand S, Berot S, Blassel C, Gaillard C, Garnier C, Doublier JL (2010) Rheological characterization of microfibrillated cellulose suspensions after freezing. Carbohydr Polym 80(3):677–68610.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.045 ↗
10. Favier V, Chanzy H, Cavaillé JY (1995) Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulose whiskers. Macromolecules 28(18):6365–636710.1021/ma00122a053 ↗
11. Turbak AF, Snyder FW, Sandberg KR (1983) Microfibrillated cellulose, a new cellulose product: properties, uses, and commercial potential. J Appl Polym Sci Polym Symp 37:815–827
12. Zimmermann T, Pöhler E, Geiger T (2004) Cellulose fibrils for polymer reinforcement. Adv Eng Mater 6(9):754–76110.1002/adem.200400097 ↗
13. Iwamoto S, Nakagaito AN, Yano H, Nogi M (2005) Optically transparent composites reinforced with plant fiber-based nanofibers. Appl Phys A Mater 81(6):1109–111210.1007/s00339-005-3316-z ↗
14. Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, Lindström T, Ankerfors M, Gray D, Dorris A (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(24):5438–546610.1002/anie.201001273 ↗
15. Favier V, Canova GR, Cavaille JY, Chanzy H, Dufresne A, Gauthier C (1995) Nanocomposite materials from latex and cellulose whiskers. Polym Adv Technol 6(5):351–35510.1002/pat.1995.220060514 ↗
16. Tingaut P, Zimmermann T, Lopez-Suevos F (2010) Synthesis and characterization of bionanocomposites with tunable properties from poly(lactic acid) and acetylated microfibrillated cellulose. Biomacromolecules 11(2):454–46410.1021/bm901186u ↗
17. Lopez-Suevos F, Eyholzer C, Bordeanu N, Richter K (2010) DMA analysis and wood bonding of PVAc latex reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils. Cellulose 17(2):387–39810.1007/s10570-010-9396-8 ↗
18. Ruiz MM, Cavaillé JY, Dufresne A, Graillat C, Gérard J-F (2001) New waterborne epoxy coatings based on cellulose nanofillers. Macromol Symp 169(1):211–22210.1002/1521-3900(200105)169:1<211::AID-MASY211>3.0.CO;2-H ↗
19. Siqueira G, Tapin-Lingua S, Bras J, da Silva Perez D, Dufresne A (2011) Mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with cellulosic nanoparticles obtained from combined mechanical shearing, and enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of sisal fibers. Cellulose 18(1):57–6510.1007/s10570-010-9463-1 ↗
20. Seydibeyoglu MO, Oksman K (2008) Novel nanocomposites based on polyurethane and micro fibrillated cellulose. Compos Sci Technol 68(3–4):908–91410.1016/j.compscitech.2007.08.008 ↗
21. Malainine ME, Mahrouz M, Dufresne A (2005) Thermoplastic nanocomposites based on cellulose microfibrils from Opuntia ficus-indica parenchyma cell. Compos Sci Technol 65(10):1520–152610.1016/j.compscitech.2005.01.003 ↗
22. Yano H, Sugiyama J, Nakagaito AN, Nogi M, Matsuura T, Hikita M, Handa K (2005) Optically transparent composites reinforced with networks of bacterial nanofibers. Adv Mater 17(2):153–15510.1002/adma.200400597 ↗
23. Eyholzer C, Borges de Couraça A, Duc F, Bourban PE, Tingaut P, Zimmermann T, Månson JAE, Oksman K (2011) Biocomposite hydrogels with carboxymethylated, nanofibrillated cellulose powder for replacement of the nucleus pulposus. Biomacromolecules 12(5):1419–142710.1021/bm101131b ↗
24. Aulin C, Ström G (2013) Multilayered alkyd resin/nanocellulose coatings for use in renewable packaging solutions with a high level of moisture resistance. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(7):2582–258910.1021/ie301785a ↗
25. Martins N, Freire C, Pinto R, Fernandes S, Pascoal Neto C, Silvestre A, Causio J, Baldi G, Sadocco P, Trindade T (2012) Electrostatic assembly of Ag nanoparticles onto nanofibrillated cellulose for antibacterial paper products. Cellulose 19(4):1425–143610.1007/s10570-012-9713-5 ↗
26. Landry V, Blanchet P (2009) Coatings containing nanocrystalline cellulose, processes for preparation and use thereof. WO2011075837 A1
27. Jämsä S, Kataja K, Takala S, Putkisto K, Vastamäki P, Dyhr H (2010) Method for manufacturing paint or varnish. WO2011124759 A1
28. Grüneberger F, Künniger T, Zimmermann T, Arnold M (2014) Rheology of nanofibrillated cellulose/acrylate systems for coating applications. Cellulose. doi: 10.1007/s10570-014-0248-9
29. Siro I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellulose 17(3):459–49410.1007/s10570-010-9405-y ↗
30. Lohmann U (2003) Holz Lexikon. Holz Lexikon, 4th edn. DRW-Verlag Weinbrenner GmbH & Co, Leinfelden-Echterdingen
31. Favier V, Dendievel R, Canova G, Cavaille JY, Gilormini P (1997) Simulation and modeling of three-dimensional percolating structures: case of a latex matrix reinforced by a network of cellulose fibers. Acta Mater 45(4):1557–156510.1016/S1359-6454(96)00264-9 ↗
32. Koleske JV (ed) (2012) Paint and coating testing manual, 15th edn. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. doi: 10.1520/MNL17-2ND-EB
33. Samir MASA, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2):612–62610.1021/bm0493685 ↗
34. Trovatti E, Oliveira L, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Pascoal Neto C, Cruz Pinto JJC, Gandini A (2010) Novel bacterial cellulose–acrylic resin nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 70(7):1148–115310.1016/j.compscitech.2010.02.031 ↗
35. Dufresne A (2012) Nanocellulose, from nature to high performance tailored materials. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin10.1515/9783110254600 ↗
36. Wypych G (2008) Handbook of material weathering, 4th edn. ChemTec Publishing, Toronto
37. Nichols M (2002) Anticipating paint cracking: the application of fracture mechanics to the study of paint weathering. J Coat Technol 74(924):39–4610.1007/BF02720138 ↗
38. Skaja A, Croll S, Fernando D (2006) Mechanical property changes and degradation during accelerated weathering of polyester–urethane coatings. JCT Res 3(1):41–51
39. Hofland A (1997) Making paint from alkyd emulsions. In: Glass JE (ed) Technology for waterborne coatings, ACS symposium series, vol 663. American Chemical Society, Washington, pp 183–19510.1021/bk-1997-0663.ch010 ↗
40. Cangialosi D, Boucher VM, Alegria A, Colmenero J (2013) Physical aging in polymers and polymer nanocomposites: recent results and open questions. Soft Matter 9(36):8619–863010.1039/c3sm51077h ↗
41. Mader A, Schirò A, Brischetto M, Pizzo B (2011) Interactions and penetration of polymers and nanolatexes into wood: an overview. Prog Org Coat 71(2):123–13510.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.02.007 ↗