Surfaces for selective absorption of solar energy: an annotated bibliography 1955?1981

1. K. ABEL, ?Sonnenkollektoren; Auf die Selektive Schicht kommt es an?, Sanit. u. Heizungstech. 44 (1979) 447. Brief and popular review.

2. O. P. AGNIHOTRI and B. K. GUPTA, ?Solar Selective Surfaces? (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1981); 215 pages. Chap. 5 of this book gives the most extensive (? 100 pages) previous review over SSAS. The contents are grouped under several headings: intrinsic materials, absorber?reflector tandems (with b-nickel, b-chrome, b-copper, b-iron, cobalt oxide, tungsten oxide), conversion coatings (Cu2S, b-zinc, coloured SS, aluminium oxide), pure semiconductors (silicon, germanium, PbS), metal suicides and carbides, paints, multilayer interference stacks, optical trapping systems, and composite materials coatings. Fabrication and measurement techniques are discussed and representative data on ? and ? are given in tables. Discussion of EMT for the optical properties of composite materials and of QSE.

3. P. BAUMEISTER, ?A Comparison of Solar Photothermal Coatings?, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 85 (1977) 47. A balanced brief review of SSAS, including a comparison of the cost of various methods of surface preparation.

4. P. BEUCHERIE, ?Selective Absorbant Surfaces for High Temperature Solar Collectors?, in ?Solar Thermal Power Generation?, Course at Ispra, Italy, 1979 (Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne, 1980) p. 125.

5. A. CHANDRA, ?Selective Coatings for Water Heaters?, Sun World 3 (1979) 106. Brief popular review.

6. F. DANIELS, ?Selective Radiation Surfaces?, in ?Direct Use of the Sun's Energy? (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1969) Chap. 12. Review of some early work.

7. H. D. EINHORN, ?Spectral Characteristics for Improving Solar Collector Performance?, Trans. S. Afr. Inst. Electr. Eng. 70 (1979) 244.

8. J. C. C. FAN, ?Wavelength-Selective Surfaces for Solar Energy Utilization?, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 85 (1976) 39. Review of the author's work on electroplated b-chrome on copper, and on radio frequency sputtered Au-MgO composites on molybdenum.

9. J. C. C. FAN, ?Wavelength-Selective Surfaces?, Adv. in Chem. 163 (1977) 149. Review of the author's work on metal?insulator composite SSAS.10.1021/ba-1977-0163.ch008 ↗

10. J. T. GIER and R. V. DUNKLE, ?Selective Spectral Characteristics as an Important Factor in the Efficiency of Solar Collectors?, in Transactions of the Conference on the Use of Solar Energy, The Scientific Basis, Tucson, October 31-November 1, 1955 (University of Arizona, Tucson, 1958) Vol. 2, Part 1A, p. 41. Review of basic principles for obtaining SSAS. Data on R(?) for various materials, especially copper oxide prepared by chemical treatment.

11. G. GOUHMAN, M. KOUDRACHOVA, N. MITEVSKAYA and F. EYDINOVA, ?Surfaces Sélectives: Propriétés Optiques et Estimation de l'Efficacité Energétique dans l'Application aux Récepteurs Solaries?, Rev. Phys. Appl. 15 (1980) 393. Brief review mainly of some Russian work.10.1051/rphysap:01980001503039300 ↗

12. C. G. GRANQVIST, ?Optical Properties of Cermet Materials?, J. Phys. (Paris) 42 (1981) C1?247. Comparison of EMT and optical data on discontinuous metal films, gas evaporated coatings, coevaporated and cosputtered layers, electrodeposited films, and electrolytically and integrally coloured anodic aluminium-oxide coatings; largely a review of the author's own work.10.1051/jphyscol:1981118 ↗

13. C. G. GRANQVIST, ?Radiative Heating and Cooling with Spectrally Selective Surfaces?, Appl. Opt. 20 (1981) 2606. Review on SSAS and other types of spectrally selective surfaces. Numerous references are given; these are grouped according to the fabrication technique.10.1364/AO.20.002606 ↗

14. R. W. GRIFFITH, ?Solar Energy Utilization: Solid State Science and a High Efficiency Amorphous-Silicon Absorber?, in ?Sharing the Sun: Solar Technology in the 70's? Vol. 6, edited by K. W. Böer, (Winnipeg, Canada, 1976) Vol. 6, p. 205. Review of the physical properties a-Si with a view to its applications as SSAS.

15. R. W. GRIFFITH, ?Amorphous Semiconductor Thin Films in Solar Thermal Conversion?, in Proceedings of the Department of Energy/DST Thermal Power Systems Workshop on Selective Absorber Coatings, Golden, Colorado, December 6?8 1977, edited by P. Call (Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1978) p. 289. See [14].

16. R. E. HAHN and B. O. SERAPHIN, ?Spectrally Selective Surfaces for Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion?, Phys. Thin Films 10 (1978) 1. Authoritative and extensive (70 pages) review covering principles for SSAS and a discussion of the optical properties obtainable with intrinsic materials, absorber?reflector tandems, multilayer inference stacks, textured surfaces and composite materials coatings.

17. J. HANUS, ?Optique des Matériaux et Conversion Thermique de l'Energie Solaire?, ?Energie Solaire, Conservation et Application?, Institut d'été, Cargese, France, June 19 1977 (Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1978) p. 303.

18. M. G. HUTCHINS, ?Solar Absorber Coatings?, Helios (7) (1978) 3. Brief and popular review.

19. M. G. HUTCHINS, ?Spectrally Selective Solar Absorber Coatings?, Appl. Energy 5 (1979) 251. Brief review of various kinds of SSAS.10.1016/0306-2619(79)90016-3 ↗

20. M. G. HUTCHINS, ?Thin-Film Coatings in Solar Water Heating Systems?, IEE Conf. Publ. 171 (1979) 249. Review of the properties of b-chrome, b-nickel, copper oxide, chromated zinc, blue SS-oxide and paints; durability studies.

21. J. JURISSON, R. E. PETERSON and H. Y. B. MAR, ?Principles and Applications of Solar Selective Coatings?, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12 (1975) 1010. Review of early work on SSAS.10.1116/1.568712 ↗

22. J. JURISSON, ?Historical Perspective ? Coatings for Solar Collectors?, in Proceedings of the Department of Energy/DST Thermal Power Systems Workshop on Selective Absorber Coatings, Golden, Colorado, December 6?8 1977, edited by P. Call (Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1978) p. 137. See [21].

23. R. W. KEYES, ?Solid State Physics and Solar Energy?, Comments Solid State Phys. 4 (1972) 183. Brief review of the principles for SSAS.

24. K. KÖHNE, ?Der Wirkungsgrad von Flachkollektoren Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung Selektiver Schichten?, in Heizen mit Sonne, 1st Meeting, Göttingen, February 23?24 1976 (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenergie, Gräfeling, Germany, 1976) p. 95. Brief review of SSAS including a discussion of the efficiency of solar collectors.

25. M. M. KOLTUN, ?Selective Surfaces and Coatings for Solar Technology?, Geliotekh. 7 (5) (1971) 70 (Appl. Solar Energy 7 (5) (1971) 52). Review of early Russian work on SSAS.

26. M. M. KOLTUN, ?Selektivnye Opticheskie Poverkhnosti Preobrazovatelei Solnechnoi Energi? (Nauka Press, Moscow, 1979). English translation: ?Selective Optical Surfaces for Solar Energy Converters? (Allerton Press, New York, 1981) 245 pages. Sections 3.1?3.6 of this book give a detailed (50 pages) review of SSAS with emphasis on Russian, and some early American work on multilayer coatings. The connection between terrestrial applications and space applications of various spectrally selective surfaces is discussed.

27. M. M. KOLTUN, ?Present State of Research on Selective Coatings for Solar-Energy Converters?, Geliotekh. 16 (6) (1980) 34 (Appl. Solar Energy 16 (6) (1980) 30). Review mainly of Russian work on SSAS and other spectrally selective surfaces.

28. M. M. KOLTUN, ?Combined Solar-Energy Converters with Selective Coatings?, Geliotekh. 17 (1) (1981) 54 (Appl Solar Energy 17 (1) (1981) 48). See [27].

29. C. M. LAMPERT, ?Coatings for Enhanced Photothermal Energy Collection I. Selective Absorbers?, Solar Energy Mater. 1 (1979) 319. Detailed review with tables of ?, ? and TS for many kinds of SSAS.10.1016/0165-1633(79)90001-7 ↗

30. C. M. LAMPERT, ?Coatings for Enhanced Photothermal Energy Collection II. Non-selective and Energy Control Films?, Solar Energy Mater. 2 (1979) 1. See [29]; this review contains data only for surfaces with moderate to low spectral selectivity.10.1016/0165-1633(79)90026-1 ↗

31. C. M. LAMPERT, ?Metal Foils for Direct Application of Absorber Coatings on Solar Collectors?, in American Electroplaters' Society Second Coatings for Solar Collectors Symposium, St. Louis, USA, October 16?17 1979.

32. C. M. LAMPERT, ?Selective Absorber Coated Foils for Solar Collectors?, Plating Surf. Finish. 67 (11) (1980) 52. Review of foils for application in solar collectors. Data for various adhesives and cost estimates.

33. R. J. H. LIN, ?Low Temperature Solar Coatings?, in Proceedings of the Department of Energy/ DST Thermal Power Systems Workshop on Selective Absorber Coatings, Golden, Colorado, December 6?8 1977, edited by P. Call (Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1978) p. 205. Review of research on SSAS at Honeywell.

34. R. L. LONG, ?Review of Recent Air Force Research on Selective Solar Absorbers?, Trans. ASME (J. Eng. for Power) 87 (1965) 277. Review of early results for various microporous surfaces, ?contaminated gold? produced by metallo-organic deposition, and vacuum evaporated multilayer films.

35. K. D. MASTERSON, ?Spectrally Selective Surfaces for High-Temperature Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion?, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 68 (1975) 147. Review of results for CVD produced silicon-based multilayer stacks and other types of SSAS.

36. K. D. MASTERSON, ?Selective Surfaces for Solar-Thermal Conversion?, J. Solid State Chem. 22 (1977) 41. Review including cost estimates for several kinds of SSAS.10.1016/0022-4596(77)90187-6 ↗

37. D. M. MATTOX, ?Solar Energy Materials Preparation Techniques?, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12 (1975) 1023. Review of SSAS and other types of surfaces for solar applications. The emphasis is on preparation techniques.10.1116/1.568714 ↗

38. D. M. MATTOX, ?Application of Thin Films to Solar Energy Utilization?, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 13 (1976) 127. See [37].10.1116/1.568805 ↗

39. D. M. MATTOX, ?Optical Materials for Solar Energy Applications?, Opt. News 2 (Summer 1976) 12. See [37].10.1364/ON.2.3.000012 ↗

40. D. M. MATTOX, ?Coatings and Surface Treatments in Solar Energy Applications?, Plating Surf. Finish. 63 (1) (1976) 55. See [37].

41. D. M. MATTOX, ?Preparation of Thin Films for Solar Energy Utilization?, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17 (1980) 370. See [37].10.1116/1.570391 ↗

42. D. M. MATTOX and R. R. SOWELL, ?A Survey of Selective Solar Absorbers and Their Limitations?, J. Phys. (Paris) 42 (1981) C1?19. Review of various kinds of SSAS, including a discussion of fabrication processes and degradation modes.10.1051/jphyscol:1981102 ↗

43. G. E. MCDONALD, ?Survey of Coatings for Solar Collectors?, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Collectors for Heating and Coating of Buildings, New York, November 1974 (University of Maryland, College Park, Georgia, 1975) p. 407. Brief review on results for b-chrome, b-nickel, b-zinc, b-copper and enamels. Cost estimates are given.

44. A. B. MEINEL, ?Progress in Development and Application of Selective Surfaces?, in International Conference on Heliotechnique and Development, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, November 2?6 1975, edited by M. A. Kettani and J. E. Soussou (Development Analysis Association Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976) Vol. 1, p. 166. Review of SSAS with emphasis on absorber?reflector tandems and multilayer interference stacks. Thermal degradation is discussed.

45. A. B. MEINEL and M. P. MEINEL, ?Applied Solar Energy: An Introduction?, (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Pennsylvania, 1976) 651 pages. Chap. 9 of this book gives an extensive (50 pages) review of SSAS. It contains treatment of intrinsic materials, absorber?reflector tandems, multilayer interference stacks, optical trapping systems and QSE. Optical properties of metals are discussed.

46. L. MELAMED, ?Development of Selective Absorber Coatings for Solar Thermal Power Systems?, in Proceedings of the Department of Energy/DST Thermal Power Systems Workshop on Selective Absorber Coatings, Golden, Colorado, December 6?8 1977, edited by P. Call (Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1978) p. 13.

47. L. MELAMED and C. M. KAPLAN, ?Survey of Selective Absorber Coatings for Solar Energy Technology?, J. Energy 1 (1977) 100. Brief review with emphasis on high-temperature stable SSAS.10.2514/3.47932 ↗

48. G. PELLEGRINI, ?Experimental Methods for the Preparation of Selectively Absorbing Textured Surfaces for Photothermal Solar Conversion?, Solar Energy Mater. 3 (1980) 391. Review of various methods for the production of textured surfaces: unidirectional solidification of eutectic alloys, X-ray lithography, ion-exchange reaction between metals, vapour?liquid?solid mechanism, CVD, vacuum deposition, and oxidation of metals at high temperatures.10.1016/0165-1633(80)90028-3 ↗

49. J. P. PETITJEAN and H. VAN DER POORTEN, ?Les Revêtements Sélectifs et leur Rôle dans l'Amélioration des Performances des Collecteurs Solaires?, Surf. Technol. 11 (1980) 229.10.1016/0376-4583(80)90036-9 ↗

50. P. K. C. PILLAI and R. C. AGARWAL, ?Spectrally Selective Surfaces for Photothermal Conversion of Solar Energy?, Phys. Status Solidi A 60 (1980) 11. Review on different principles for obtaining SSAS, and on experimental data for coatings produced by electrodeposition, chemical conversion, painting, vapour deposition and CVD.10.1002/pssa.2210600102 ↗

51. A. C. RATZEL and R. B. B. BANNEROT, ?Optimal Material Selection for Flat-Plate Solar Energy Collectors Utilizing Commercially Available Materials?, Nucl, Solar and Process Heat Transfer, AIChE Symposium Series, No. 164, Vol. 73 (1977) p. 186. Review of data for commercially available materials for use in flat-plate solar collectors, including a description of methods for application of SSAS. Data for ?, ?, durability, temperature limits, and cost are given.

52. I. T. RITCHIE and J. SPITZ, ?Thermal Degradation of Cermet Solar Selective Absorbers?, J. Phys. (Paris) 42 (1981) C1?301. Review of degradation mechanisms for electroplated b-chrome, reactively sputtered metal carbides and suicides, and vacuum coevaporated cermets (metal?insulator composites).10.1051/jphys:019810042010100 ↗

53. B. O. SERAPHIN, ?Material Science Aspects of Thin-Film Systems Used for Solar Energy Conversion ? An Introduction?, in Symposium on the Materials Science Aspects of Thin Film Systems for Solar Energy Conversion, Tucson, May 20?22 1974, edited by B. O. Seraphin (University of Arizona, Tucson, 1974) p. 7.

54. B. O. SERAPHIN, ?Solid State Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion?, J. Jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 44 (1975) 11. Brief review.

55. B. O. SERAPHIN and A. B. MEINEL, ?Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion and the Optical Properties of Solids?, in ?Optical Properties of Solids ? New Developments?, edited by B. O. Seraphin (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976) Chap. 17, p. 927. Extensive (40 pages) review; see [16].

56. B. O. SERAPHIN, ?Spectrally Selective Surfaces and their Impact on Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion?, in ?Solar Energy Conversion: Solid State Physics Aspects?, Vol. 31 of ?Topics in Applied Physics?, edited by B. O. Seraphin (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1979) p. 5. Extensive (50 pages) review; see [16].10.1007/3-540-09224-2_2 ↗

57. B. O. SERAPHIN, ?Spectrally Selective Surfaces in Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion?, in ?Solar Energy Conversion: An Introductory Course?, edited by A. E. Dixon and J. D. Leslie (Pergamon, New York, 1979) p. 287. Extensive (40 pages) tutorial review; see [16].10.1016/B978-0-08-024744-1.50015-2 ↗

58. A. V. SHEKLEIN, ?Application of Selective Coatings in Solar Thermogenerators?, Geliotekh. 4 (1) (1968) 42 (Appl. Solar Energy 4 (1) (1968) 28). Brief review of early Russian work on SSAS and other types of spectrally selective surfaces.

59. A. J. SIEVERS, ?Spectral Selectivity of Composite Materials?, in ?Solar Energy Conversion: Solid State Physics Aspects?, Vol. 31 of ?Topics in Applied Physics?, edited by B. O. Seraphin (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1979) p. 57. Authoritative and extensive (60 pages) review on emissivity of metal surfaces and EMT for composite materials. Experimental data and model calculations of R(?) for composite SSAS are treated. See also [562].10.1007/3-540-09224-2_3 ↗

60. G. B. SMITH, ?Selective Coatings for Solar Collectors?, Met. Australasia (9) (1977) 204. Brief and popular review.

61. G. B. SMITH and T. M. SABINE, ?Coatings and Cover Plates for Efficient Solar Energy Collection?, J. Austr. Ceram. Soc. 14 (1) (1979) 4. See [60].

62. I. I. SOBELMAN, ?Exploitation of Solar Energy?, Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 120 (1976) 85 (Sov. Phys. Usp. 19 (1976) 758). Brief review of SSAS, including a discussion of solar absorption in vapours of Br2, I2 and IBr.10.3367/UFNr.0120.197609c.0085 ↗

63. J. SPITZ, ?Selective Surfaces for High Temperature Solar Photo-Thermal Conversion?, Thin Solid Films 45 (1971) 31. Brief review mainly on principles for SSAS.10.1016/0040-6090(77)90198-5 ↗

64. J. SPITZ, A. AUBERT, J. M. BEHAGHEL, S. BERTHIER, J. LAFAIT and J. RIVORY, ?Matériaux Sélectifs pour la Conversion Photothermique de l'Energie Solaire?, Rev. Phys. Appl. 14 (1979) 67. Review covering principles for SSAS and data for electroplated b-chrome and sputter deposited TiN x and TiC x .10.1051/rphysap:0197900140106700 ↗

65. H. TABOR, ?Selective Radiation I. Wavelength Discrimination?, in Transactions of the Conference on the use of Solar Energy. The Scientific Basis, Tucson, October 31?November 1 1955, Vol. 2, Part 1A (University of Arizona, Tucson, 1958) p. 24. Also in Bull Res. Counc. Israel 5A (1956) 119. Review of basic principles for SSAS and experimental data for b-nickel and copper oxide on aluminium.

66. H. TABOR, ?Selective Radiation II. Wavefront Discrimination?, in Transactions on the Conference on the Use of Solar Energy. The Scientific Basis, Tucson, October 31?November 1 1955, Vol. 2, Part 1A (University of Arizona, Tucson, 1958) p. 34. Also in Bull. Res. Counc. Israel 5A (1956) 129. Review of SSAS utilizing controlled large-scale texture.

67. H. TABOR, ?Solar Collectors, Selective Surfaces and Heat Engines?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 47 (1962) 1271. Review including results for b-nickel.10.1073/pnas.47.8.1271 ↗

68. H. TABOR, ?Selective Surfaces for Solar Collectors?, in ?Low Temperature Engineering Applications of Solar Energy?, edited by R. C. Jordan (ASHRAE, 1967) p. 41.

69. H. TABOR, ?Selective Surfaces for Solar Collectors?, in ?Application of Solar Energy for Heating and Cooling of Building?, edited by R. C. Jordan and Y. H. Lui (ASHRAE, 1977) Chap. 6.

70. H. TABOR, ?Status Report on Selective Surfaces?, in Proceedings of the International Solar Energy Congress, New Delhi, India, January 16?21 1978, Vol. 2, edited by F. de Winter and M. Cox (Pergamon, New York, 1978) p. 829. Brief review mainly on the principles for obtaining SSAS.

71. H. TABOR, ?Selective Surfaces?, in ?Solar Energy Conversion: An Introductory Course?, edited by A. E. Dixon and J. D. Leslie (Pergamon, New York, 1979) p. 253. Authoritative review of the general principles for obtaining SSAS and a brief discussion of several practically used coatings.10.1016/B978-0-08-024744-1.50014-0 ↗

72. Y. S. TOULOUKIAN and D. P. DeWITT, ?Thermal Radiative Properties: Metallic Elements and Alloys?, Vol. 7 of the series ?Thermophysical Properties of Matter? (IFI/Plenum, New York, 1970) 24 + 47 + 1540 + 14 pages. Very extensive compilation of published work on R(?), ?, ? and other radiative properties. The data are given in tables and figures. Measurement techniques are treated in the introduction. The results apply to metallic elements and alloys including different surface treatments of these.

73. Y. S. TOULOUKIAN and D. P. DeWITT, ?Thermal Radiative Properties: Nonmetallic Solids?, Vol. 8 of the series ?Thermophysical Properties of Matter? (IFI/Plenum, New York, 1972) 34 + 48+ 1763 + 41 pages. See [72]; the results apply to nonmetallic solids and different treatments of these.

74. Y. S. TOULOUKIAN, D. P. DeWITT and R. S. HERNICZ, ?Thermal Radiative Properties: Coatings?, Vol. 9 of the series ?Thermophysical Properties of Matter? (IFI/Plenum, New York, 1972) 34 + 58 + 1378 + 95 pages. See [72]; the results apply to a large number of combinations of coatings and substrates.

75. M. VAN DER LEIJ and M. SIKKENS, ?Properties of Spectrally Selective Materials?, Natuurkd. (Netherlands) A44 (1978) 19. Brief and popular review.

76. J. V. WIENSKOWSKI, ?Selektive Absorber?, in Proceedings of the 1st Deutsches Sonnenforum, Hamburg, September 26?28 1977, Vol. 2, p. 365.

77. R. M. WINEGARNER, ?Selective Absorbers for Flat Plate Collectors?, Sun World 1 (4) (1977) 12. Brief and popular review.

78. G. A. ZERLAUT, ?Fundamental Materials Considerations for Solar Collectors?, in ?Critical Materials Problems in Energy Production?, edited by C. Stein (Academic Press, New York, 1976) Chap. 13, page 389. Extensive (50 pages) review of SSAS and other components of solar collectors.10.1016/B978-0-12-665050-1.50019-1 ↗

79. N. ASHCROFT, R. AURBACH, R. BUHRMAN, H. CRAIGHEAD, W. LAMB, A. SIEVERS, R. SMALLEY, D. TROTTER, J. W. WILKINS and D. WOOD, ?Optical Properties of Metallic Surfaces, Small Particles and Composite Coatings for Solar Energy Conversion Applications?, in Proceedings of the Department of Energy/DST Thermal Power Systems Workshop on Selective Absorber Coatings, Golden, Colorado, December 6?8 1977, edited by P. Call (Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1978) p. 317. Discussion of EMT, emissivity of metals and optical properties of cermet films; mainly a survey of work of the Cornell group.

80. N. W. ASHCROFT, R. A. BUHRMAN, H. G. CRAIGHEAD, W. LAMB, A. J. SIEVERS, R. SMALLEY, D. M. TROTTER, J. W. WILKINS, L. WOJCIK and D. M. WOOD, ?A study of Metal/Insulator Composite Media and Metal Surfaces for Use in Selective Absorber Systems?, in Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Absorber Surfaces for Solar Receivers, Boulder, January 24?25 1979, edited by P. J. Call (Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1979) p. 77. See [79].

81. R. C. BASTIEN, R. R. AUSTIN and T. P. POTTENGER, ?Inhomogeneous Metal/Dielectric Selective Solar Absorbers?, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 140 (1978) 140. Cermet coatings were produced by e-beam coevaporation from two sources. Nickel and titanium particles dispersed in Al2O3, Hf2O3, MgF2, MgO, CeF3, Y2O3 and Nd2O3 were studied. The combination Ni-Al2O3 showed the best results. Measurements of R(?) at room temperature were used to calculate ? and ? (450° C). Short term TS tests and AES analysis were conducted.

82. V. A. BAUM, B. A. GARF, M. D. KUDRIASHOVA and J. D. MALEVSKY, ?Effet de la Selectivité dans les Installations Solaires Energetiques?, Rev. Int. Héliotech. Fr. 2 (1973) 33. Multilayer interference coatings were produced by deposition of a thin nickel film and two antireflecting dielectric layers onto a copper substrate. Improved spectral selectivity was obtained by a mechanical treatment of the substrate.

83. W. BRÜNGER, ?Thin Film Solar Absorber Consisting of Au-Particles in SiO2?, in Proceedings of the 2nd Internationales Sonnenforum, Hamburg, July 12?14 1978, Vol. 1 (COMPLES/DGS, 1978) p. 351. Films were produced by codeposition of gold from a tungsten-boat and SiO2 from an e-beam source. Hemispherical R(?) and ? were measured. TEM studies were performed.

84. W. BRÜNGER, ?A Thin Film Solar Absorber Consisting of Gold Particles in Silicon Dioxide?, Vacuum 30 (1980) 125. See [83].10.1016/S0042-207X(80)80061-3 ↗

85. R. A. BUHRMAN and H. G. CRAIGHEAD, ?Composite Film Selective Absorbers?, in ?Solar Materials Science?, edited by L. E. Murr (Academic, New York, 1980) Chap. 9, p. 277. Extensive (40 pages) report on an investigation of cermet films produced by e-beam Coevaporation. Optical constants were determined for Ag-Al2O3, Ni-Al2O3, Au-Al2O3 and Au-MgO and compared with EMT. SSAS with graded composition profiles were designed. Hemispherical R(?) and temperature dependent ? (by calorimetry) were measured for Ni-Al2O3 and Pt-Al2O3 films. TS for ?<600° C was verified by heating of such films in air.10.1016/B978-0-12-511160-7.50016-8 ↗

86. G. BURRAFATO, G. GIAQUINTA, N. A. MANCINI, A. PENNISI and S. TROIA, ?Thin Film Solar Acceptors?, in ?Heliotechnique and Development?, Vol. 1, edited by M. A. Kettani and J. E. Soussou (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976) p. 180. Thin InSb films were produced by flash evaporation onto vacuum deposited silver. The spectral selectivity is discussed in terms of QSE.

87. H. G. CRAIGHEAD, R. BARTYNSKI, R. A. BUHRMAN, L. WOJCIK and A. J. SIEVERS, ?Metal/Insulator Composite Selective Absorbers?, Solar Energy Mater. 1 (1979) 105. Ni-Al2O3 and Pt-Al2O3 cermet films were produced by e-beam coevaporation. EMT and the design of SSAS with graded composition are treated. Hemispherical R(?), ? (by calorimetry) and TS are reported.10.1016/0165-1633(79)90061-3 ↗

88. H. G. CRAIGHEAD and R. A. BUHRMAN, ?Optical Properties of Selectively Absorbing Ni/Al2O3 Composite Films?, Appl. Phys. Lett. 31 (1977) 423. Ni-Al2O3 cermet films were produced by e-beam coevaporation. R(?) and TS were studied. The structure was investigated by TEM.10.1063/1.89732 ↗

89. H. G. CRAIGHEAD and R. A. BUHRMAN, ?Optical Properties of Selectively Absorbing Metal/Insulator Composite Films?, J. Vac. Sci. Technol 15 (1978) 269. See [88]. V-Al2O3, V-SiO2, V-MgO, Fe-Al2O3 and Fe-MgO cermet films were also studied.10.1116/1.569568 ↗

90. H. G. CRAIGHEAD, R. E. HOWARD, J. E. SWEENEY and R. A. BUHRMAN, ?Graded-Index Pt-Al2O3 Composite Solar Absorbers?, Appl. Phys. Lett. 39 (1981) 29. Graded Pt-Al2O3 cermet films, produced by e-beam coevaporation, were coated with e-beam deposited SiO x . The surface was then textured by reactive ion etching in CF4. Measurements of R(?) gave ??0.98. The film structure was analysed by TEM and SEM.10.1063/1.92552 ↗

91. L. F. DRUMMETER Jr. and G. HASS, ?Solar Absorptance and Thermal Emittance of Evaporated Coatings?, Phys. Thin Films 2 (1964) 305. Review of coatings designed primarily for space vehicle applications, including results for SSAS of the multilayer interference type: Ge/SiO on aluminium, SiO/Ge/SiO on aluminium, SiO/Cr/SiO on aluminium, and SiO2/Pt/SiO2 on platinum. R(?) and TS are reported.

92. L. E. FLORDAHL and R. KIVAISI, ?Vacuum Evaporated Thin Films For Solar Collectors?, Vacuum 27 (1971) 319. E-beam evaporated germanium and PbS films, overlaid with SiO, were deposited onto aluminium, nickel and chromium. R(?) was measured. TS under humid conditions was investigated.

93. U. Kh. GAZIEV, Sh. A. FAIZIEV, V. V. LI and V. S. TRUKHOV, ?Investigation of Light-Absorbing Coatings Produced by Joint Condensation of Vapors of a Metal and a Dielectric?, Geliotekh. 16 (1980) 30 (Appl. Solar Energy 16 (1980) 30). Cermet films were produced by thermal evaporation of pellets pressed from a powdered mixture of metal (nickel, chromium) and dielectric (SiO2, CeO2) onto SS. Data are given on R(?), ?, ?, and TS. Uniform coatings with 30 to 50 wt % nickel in SiO2 have ?=0.92 and ?=0.08.

94. M. GOLOMB, ?Diffraction Gratings and Solar Selective Thin Film Absorbers: An Experimental Study?, Opt. Commun. 27 (1978) 177. Films of silicon on aluminium and of carbon on copper were deposited by e-beam evaporation onto holographically produced gratings to give rough surfaces. Hemispherical R(?) was measured and compared to theory.10.1016/0030-4018(78)90360-7 ↗

95. G. HASS, H. H. SCHROEDER and A. F. TURNER, ?Mirror Coatings for Low Visible and High Infrared Reflectance?, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 46 (1956) 31. Study of vacuum deposited multilayer interference coatings: Ge/SiO on aluminium, gold and copper; SiO/Al/SiO, MgF2/Inconel/MgF2, SiO/Inconel/SiO and ZnS/Inconel/ZnS on aluminium.10.1364/JOSA.46.000031 ↗

96. C. M. HORWITZ, ?New Solar Selective Surface?, Opt. Commun. 11 (1974) 210. Data on hemispherical R(?) for aluminium-micromeshes.10.1016/0030-4018(74)90223-5 ↗

97. C. M. HORWITZ, ?Solar-Selective Globular Metal Films?, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 68 (1978) 1032. Particulate globular tin films were prepared by e-beam evaporation onto heated glass substrates. Specular and hemispherical R(?) and scattered light were measured and compared to theoretical models.10.1364/JOSA.68.001032 ↗

98. C. M. HORWITZ, R. C. McPHEDRAN and J. A. BEUNER, ?Interference and Diffraction in Globular Metal Films?, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 68 (1978) 1023. See [97].10.1364/JOSA.68.001023 ↗

99. R. T. KIVAISI, ?Optical Properties of Selectively Absorbing Chromium Films Deposited at Oblique Angle of Incidence?, Solar Energy Mater. 5 (1981) 115. Chromium films were produced by e-beam evaporation. Specular R(?) and T(?) were used to derive effective optical constants. Hemispherical R(?) and spectral ? (80° C) were determined. The spectral selectivity is believed to be caused by the nonhomogeneous character of the films.10.1016/0165-1633(81)90023-X ↗

100. R. T. KIVAISI and L. E. FLORDAHL, ?Optical Behaviour of Selectively Absorbing Surfaces at Elevated Temperatures?, Solar Energy Mater. 2 (1980) 403. Investigation of R(?) at 200° C and at room temperature for the films in [92]. Composition depth profiles were obtained by AES.10.1016/0165-1633(80)90035-0 ↗