Review: sanitary pads—composition, regulation, and ongoing research to address associated challenges

Abstract Menstrual health management (MHM) plays a crucial role in women’s well-being and empowerment; yet, it remains a pressing challenge in many parts of the world. The transition from traditional methods of managing menstruation, such as using rags or other makeshift materials, to the use of disposable sanitary pads has significantly impacted women's lives. However, there are many people, especially in the Global South, that still battles with a lack of access to proper MHM and the application of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities (WASH). In many developing countries, women have historically relied on improvised materials like rags, leaves, or old clothing to manage their menstruation. These methods often result in poor hygiene practices, discomfort, and an increased risk of infection. The introduction and widespread availability of disposable sanitary pads have revolutionized menstrual health management in the Global North, mainly by providing a convenient and hygienic alternative. Disposable sanitary pads offer absorbency, leak protection, and odour control, enhancing women’s comfort and confidence during menstruation. However, challenges persist in ensuring the sustainable production and disposal of disposable sanitary pads. The environmental impact of disposable sanitary pads, including their non-biodegradable nature and plastic waste, raises concerns about long-term sustainability. Also, several voices have gone up against the use of phthalates and other harmful chemicals found in these products which are considered harmful to the female reproduction system. While efforts are underway to develop eco-friendly alternatives and promote proper waste management practices, MHM still has a long way to go. In this article, we discuss the history, composition, the various issues of their use, and the latest developments in the research and manufacture of disposable sanitary pads. We show with examples from the Global South, from countries like South Africa, Uganda, and India, that much is yet to be done to provide access to all due to costs, and that safety and the environment are not the highest priority when selecting a sanitary product. We conclude with suggestions for future research and development of sanitary products. Graphical Abstract