Impurity effects on the nucleation and growth of primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phase in Al alloys
Source abstract
Abstract
Impurity effects on the nucleation and growth of primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phase have been investigated in high purity Al alloys and commercial purity Al alloys, respectively. In the case of high purity Al alloys, primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phases were found to be pushed to grain boundaries ahead of the solidification front. Such type of primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phase did not contribute to the heterogeneous nucleation, and thereby the grain refinement of Al alloys. In the case of commercial purity Al alloys, the presence of Fe, Si, Cu, Mg, Ti, and other impurities significantly enhanced the heterogeneous nucleation of primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phase. Most primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phases were found to be located within the α-Al matrix, and kept an identical orientation relationship with the α-Al matrix. Furthermore, the presence of the impurities also changed the growth mode on the primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phase. In the case of commercial purity Al alloys, a peritectic to eutectic reaction was induced due to the presence of the impurities. A layered growth was observed leading to a narrow particle size distribution. In contrast, in the case of high purity Al alloys, a featureless structure was observed. This investigation demonstrates that impurities and their concentrations are important factors affecting the nucleation and growth of primary Al3(Sc,Zr) phases, and thereby for the successful grain refinement in Al-based alloys.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (25)
Show source-provided references
1. Easton MA, StJohn DH (1999) Grain refinement of aluminum alloys: part I. The nucleant and solute paradigms—a review of the literature. Metall Mater Trans A 30:1613–162310.1007/s11661-999-0098-5 ↗
2. Greer AL, Bunn AM, Tronche A, Evans PV, Bristow DJ (2000) Modelling of inoculation of metallic melts: application to grain refinement of aluminium by Al–Ti–B. Acta Mater 48:2823–283510.1016/S1359-6454(00)00094-X ↗
3. Quested TE, Greer AL (2004) The effect of the size distribution of inoculant particles on as-cast grain size in aluminium alloys. Acta Mater 52:3859–386810.1016/j.actamat.2004.04.035 ↗
4. Quested TE, Greer AL (2005) Grain refinement of Al alloys: mechanisms determining as-cast grain size in directional solidification. Acta Mater 53:4643–465310.1016/j.actamat.2005.06.018 ↗
5. Quested TE, Dinsdale AT, Greer AL (2005) Thermodynamic modelling of growth-restriction effects in aluminium alloys. Acta Mater 53:1323–133410.1016/j.actamat.2004.11.024 ↗
6. Quested TE, Greer AL (2005) Athermal heterogeneous nucleation of solidification. Acta Mater 53:2683–269210.1016/j.actamat.2005.02.028 ↗
7. Shu D, Sun BD, Mi J, Grant PS (2011) A quantitative study of solute diffusion field effects on heterogeneous nucleation and the grain size of alloys. Acta Mater 59:2135–214410.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.014 ↗
8. StJohn DH, Qian M, Easton MA, Cao P (2011) The interdependence theory: the relationship between grain formation and nucleant selection. Acta Mater 59:4907–492110.1016/j.actamat.2011.04.035 ↗
9. Men H, Fan Z (2011) Effects of solute content on grain refinement in an isothermal melt. Acta Mater 59:2704–271210.1016/j.actamat.2011.01.008 ↗
10. Iqbal N, van Dijk NH, Hansen T, Katgerman L, Kearley GJ (2004) The role of solute titanium and TiB2 particles in the liquid–solid phase transformation of aluminum alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 386:20–2610.1016/j.msea.2004.06.068 ↗
11. Iqbal N, van Dijk NH, Offerman SE, Geerlofs N, Moret MP, Katgerman L, Kearley GJ (2006) In situ investigation of the crystallization kinetics and the mechanism of grain refinement in aluminum alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 416:18–3210.1016/j.msea.2005.10.045 ↗
12. Iqbal N, van Dijk NH, Offerman SE, Moret MP, Katgerman L, Kearley GJ (2005) Real-time observation of grain nucleation and growth during solidification of aluminium alloys. Acta Mater 53:2875–288010.1016/j.actamat.2005.02.045 ↗
13. Schumacher P, Greer AL (1994) Heterogeneously nucleated α-Al in amorphous aluminium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 178:309–31310.1016/0921-5093(94)90559-2 ↗
14. RØyset J, Ryum N (2005) Scandium in aluminium alloys. Int Mater Rev 50:19–4410.1179/174328005X14311 ↗
15. Toropova LS, Eskin DG, Kharakterova ML, Dobatkina TV (1998) Advanced aluminium alloys containing scandium: structure and properties. Gordon and Breach Science, Amsterdam
16. Norman AF, Prangnell PB, Mcewen RS (1998) The solidification behaviour of dilute aluminium–scandium alloys. Acta Mater 46:5715–573210.1016/S1359-6454(98)00257-2 ↗
17. Seidman DN, Marquis EA, Dunand DC (2002) Precipitation strengthening at ambient and elevated temperatures of heat-treatable Al(Sc) alloys. Acta Mater 50:4021–403510.1016/S1359-6454(02)00201-X ↗
18. Fuller CB, Seidman DN, Dunand DC (2003) Mechanical properties of Al(Sc, Zr) alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures. Acta Mater 51:4803–481410.1016/S1359-6454(03)00320-3 ↗
19. Knipling KE, Seidman DN, Dunand DC (2011) Ambient- and high-temperature mechanical properties of isochronally aged Al-0.06Sc, Al-0.06Zr and Al-0.06Sc-0.06Zr (at.%) alloys. Acta Mater 59:943–95410.1016/j.actamat.2010.10.017 ↗
20. Morrison CB, Seidman DN, Dunand DC (2011) Coarsening resistance at 400 °C of precipitation-strengthened Al–Zr–Sc–Er alloys. Acta Mater 59:7029–704210.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.057 ↗
21. Morrison CB, Seidman DN, Dunand DC (2012) Effect of Er additions on ambient and high-temperature strength of precipitation-strengthened Al–Zr–Sc–Si alloys. Acta Mater 60:3643–365410.1016/j.actamat.2012.02.030 ↗
22. Liu ZX, Li ZJ, Wang MX, Weng YG (2008) Effect of complex alloying of Sc, Zr and Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–5 Mg alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 483–484:120–122
23. Dalen ME, Seidman DN, Dunand DC (2008) Creep- and coarsening properties of Al-0.06 at.% Sc-0.06 at.% Ti at 300–450 °C. Acta Mater 56:4369–437710.1016/j.actamat.2008.05.002 ↗
24. Vlach M, Stulíková I, Smola B, Žaludová N, Černá J (2010) Phase transformations in isochronally annealed mould-cast and cold-rolled Al–Sc–Zr-based alloy. J Alloys Compd 492:143–14810.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.126 ↗
25. Brandes EA, Brook GB (1992) Smithells metals reference handbook, 7th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford