Optimization of the metakaolin geopolymer preparation for maximized ammonium adsorption capacity
Source abstract
Abstract
Geopolymers are functional materials that can be used in various environmental applications such as adsorbents in pollutant removal from wastewaters. Metakaolin geopolymer (MK-GP) has been proven to be especially suitable for ammonium (NH4 +) removal. In this research, the optimal reagent and raw material ratios in the preparation of MK-GP in terms of NH4 + adsorption capacity were investigated. The response surface methodology based on the face-centered central composite design was used to optimize the levels of three factors: the amounts of hydroxide, silicate, and metakaolin. In addition, the effect of Na or K as the charge-balancing cation was studied. Empirical models were fitted to the experimental data using multiple linear regression. The significance of the models was confirmed by means of analysis of variance. Optimal NH4 + removal efficiency was achieved when the amounts of hydroxide and silicate were maximized, the amount of metakaolin was minimized, and Na-based reagents were used. These trends are most likely a result of optimized conversion of metakaolin into MK-GP.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications · Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (36)
Show source-provided references
1. Provis JL, Van Deventer JSJ (2009) Introduction to geopolymers. In: Provis JL, Van Deventer JSJ (eds) Geopolymers—structure, processing, properties and industrial applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–11
2. Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Palomo A, Van Deventer JSJ (2007) Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J Mater Sci 42:2917–2933. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z ↗
3. Le-ping L, Xue-min C, Shu-heng Q, Jun-li Y, Lin Z (2010) Preparation of phosphoric acid-based porous geopolymers. Appl Clay Sci 50:600–60310.1016/j.clay.2010.10.004 ↗
4. Liu Y, Yan C, Zhang Z, Wang H, Zhou S, Zhou W (2016) A comparative study on fly ash, geopolymer and faujasite block for Pb removal from aqueous solution. Fuel 185:181–18910.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.116 ↗
5. Duan P, Yan C, Zhou W, Ren D (2016) Development of fly ash and iron ore tailing based porous geopolymer for removal of Cu (II) from wastewater. Ceram Int 42:13507–1351810.1016/j.ceramint.2016.05.143 ↗
6. Mužek MN, Svilovic S, Ugrina M, Zelic J (2015) Removal of copper and cobalt ions by fly ash-based geopolymer from solutions-equilibrium study. Desalin Water Treat 57:10689–1069910.1080/19443994.2015.1040077 ↗
7. Ge Y, Cui X, Kong Y, Li Z, He Y, Zhou Q (2015) Porous geopolymeric spheres for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution: synthesis and evaluation. J Hazard Mater 283:244–25110.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.038 ↗
8. Khan MI, Min TK, Azizli K, Sufian S, Ullah H, Man Z (2015) Effective removal of methylene blue from water using phosphoric acid based geopolymers: synthesis, characterizations and adsorption studies. RSC Adv 5:61410–6142010.1039/C5RA08255B ↗
9. Al-Harahsheh MS, Al Zboon K, Al-Makhadmeh L, Hararah M, Mahasneh M (2015) Fly ash based geopolymer for heavy metal removal: a case study on copper removal. J Environ Chem Eng 3:1669–167710.1016/j.jece.2015.06.005 ↗
10. Runtti H, Luukkonen T, Niskanen M, Tuomikoski S, Kangas T, Tynjälä P, Tolonen E, Sarkkinen M, Kemppainen K, Rämö J (2016) Sulphate removal over barium-modified blast-furnace-slag geopolymer. J Hazard Mater 317:373–38410.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.001 ↗
11. Luukkonen T, Runtti H, Niskanen M, Tolonen E, Sarkkinen M, Kemppainen K, Rämö J, Lassi U (2016) Simultaneous removal of Ni(II), As(III), and Sb(III) from spiked mine effluent with metakaolin and blast-furnace-slag geopolymers. J Environ Manag 166:579–58810.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.007 ↗
12. Ge Y, Yuan Y, Wang K, He Y, Cui X (2015) Preparation of geopolymer-based inorganic membrane for removing Ni2+ from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 299:711–71810.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.006 ↗
13. Li C, He Y, Tang Q, Wang K, Cui X (2016) Study of the preparation of CdS on the surface of geopolymer spheres and photocatalyst performance. Mater Chem Phys 178:204–21010.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.05.013 ↗
14. Gasca-Tirado JR, Manzano-Ramírez A, Vazquez-Landaverde PA, Herrera-Díaz EI, Rodríguez-Ugarte ME, Rubio-Ávalos JC, Amigó-Borrás V, Chávez-Páez M (2014) Ion-exchanged geopolymer for photocatalytic degradation of a volatile organic compound. Mater Lett 134:222–22410.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.090 ↗
15. Alshaaer M, El-Eswed B, Yousef RI, Khalili F, Rahier H (2016) Development of functional geopolymers for water purification, and construction purposes. J Saudi Chem Soc 20:S85–S9210.1016/j.jscs.2012.09.012 ↗
16. Hamaideh A, Al-Qarallah B, Hamdi MR, Mallouh SAA, Alshaaer M (2014) Synthesis of geopolymers using local resources for construction and water purification. J Water Res Prot 6:507–51310.4236/jwarp.2014.65049 ↗
17. Silva I, Castro-Gomes J, Albuquerque A (2012) Mineral waste geopolymeric artificial aggregates as alternative materials for wastewater-treatment processes: study of structural stability and pH variation in water. J Mater Civ Eng 24:623–62810.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000429 ↗
18. Luukkonen T, Sarkkinen M, Kemppainen K, Rämö J, Lassi U (2016) Metakaolin geopolymer characterization and application for ammonium removal from model solutions and landfill leachate. Appl Clay Sci 119(2):266–27610.1016/j.clay.2015.10.027 ↗
19. Jha B, Singh D (2011) A review on synthesis, characterization and industrial applications of flyash zeolites. J Mat Educ 33:65–132
20. Wang S, Li L, Zhu ZH (2007) Solid-state conversion of fly ash to effective adsorbents for Cu removal from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 139:254–25910.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.018 ↗
21. Li L, Wang S, Zhu Z (2006) Geopolymeric adsorbents from fly ash for dye removal from aqueous solution. J Colloid Interface Sci 300:52–5910.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.062 ↗
22. Tang Q, He Y, Wang Y, Wang K, Cui X (2016) Study on synthesis and characterization of ZSM-20 zeolites from metakaolin-based geopolymers. Appl Clay Sci 129:102–10710.1016/j.clay.2016.05.011 ↗
23. Lee N, Khalid HR, Lee H (2016) Synthesis of mesoporous geopolymers containing zeolite phases by a hydrothermal treatment. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 229:22–3010.1016/j.micromeso.2016.04.016 ↗
24. Criado M, Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A (2007) Alkali activation of fly ash: effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio: part I: FTIR study. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 106:180–19110.1016/j.micromeso.2007.02.055 ↗
25. Lundstedt T, Seifert E, Abramo L, Thelin B, Nyström Å, Pettersen J, Bergman R (1998) Experimental design and optimization. Chemom Intellig Lab Syst 42:3–4010.1016/S0169-7439(98)00065-3 ↗
26. Provis JL, Lukey GC, Van Deventer JSJ (2005) Do geopolymers actually contain nanocrystalline zeolites? A reexamination of existing results. Chem Mater 17:3075–308510.1021/cm050230i ↗
27. Barbosa VFF, MacKenzie KJD, Thaumaturgo C (2000) Synthesis and characterisation of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers. J Inord Mater 2:309–31710.1016/S1466-6049(00)00041-6 ↗
28. López FJ, Sugita S, Tagaya M, Kobayashi T (2014) Metakaolin-based geopolymers for targeted adsorbents to heavy metal ion separation. J Mater Sci Chem Eng 2:16–27
29. Duan J, Li J, Lu Z (2015) One-step facile synthesis of bulk zeolite A through metakaolin-based geopolymer gels. J Porous Mater 22:1519–152610.1007/s10934-015-0034-6 ↗
30. Khale D, Chaudhary R (2007) Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review. J Mater Sci 42:729–746. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0401-410.1007/s10853-006-0401-4 ↗
31. Marcus Y (1988) Ionic radii in aqueous solutions. Chem Rev 88:1475–149810.1021/cr00090a003 ↗
32. Luukkonen T, Věžníková K, Tolonen E, Runtti H, Yliniemi J, Hu T, Kemppainen K, Lassi U (2017) Removal of ammonium from municipal wastewater with powdered and granulated metakaolin geopolymer. Environ Technol. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2017.130157210.1080/09593330.2017.1301572 ↗
33. Bignozzi MC, Manzi S, Natali ME, Rickard WDA, Van Riessen A (2014) Room temperature alkali activation of fly ash: the effect of Na2O/SiO2 ratio. Constr Build Mater 69:262–27010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.062 ↗
34. Rattanasak U, Chindaprasirt P (2009) Influence of NaOH solution on the synthesis of fly ash geopolymer. Miner Eng 22:1073–107810.1016/j.mineng.2009.03.022 ↗
35. Weldes HH, Lange KR (1969) Properties of soluble silicates. Ind Eng Chem 61:29–4410.1021/ie50712a008 ↗
36. Davidovits J (2011) Geopolymer chemistry & applications, 3rd edn. Institut Geopolymere, Saint-Quentin