Orientation of cellulose nanocrystals in electrospun polymer fibres
Source abstract
Abstract
Polystyrene and poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibres containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced by electrospinning. Knowledge of the local orientation of CNCs in electrospun fibres is critical to understand and exploit their mechanical properties. The orientation of CNCs in these electrospun fibres was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. A Raman band located at ~1095 cm−1, associated with the C–O ring stretching of the cellulose backbone, was used to quantify the orientation of the CNCs within the fibres. Raman spectra were fitted using a theoretical model to characterize the extent of orientation. From these data, it is observed that the CNCs have little orientation along the direction parallel to the axis of the fibres. Evidences for both oriented and non-oriented regions of CNCs in the fibres are presented from TEM images of nanofibres. These results contradict previously published work in this area and micromechanical modelling calculations suggest a uniform orientation of CNCs in electrospun polymer fibres. It is demonstrated that this explains why the mechanical properties of electrospun fibre mats containing CNCs are not always the same as that would be expected for a fully oriented system.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies · Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications · Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. Qiu X, Hu S (2013) “Smart” materials based on cellulose: a review of the preparations, properties, and applications. Materials 6:738–78110.3390/ma6030738 ↗
2. Samir MASA, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whisker, their properties and their application in nanocomposites field. Biomacromolecules 6:612–62610.1021/bm0493685 ↗
3. Hsieh Y-L (2013) Cellulose nanocrystals and self-assembled nanostructures from cotton, rice straw and grape skin: a source perspective. J Mater Sci 48:7837–7846. doi: 10.1007/s10853-013-7512-510.1007/s10853-013-7512-5 ↗
4. Vallejos ME, Peresin MS, Rojas OJ (2012) All-cellulose composite fibers obtained by electrospinning dispersions of cellulose acetate and cellulose nanocrystals. J Polym Environ 20:1075–108310.1007/s10924-012-0499-1 ↗
5. Valentini L, Bittolo Bon S, Fortunati E, Kenny JM (2014) Preparation of transparent and conductive cellulose nanocrystals/graphene nanoplatelets films. J Mater Sci 49:1009–1013. doi: 10.1007/s10853-013-7776-910.1007/s10853-013-7776-9 ↗
6. Zoppe JO, Peresin MS, Habibi Y, Venditti RA, Rojas OJ (2009) Reinforcing poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers with cellulose nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Inter 1:1996–200410.1021/am9003705 ↗
7. Martínez-Sanz M, Olsson RT, Lopez-Rubio A, Lagaron JM (2011) Development of electrospun EVOH fibres reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers. Part I: characterization and method optimization. Cellulose 18:335–34710.1007/s10570-010-9471-1 ↗
8. Peresin M, Habibi Y, Zoppe JO, Pawlak JJ, Rojas OJ (2010) Nanofiber composites of polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanocrystals: manufacture and characterisation. Biomacromolecules 11:674–68110.1021/bm901254n ↗
9. Ding B, Kim H-Y, Lee S-C, Lee DR, Choi KJ (2002) Preparation and characterization of nanoscaled poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers via electrospinning. Fiber Polym 3:73–7910.1007/BF02875403 ↗
10. Koski A, Yim K, Shivkumar S (2004) Effect of molecular weight on fibrous PVA produced by electrospinning. Mater Lett 58:493–49710.1016/S0167-577X(03)00532-9 ↗
11. Lee HW, Karim MR, Ji HM, Choi JH, Ghim HD, Park SM, Oh W, Yeum JH (2009) Electrospinning fabrication and characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite nanofiber mats. J Appl Polym Sci 113:1860–186710.1002/app.30165 ↗
12. Rojas OJ, Montero GA, Habibi Y (2009) Electrospun nanocomposites from polystyrene loaded with cellulose nanowhiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 113:927–93510.1002/app.30011 ↗
13. Bordel D, Putaux J-L, Heux L (2006) Orientation of native cellulose in an electric field. Langmuir 22:4899–490110.1021/la0600402 ↗
14. Pullawan T, Wilkinson AN, Eichhorn SJ (2012) Influence of magnetic field alignment of cellulose whiskers on the mechanics of all-cellulose nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 13:2528–253610.1021/bm300746r ↗
15. Iwamoto S, Isogai A, Iwata T (2011) Structure and mechanical properties of wet-spun fibers made from natural cellulose nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 12:831–83610.1021/bm101510r ↗
16. Huang ZM, Zhang YZ, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2003) A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 63:2223–225310.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7 ↗
17. Changsarn S, Mendez JD, Shanmuganathan K, Foster EJ, Weder C, Supaphol P (2011) Biologically inspired hierarchical design of nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene oxide) and cellulose nanofibers. Macromol Rapid Commun 32:1367–137210.1002/marc.201100183 ↗
18. Pullawan T, Wilkinson AN, Eichhorn SJ (2013) Orientation and deformation of wet-stretched all-cellulose nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 48:7847–7855. doi: 10.1007/s10853-013-7404-810.1007/s10853-013-7404-8 ↗
19. Bakri B, Eichhorn SJ (2010) Elastic coils: deformation micromechanics of coir and celery fibres. Cellulose 17:1–1110.1007/s10570-009-9373-2 ↗
20. Li Z, Young RJ, Kinloch IA (2013) Interfacial stress transfer in graphene oxide nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Inter 5:456–46310.1021/am302581e ↗
21. Wang M, Yu JH, Kaplan DL, Rutledge GC (2006) Production of submicron diameter silk fibres under benign processing conditions by two-fluid electrospinning. Macromolecules 39:1102–110710.1021/ma0517749 ↗
22. Wanasekara ND, Stone DA, Wnek GE, Korley LTJ (2012) Stimuli-responsive and mechanically-switchable electrospun composites. Macromolecules 45:9092–909910.1021/ma301896u ↗
23. Deng L, Young RJ, Sun R, Zhang GP, Lu DQD, Li H, Eichhorn SJ (2014) Unique identification of single-walled carbon nanotubes in electrospun fibers. J Phys Chem C 118:24025–2403310.1021/jp504176b ↗
24. Kannan P, Eichhorn SJ, Young RJ (2007) Deformation of isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes in electrospun polymer nanofibres. Nanotechnology 18:23570710.1088/0957-4484/18/23/235707 ↗
25. Kannan P, Young RJ, Eichhorn SJ (2008) Debundling, isolation, and identification of carbon nanotubes in electrospun nanofibers. Small 4:930–93310.1002/smll.200800136 ↗
26. Harris B (1999) Engineering composite materials. IOM Communications Ltd, London
27. Cox HL (1952) The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials. Br J Appl Phys 3:72–7910.1088/0508-3443/3/3/302 ↗
28. Krenchel H (1964) Fibre reinforcement. Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen
29. Lu P, Hsieh Y-L (2009) Cellulose nanocrystal-filled poly(acrylic acid) nanocomposite fibrous membranes. Nanotechnology 20:41560410.1088/0957-4484/20/41/415604 ↗
30. Tan EPS, Ng SY, Lim CT (2005) Tensile testing of a single ultrafine polymeric fiber. Biomaterials 26:1453–145610.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.05.021 ↗
31. Lee K-Y, Aitomäki Y, Berglund LA, Oksman K, Bismarck A (2014) On the use of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 105:15–2710.1016/j.compscitech.2014.08.032 ↗
32. Rusli R, Eichhorn SJ (2008) Determination of the stiffness of cellulose nanowhiskers and the fiber-matrix interface in a nanocomposite using Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 93:1–310.1063/1.2963491 ↗