Texture control of Inconel 718 superalloy in laser additive manufacturing by an external magnetic field
Source abstract
Abstract
Texture control is a major challenge in laser-assisted additive manufacturing of metal part due to the focused heat source and rapid cooling. In this study, a novel magnetic-field-assisted laser additive manufacturing method is proposed to obtain highly oriented texture. Inconel 718 samples are deposited under a transverse magnetic field of various intensities and different levels of laser power. The elemental distribution, grain morphology, and texture of as-built material are carefully analyzed using various material characterization techniques, including, SEM, EDS, and EBSD. The results indicate that the magnetic field changes the interdendritic microsegregation pattern from a continuous chain to discrete morphology. The direction of deposited material tends to align with the transverse magnetic field. The orientation of stray crystals is more strictly constrained by both vertical heat flux and transverse magnetic field, resulting in a highly oriented texture on horizontal cross-section and texture on the vertical cross-section. It is also observed that by applying the transverse magnetic field, the average grain boundary misorientation angle significantly decreases from 32° to 19°, and the maximum multiple of uniform density increases from 3.0 to 5.3. The effects of laser power as well as magnetic field strength are investigated, and the underlying orientation effect is discussed.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · High Entropy Alloys Studies · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Antonysamy AA, Meyer J, Prangnell PB (2013) Effect of build geometry on the β-grain structure and texture in additive manufacture of Ti 6Al 4V by selective electron beam melting. Mater Charact 84:153–16810.1016/j.matchar.2013.07.012 ↗
2. de Formanoir C, Michotte S, Rigo O, Germain L, Godet S (2016) Electron beam melted Ti–6Al–4V: microstructure, texture and mechanical behavior of the as-built and heat-treated material. Mater Sci Eng, A 652:105–11910.1016/j.msea.2015.11.052 ↗
3. Zhang Q, Chen J, Lin X, Tan H, Huang WD (2016) Grain morphology control and texture characterization of laser solid formed Ti6Al2Sn2Zr3Mo1.5Cr2Nb titanium alloy. J Mater Process Technol 238:202–21110.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.07.011 ↗
4. Geiger F, Kunze K, Etter T (2016) Tailoring the texture of IN738LC processed by selective laser melting (SLM) by specific scanning strategies. Mater Sci Eng, A 661:240–24610.1016/j.msea.2016.03.036 ↗
5. Gäumann M, Henry S, Cleton F, Wagniere JD, Kurz W (1999) Epitaxial laser metal forming: analysis of microstructure formation. Mater Sci Eng, A 271(1):232–24110.1016/S0921-5093(99)00202-6 ↗
6. Bezencon C, Schnell A, Kurz W (2003) Epitaxial deposition of MCrAlY coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by laser cladding. Scripta Mater 49(7):705–70910.1016/S1359-6462(03)00369-5 ↗
7. Vilar R, Santos EC, Ferreira PN, Franco N, Da Silva RC (2009) Structure of NiCrAlY coatings deposited on single-crystal alloy turbine blade material by laser cladding. Acta Mater 57(18):5292–530210.1016/j.actamat.2009.06.049 ↗
8. Santos EC, Kida K, Carroll P, Vilar R (2011) Optimization of laser deposited Ni-based single crystal superalloys microstructure. Adv Mater Res 154:1405–1414
9. Murr LE (2015) Metallurgy of additive manufacturing: examples from electron beam melting. Addit Manuf 5:40–5310.1016/j.addma.2014.12.002 ↗
10. Basak A, Acharya R, Das S (2016) Additive manufacturing of single-crystal superalloy CMSX-4 through scanning laser epitaxy: computational modeling, experimental process development, and process parameter optimization. Metall Mater Trans A 47(8):3845–385910.1007/s11661-016-3571-y ↗
11. Acharya R, Das S (2015) Additive manufacturing of IN100 superalloy through scanning laser epitaxy for turbine engine hot-section component repair: process development, modeling, microstructural characterization, and process control. Metall Mater Trans A 46(9):3864–387510.1007/s11661-015-2912-6 ↗
12. Carruthers JR (1977) Thermal convection instabilities relevant to crystal growth from liquids. In: Wilcox WR, Lefever RA (eds) Preparation and properties of solid state materials, vol. 3. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, p 1
13. Robertson GD, O’Connor D (1986) Magnetic field effects on float-zone Si crystal growth: III. Strong axial fields. J Cryst Growth 76(1):111–12210.1016/0022-0248(86)90016-3 ↗
14. Legrand BA, Chateigner D, de la Bathie RP, Tournier R (1997) Orientation by solidification in a magnetic field A new process to texture SmCo compounds used as permanent magnets. J Magn Magn Mater 173(1):20–2810.1016/S0304-8853(97)00149-2 ↗
15. Morikawa H, Sassa K, Asai S (1998) Control of precipitating phase alignment and crystal orientation by imposition of a high magnetic field. Mater Trans, JIM 39(8):814–81810.2320/matertrans1989.39.814 ↗
16. Taniguchi T, Sassa K, Yamada T, Asai S (2000) Control of crystal orientation in zinc electrodeposits by imposition of a high magnetic field. Mater Trans, JIM 41(8):981–98410.2320/matertrans1989.41.981 ↗
17. Sugiyama T, Tahashi M, Sassa K, Asai S (2003) The control of crystal orientation in non-magnetic metals by imposition of a high magnetic field. ISIJ Int 43(6):855–86110.2355/isijinternational.43.855 ↗
18. Asai S, Sassa KS, Tahashi M (2003) Crystal orientation of non-magnetic materials by imposition of a high magnetic field. Sci Technol Adv Mater 4(5):455–46010.1016/j.stam.2003.07.001 ↗
19. Cui BZ, Huang MQ, Yu RH, Kramp A, Dent J, Miles DD, Liu S (2003) Magnetic properties of (Nd, Pr, Dy) 2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets crystallized in a magnetic field. J Appl Phys 93(10):8128–813010.1063/1.1537703 ↗
20. Li X, Fautrelle Y, Ren Z (2007) Influence of a high magnetic field on columnar dendrite growth during directional solidification. Acta Mater 55(16):5333–534710.1016/j.actamat.2007.05.036 ↗
21. Li X, Wang J, Zhang J, Han Y, Li X (2015) Directional solidification microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy: influence of a weak transverse magnetic field. Materials 8(6):3428–344110.3390/ma8063428 ↗
22. Xuan W, Ren Z, Li C (2015) Effect of a high magnetic field on microstructures of Ni-based superalloy during directional solidification. J Alloy Compd 620:10–1710.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.114 ↗
23. Slama C, Servant C, Cizeron G (1997) Aging of the Inconel 718 alloy between 500 and 750 °C. J Mater Res 12(09):2298–231610.1557/JMR.1997.0306 ↗
24. Zhao X, Chen J, Lin X, Huang W (2008) Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser rapid forming Inconel 718. Mater Sci Eng, A 478(1):119–12410.1016/j.msea.2007.05.079 ↗
25. Manikandan SGK, Sivakumar D, Rao KP, Kamaraj M (2015) Laves phase in alloy 718 fusion zone—microscopic and calorimetric studies. Mater Charact 100:192–20610.1016/j.matchar.2014.11.035 ↗
26. Nie P, Ojo OA, Li Z (2014) Numerical modeling of microstructure evolution during laser additive manufacturing of a nickel-based superalloy. Acta Mater 77:85–9510.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.039 ↗
27. Zhang T, Ren W, Dong J, Li X, Ren Z, Cao G, Guo J (2009) Effect of high magnetic field on the primary dendrite arm spacing and segregation of directionally solidified superalloy DZ417G. J Alloy Compd 487(1–2):612–61710.1016/j.jallcom.2009.08.025 ↗
28. Boettinger WJ, Biancaniello FS, Coriell SR (1981) Solutal convection induced macrosegregation and the dendrite to composite transition in off-eutectic alloys. Metall Trans A 12(2):321–32710.1007/BF02655205 ↗
29. Cröll A, Szofran FR, Dold P, Benz KW, Lehoczky SL (1998) Floating-zone growth of silicon in magnetic fields. II. Strong static axial fields. J Cryst Growth 183(4):554–56310.1016/S0022-0248(97)00486-7 ↗
30. Tan L, Sridharan K, Allen TR (2007) Effect of thermomechanical processing on grain boundary character distribution of a Ni-based superalloy. J Nucl Mater 371(1–3):171–17510.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.05.002 ↗
31. Gäumann M, Bezencon C, Canalis P, Kurz W (2001) Single-crystal laser deposition of superalloys: processing-microstructure maps. Acta Mater 49(6):1051–106210.1016/S1359-6454(00)00367-0 ↗
32. Copley SM, Giamei AF, Johnson SM, Hornbecker MF (1970) The origin of freckles in unidirectionally solidified castings. Metall Trans 1(8):2193–220410.1007/BF02643435 ↗
33. Mikelson AA, Karklin YK (1981) Control of crystallization processes by means of magnetic fields. J Cryst Growth 52:524–52910.1016/0022-0248(81)90333-X ↗
34. Zou J, Gaber Y, Voulazeris G, Li S, Vazquez L, Liu LF, Attallah MM (2018) Controlling the grain orientation during laser powder bed fusion to tailor the magnetic characteristics in a Ni–Fe based soft magnet. Acta Mater 158:230–23810.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.064 ↗
35. Pavlyk V, Dilthey U (2003) Simulation of weld solidification microstructure and its coupling to the macroscopic heat and fluid flow modelling. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng 12(1):S3310.1088/0965-0393/12/1/S03 ↗
36. Nguyen Q, Yang CY (2015) Inverse determination of laser power on laser welding with a given width penetration by a modified Newton–Raphson method. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer 65:15–2110.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2015.04.003 ↗
37. Shukla M, Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Pityana S (2012) Effect of laser power and powder flow rate on properties of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V. World Acad Sci Eng Technol Int J Mech Aerosp Ind Mechatron Manuf Eng 6(11):2475–2479
38. Liu S, Tao H, Zhang Y, Yue Y (2017) A new approach for determining the critical cooling rates of nucleation in glass-forming liquids. J Am Ceram Soc 100(9):3875–388210.1111/jace.14926 ↗