Effects of carbon nanotubes on the interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness of carbon fiber composite laminates: a review
Source abstract
Abstract
The interlaminar mechanical properties of composites are important parameters for the application of laminates, and many scholars have applied carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a promising solution to alleviate the delamination of laminates owing to its excellent mechanical properties and resin compatibility. The types of CNTs and their spatial distribution state in laminates can significantly affect the final interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and fracture toughness of the laminates. In this paper, the methods of introducing CNTs into laminates are summarized, the techniques and methods for controlling the key parameters of CNTs such as dispersion, distribution and orientation of CNTs in laminates are reviewed. And then, these parameters of CNTs on ILSS and fracture toughness were discussed. It was found that CNTs with small diameters had more advantages in improving interlaminar mechanical properties because they easily penetrated the reinforced fabric. Moreover, CNTs distributed vertically along the thickness direction can improve the interlaminar mechanical properties of composites to a greater extent. Furthermore, through comprehensive comparison, we found that chemical vapor deposition method, interlayer insertion and surface assembly can significantly improve the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, while the resin mixing and prepreg modification can greatly improve the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness. In addition, CNTs local filling technology can achieve the purpose of local performance improvement for composite components. Finally, the current issues and potential opportunities of the carbon fiber-reinforced laminates filled with CNTs are pointed out, and new directions for future prospects are proposed.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Electromagnetic wave absorption materials · Material Properties and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Liew KM, Lei ZX, Zhang LW (2015) Mechanical analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composites: a review. Compos Struct 120:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.09.04110.1016/j.compstruct.2014.09.041 ↗
2. Kafi A, Huson M, Creighton C, Khoo J, Mazzola L, Gengenbach T, Jones F, Fox B (2014) Effect of surface functionality of PAN-based carbon fibres on the mechanical performance of carbon/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 94:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.01.01110.1016/j.compscitech.2014.01.011 ↗
3. Gu YZ, Li M, Zhang ZG, Sun ZJ (2006) Numerical simulation and experimental study on consolidation of toughened epoxy resin composite laminates. J Compos Mater 40(24):2257–2277. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199830606231910.1177/0021998306062319 ↗
4. Muflikhun MA, Yokozeki T, Aoki T (2019) The strain performance of thin CFRP-SPCC hybrid laminates for automobile structures. Compos Struct 220:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.03.09410.1016/j.compstruct.2019.03.094 ↗
5. Wicks SS, Wang WN, Williams MR, Wardle BL (2014) Multi-scale interlaminar fracture mechanisms in woven composite laminates reinforced with aligned carbon nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol 100:128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.06.00310.1016/j.compscitech.2014.06.003 ↗
6. Xie GY, Zhou G, Bao XJ (2009) Mechanical behaviour of advanced composite laminates embedded with carbon nanotubes: review. In: Leng J, Asundi AK, Ecke W (eds) Second international conference on smart materials and nanotechnology in engineering 7493. Proceedings of SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.83606010.1117/12.836060 ↗
7. Mouritz AP, Cox BN (2010) A mechanistic interpretation of the comparative in-plane mechanical properties of 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites. Compos Part a-Appl Sci Manuf 41(6):709–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.02.00110.1016/j.compositesa.2010.02.001 ↗
8. Lee L, Rudov-Clark S, Mouritz AP, Bannister MK, Herszberg I (2002) Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites. Compos Struct 57(1–4):405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(02)00108-310.1016/s0263-8223(02)00108-3 ↗
9. Huang HS, Waas AM (2014) Quasi-static mode II fracture tests and simulations of Z-pinned woven composites. Eng Fract Mech 126:155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.05.00210.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.05.002 ↗
10. Lubineau G, Rahaman A (2012) A review of strategies for improving the degradation properties of laminated continuous-fiber/epoxy composites with carbon-based nanoreinforcements. Carbon 50(7):2377–2395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.01.05910.1016/j.carbon.2012.01.059 ↗
11. Duc Nguyen D, Pham Dinh N (2017) The dynamic response and vibration of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) truncated conical shells resting on elastic foundations. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1010119410.3390/ma10101194 ↗
12. Li N, Huang Y, Du F, He XB, Lin X, Gao HJ, Ma YF, Li FF, Chen YS, Eklund PC (2006) Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of single-walled carbon nanotube epoxy composites. Nano Lett 6(6):1141–1145. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl060258910.1021/nl0602589 ↗
13. Kumar S, Ahlawat W, Kumar R, Dilbaghi N (2015) Graphene, carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide and gold as elite nanomaterials for fabrication of biosensors for healthcare. Biosens Bioelectron 70:498–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.06210.1016/j.bios.2015.03.062 ↗
14. Su SS, Wang YX, Qin JJ, Wang CG, Yao ZQ, Lu RJ, Wang QF (2019) Continuous method for grafting CNTs on the surface of carbon fibers based on cobalt catalyst assisted by thiourea. J Mater Sci 54(19):12498–12508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03827-810.1007/s10853-019-03827-8 ↗
15. Xu F, Liu HY, Du XS (2018) An analytical model of interlaminar fracture of polymer composite reinforced by carbon fibres grafted with carbon nanotubes. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1006068310.3390/polym10060683 ↗
16. Guo J, Zhang QJ, Gao L, Zhong WH, Sui G, Yang XP (2017) Significantly improved electrical and interlaminar mechanical properties of carbon fiber laminated composites by using special carbon nanotube pre-dispersion mixture. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf 95:294–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.01.02110.1016/j.compositesa.2017.01.021 ↗
17. Li W, Li YT, Xiang D, Zhao CX, Wang B, Li H, Han HC (2019) Simultaneous enhancement of electrical conductivity and interlaminar shear strength of CF/EP composites through MWCNTs doped thermoplastic polyurethane film interleaves. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4798810.1002/app.47988 ↗
18. Qian H, Greenhalgh ES, Shaffer MSP, Bismarck A (2010) Carbon nanotube-based hierarchical composites: a review. J Mater Chem 20(23):4751–4762. https://doi.org/10.1039/c000041h10.1039/c000041h ↗
19. Ou YF, Gonzalez C, Vilatela JJ (2020) Understanding interlaminar toughening of unidirectional CFRP laminates with carbon nanotube veils. Compos Part B-Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.10837210.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108372 ↗
20. Sheth D, Maiti S, Patel S, Kandasamy J, Chandan MR, Rahaman A (2020) Enhancement of mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix laminated composites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Fuller, Nanotub, Carbon Nanostruct 29(4):288–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2020.183942410.1080/1536383x.2020.1839424 ↗
21. Su Y, Zhou F, Wei XH, Jing DQ, Zhang XH, Zhang SC (2020) Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of carbon fiber/poly(ether ether ketone) laminates via inserting carbon nanotubes interleaves. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4865810.1002/app.48658 ↗
22. Shen LL, Liu L, Zhou YX, Wu ZJ (2020) Thickness effect of carbon nanotube interleaves on free-edge delamination and ultimate strength within a symmetric composite laminate. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.10582810.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105828 ↗
23. Kalfon-Cohen E, Kopp R, Furtado C, Ni X, Arteiro A, Borstnar G, Mavrogordato MN, Sinclair I, Spearing SM, Camanho PP, Wardle BL (2018) Synergetic effects of thin plies and aligned carbon nanotube interlaminar reinforcement in composite laminates. Compos Sci Technol 166:160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.00710.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.007 ↗
24. Thakre PR, Lagoudas DC, Riddick JC, Gates TS, Frankland SJV, Ratcliffe JG, Zhu J, Barrera EV (2011) Investigation of the effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on interlaminar fracture toughness of woven carbon fiber-epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 45(10):1091–1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831038908810.1177/0021998310389088 ↗
25. Thostenson ET, Li C, Chou T-W (2005) Nanocomposites in context. Compos Sci Technol 65(3):491–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.00310.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.003 ↗
26. Zhao Z, Teng K, Li N, Li X, Xu Z, Chen L, Niu J, Fu H, Zhao L, Liu Y (2017) Mechanical, thermal and interfacial performances of carbon fiber reinforced composites flavored by carbon nanotube in matrix/interface. Compos Struct 159:761–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.02210.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.022 ↗
27. Fu S-Y, Chen Z-K, Hong S, Han CC (2009) The reduction of carbon nanotube (CNT) length during the manufacture of CNT/polymer composites and a method to simultaneously determine the resulting CNT and interfacial strengths. Carbon 47(14):3192–3200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.07.02810.1016/j.carbon.2009.07.028 ↗
28. Zhou Y, Pervin F, Lewis L, Jeelani S (2008) Fabrication and characterization of carbon/epoxy composites mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process 475(1–2):157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.04310.1016/j.msea.2007.04.043 ↗
29. Leng J, Xie G, Asundi AK, Zhou G, Bao X, Ecke W (2009) Mechanical behaviour of advanced composite laminates embedded with carbon nanotubes: review. 7493:74932E. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.83606010.1117/12.836060 ↗
30. Bekyarova E, Thostenson ET, Yu A, Itkis ME, Fakhrutdinov D, Chou T-W, Haddon RC (2007) Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes for carbon fiber-epoxy composites. J Phys Chem C 111(48):17865–17871. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp071329a10.1021/jp071329a ↗
31. Seyhan AT, Tanoglu M, Schulte K (2008) Mode I and mode II fracture toughness of E-glass non-crimp fabric/carbon nanotube (CNT) modified polymer based composites. Eng Fract Mech 75(18):5151–5162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2008.08.00310.1016/j.engfracmech.2008.08.003 ↗
32. Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG, Fiedler B, Bauhofer W, Schulte K (2005) Influence of nano-modification on the mechanical and electrical properties of conventional fibre-reinforced composites. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf 36(11):1525–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.00710.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.007 ↗
33. Kim M, Park Y-B, Okoli OI, Zhang C (2009) Processing, characterization, and modeling of carbon nanotube-reinforced multiscale composites. Compos Sci Technol 69(3–4):335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.01910.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.019 ↗
34. An Q, Rider AN, Thostenson ET (2012) Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes onto carbon-fiber fabric for production of carbon/epoxy composites with improved mechanical properties. Carbon 50(11):4130–4143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.04.06110.1016/j.carbon.2012.04.061 ↗
35. Awan FS, Fakhar MA, Khan LA, Zaheer U, Khan AF, Subhani T (2018) Interfacial mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-deposited carbon fiber epoxy matrix hierarchical composites. Compos Interfaces 25(8):681–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2018.143962010.1080/09276440.2018.1439620 ↗
36. Mei L, Li Y, Wang R, Wang C, Peng Q, He X (2011) Multiscale carbon nanotube-carbon fiber reinforcement for advanced epoxy composites with high interfacial strength. Polym Polym Compos 19(2–3):107–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391111019002-30910.1177/0967391111019002-309 ↗
37. Bekyarova E, Thostenson ET, Yu A, Kim H, Gao J, Tang J, Hahn HT, Chou TW, Itkis ME, Haddon RC (2007) Multiscale carbon nanotube-carbon fiber reinforcement for advanced epoxy composites. Langmuir 23(7):3970–3974. https://doi.org/10.1021/la062743p10.1021/la062743p ↗
38. Dong L, Hou F, Li Y, Wang L, Gao H, Tang Y (2014) Preparation of continuous carbon nanotube networks in carbon fiber/epoxy composite. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 56:248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.01610.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.016 ↗
39. Li M, Gu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang Z (2013) Interfacial improvement of carbon fiber/epoxy composites using a simple process for depositing commercially functionalized carbon nanotubes on the fibers. Carbon 52:109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.01110.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.011 ↗
40. Su Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Jing D (2018) Preparation and properties of carbon nanotubes/carbon fiber/poly (ether ether ketone) multiscale composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 108:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.02.03010.1016/j.compositesa.2018.02.030 ↗
41. Fogel M, Parlevliet P, Olivier P, Dantras É (2017) Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 100:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.04.02010.1016/j.compositesa.2017.04.020 ↗
42. Lee G, Ko KD, Yu YC, Lee J, Yu W-R, Youk JH (2015) A facile method for preparing CNT-grafted carbon fibers and improved tensile strength of their composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 69:132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.01510.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.015 ↗
43. Alejandro Rodriguez-Gonzalez J, Rubio-Gonzalez C, de Jesus K-H, Ramos-Galicia L, Velasco-Santos C (2018) Effect of seawater ageing on interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy composites containing carbon nanofillers. J Reinf Plast Compos 37(22):1346–1359. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168441879630510.1177/0731684418796305 ↗
44. Zakaria MR, Akil HM, Omar MF, Abdullah MMA, Ab Rahman AA, Othman MBH (2020) Improving flexural and dielectric properties of carbon fiber epoxy composite laminates reinforced with carbon nanotubes interlayer using electrospray deposition. Nanotechnol Rev 9(1):1170–1182. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-009010.1515/ntrev-2020-0090 ↗
45. Lavagna L, Massella D, Pavese M (2017) Preparation of hierarchical material by chemical grafting of carbon nanotubes onto carbon fibers. Diam Relat Mater 80:118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2017.10.01310.1016/j.diamond.2017.10.013 ↗
46. Zhao F, Huang Y, Liu L, Bai Y, Xu L (2011) Formation of a carbon fiber/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/carbon nanotube hybrid reinforcement and its effect on the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Carbon 49(8):2624–2632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.02610.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.026 ↗
47. Rong HP, Dahmen KH, Garmestani H, Yu MH, Jacob KI (2013) Comparison of chemical vapor deposition and chemical grafting for improving the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J Mater Sci 48(14):4834–4842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-7119-210.1007/s10853-012-7119-2 ↗
48. Garcia EJ, Wardle BL, John Hart A, Yamamoto N (2008) Fabrication and multifunctional properties of a hybrid laminate with aligned carbon nanotubes grown In Situ. Compos Sci Technol 68(9):2034–2041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.02.02810.1016/j.compscitech.2008.02.028 ↗
49. Kepple KL, Sanborn GP, Lacasse PA, Gruenberg KM, Ready WJ (2008) Improved fracture toughness of carbon fiber composite functionalized with multi walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 46(15):2026–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.08.01010.1016/j.carbon.2008.08.010 ↗
50. Ghorannevis Z, Kato T, Kaneko T, Hatakeyama R (2010) Growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from nonmagnetic catalysts by plasma chemical vapor deposition. Japn J Appl Phys 49(2):02BA01. https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.02ba0110.1143/jjap.49.02ba01 ↗
51. Baghgar M, Abdi Y, Arzi E (2009) Effects of magnetic and electric fields on the growth of carbon nanotubes using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. Eur Phys J-Appl Phys. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/200916210.1051/epjap/2009162 ↗
52. An F, Lu C, Guo J, He S, Lu H, Yang Y (2011) Preparation of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays grown onto carbon fiber fabric and evaluating its wettability on effect of composite. Appl Surf Sci 258(3):1069–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.09.00310.1016/j.apsusc.2011.09.003 ↗
53. Yokozeki T, Iwahori Y, Ishibashi M, Yanagisawa T, Imai K, Arai M, Takahashi T, Enomoto K (2009) Fracture toughness improvement of CFRP laminates by dispersion of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol 69(14):2268–2273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.12.01710.1016/j.compscitech.2008.12.017 ↗
54. Abot JL, Song Y, Schulz MJ, Shanov VN (2008) Novel carbon nanotube array-reinforced laminated composite materials with higher interlaminar elastic properties. Compos Sci Technol 68(13):2755–2760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.02310.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.023 ↗
55. Feng P, Kong Y, Liu M, Peng S, Shuai C (2021) Dispersion strategies for low-dimensional nanomaterials and their application in biopolymer implants. Mater Today Nano. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2021.10012710.1016/j.mtnano.2021.100127 ↗
56. Shuai C, Peng B, Feng P, Yu L, Lai R, Min A (2021) In situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods on graphene oxide nanosheets and their reinforcement in biopolymer scaffold. J Adv Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.03.00910.1016/j.jare.2021.03.009 ↗
57. Liu L, Shen LL, Zhou YX (2016) Improving the interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy laminates by directly incorporating with porous carbon nanotube buckypaper. J Reinf Plast Compos 35(2):165–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168441561091910.1177/0731684415610919 ↗
58. Eskizeybek V, Yar A, Avci A (2018) CNT-PAN hybrid nanofibrous mat interleaved carbon/epoxy laminates with improved Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. Compos Sci Technol 157:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.02110.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.021 ↗
59. Li T, Li M, Gu Y, Wang S, Li Q, Zhang Z (2018) Mechanical enhancement effect of the interlayer hybrid CNT film/carbon fiber/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 166:176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.02.00710.1016/j.compscitech.2018.02.007 ↗
60. Koirala P, van de Werken N, Lu HB, Baughman RH, Ovalle-Robles R, Tehrani M (2021) Using ultra-thin interlaminar carbon nanotube sheets to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B-Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.10884210.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108842 ↗
61. Yokozeki T, Iwahori Y, Ishiwata S, Enomoto K (2007) Mechanical properties of CFRP laminates manufactured from unidirectional prepregs using CSCNT-dispersed epoxy. Compos Part A-Appl S 38(10):2121–2130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.00210.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.002 ↗
62. Garcia EJ, Wardle BL, John Hart A (2008) Joining prepreg composite interfaces with aligned carbon nanotubes. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 39(6):1065–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.03.01110.1016/j.compositesa.2008.03.011 ↗
63. Chakraborty AK, Plyhm T, Barbezat M, Necola A, Terrasi GP (2011) Carbon nanotube (CNT)-epoxy nanocomposites: a systematic investigation of CNT dispersion. J Nanopart Res 13(12):6493–6506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-011-0552-310.1007/s11051-011-0552-3 ↗
64. Zhu J, Kim JD, Peng HQ, Margrave JL, Khabashesku VN, Barrera EV (2003) Improving the dispersion and integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites through functionalization. Nano Lett 3(8):1107–1113. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034248910.1021/nl0342489 ↗
65. Reia da Costa EF, Skordos AA, Partridge IK, Rezai A (2012) RTM processing and electrical performance of carbon nanotube modified epoxy/fibre composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 43(4):593–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.12.01910.1016/j.compositesa.2011.12.019 ↗
66. Soni SK, Thomas B, Kar VR (2020) A comprehensive review on CNTs and CNT-reinforced composites: syntheses characteristics and applications. Mater Today Commun 25:101546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.10154610.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101546 ↗
67. Zhang DD, Saukas C, He YP, Wang RM, Taub AI (2020) Temperature dependence of single-walled carbon nanotube migration in epoxy resin under DC electric field. J Mater Sci 55(34):16220–16233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05150-z10.1007/s10853-020-05150-z ↗
68. Askari D, Ghasemi-Nejhad MN (2012) Effects of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on shear performance of laminated nanocomposite bonded joints. Sci Technol Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/13/4/04500210.1088/1468-6996/13/4/045002 ↗
69. Russello M, Diamanti EK, Catalanotti G, Ohlsson F, Hawkins SC, Falzon BG (2018) Enhancing the electrical conductivity of carbon fibre thin-ply laminates with directly grown aligned carbon nanotubes. Compos Struct 206:272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.08.04010.1016/j.compstruct.2018.08.040 ↗
70. Xu XG, Zhou ZG (2017) Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fabric composite laminates with carbon nanotube oriented by magnet. In: Liu L, Yang C, Ke J (eds) Advances in materials, machinery, electronics I, vol 1820. AIP conference proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.497725210.1063/1.4977252 ↗
71. He Y, Yang S, Liu H, Shao Q, Chen Q, Lu C, Jiang Y, Liu C, Guo Z (2018) Reinforced carbon fiber laminates with oriented carbon nanotube epoxy nanocomposites: magnetic field assisted alignment and cryogenic temperature mechanical properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 517:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.08710.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.087 ↗
72. Aldajah S, Haik Y (2012) Transverse strength enhancement of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites by means of magnetically aligned carbon nanotubes. Mater Des 34:379–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.01310.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.013 ↗
73. Tong Z, Lu HL, Guo FF, Lei WX, Dong MC, Dong GN (2021) Preparation of small CNTs@Fe(3)O(4)and alignment in carbon fabrics/epoxy composites to improve mechanical and tribological properties. J Mater Sci 56(2):1386–1400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04885-z10.1007/s10853-020-04885-z ↗
74. Wang MW, Hsu TC, Weng CH (2008) Alignment of MWCNTs in polymer composites by dielectrophoresis. Eur Phys J-Appl Phys 42(3):241–246. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap:200806910.1051/epjap:2008069 ↗
75. Li Q, Church JS, Naebe M, Fox BL (2016) A systematic investigation into a novel method for preparing carbon fibre–carbon nanotube hybrid structures. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 90:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.00410.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.004 ↗
76. Wroblewski G, Sloma M, Janczak D, Jakubowska M (2015) Influence of electric field on separation and orientation of carbon nanotubes in spray coated layers. Circuit World 41(3):107–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/cw-04-2015-001410.1108/cw-04-2015-0014 ↗
77. Sarath Kumar P, Jayanarayanan K, Balachandran M (2020) Thermal and mechanical behavior of functionalized MWCNT reinforced epoxy carbon fabric composites. Mater Today: Proc 24:1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.42910.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.429 ↗
78. Chaudhry MS, Czekanski A, Zhu ZH (2017) Characterization of carbon nanotube enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness of woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Int J Mech Sci 131–132:480–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.01610.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.016 ↗
79. Quan D, Urdániz JL, Ivanković A (2018) Enhancing mode-I and mode-II fracture toughness of epoxy and carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mater Des 143:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.05110.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.051 ↗
80. Zainol Abidin MS, Herceg T, Greenhalgh ES, Shaffer M, Bismarck A (2019) Enhanced fracture toughness of hierarchical carbon nanotube reinforced carbon fibre epoxy composites with engineered matrix microstructure. Compos Sci Technol 170:85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.11.01710.1016/j.compscitech.2018.11.017 ↗
81. Xiao C, Tan Y, Wang X, Gao L, Wang L, Qi Z (2018) Study on interfacial and mechanical improvement of carbon fiber/epoxy composites by depositing multi-walled carbon nanotubes on fibers. Chem Phys Lett 703:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.01210.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.012 ↗
82. Romhany G, Szebenyi G (2009) Interlaminar crack propagation in MWCNT/fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Expr Polym Lett 3(3):145–151. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.1910.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.19 ↗
83. Zhang H, Liu Y, Kuwata M, Bilotti E, Peijs T (2015) Improved fracture toughness and integrated damage sensing capability by spray coated CNTs on carbon fibre prepreg. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 70:102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.02910.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.029 ↗
84. Karapappas P, Vavouliotis A, Tsotra P, Kostopoulos V, Paipetis A (2009) Enhanced fracture properties of carbon reinforced composites by the addition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J Compos Mater 43(9):977–985. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199830809773510.1177/0021998308097735 ↗
85. Khan R (2019) Fiber bridging in composite laminates: a literature review. Compos Struct 229:111418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.11141810.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111418 ↗
86. Sorensen L, Botsis J, Gmür T, Cugnoni J (2007) Delamination detection and characterisation of bridging tractions using long FBG optical sensors. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 38(10):2087–2096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.00910.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.009 ↗
87. Joshi S, Dikshit V (2012) Enhancing interlaminar fracture characteristics of woven CFRP prepreg composites through CNT dispersion. J Compos Mater: J Compos Mater 46:665–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831141047210.1177/0021998311410472 ↗
88. Feng P, Kong Y, Yu L, Li Y, Gao CD, Peng SP, Pan H, Zhao ZY, Shuai CJ (2019) Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets embedded with nanodiamond particles: co-dispersion nanostructures as reinforcements for polymer scaffolds. Appl Mater Today 17:216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.08.00510.1016/j.apmt.2019.08.005 ↗
89. Shuai C, Peng B, Liu M, Peng S, Feng P (2021) A self-assembled montmorillonite-carbon nanotube hybrid nanoreinforcement for poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffold. Mater Today Adv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.10015810.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100158 ↗
90. Borowski E, Soliman E, Kandil UF, Taha MR (2015) Interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Polymers 7(6):1020–1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym706102010.3390/polym7061020 ↗
91. Du X, Liu H-Y, Xu F, Zeng Y, Mai Y-W (2014) Flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes onto carbon fiber woven fabric and improvement of interlaminar toughness of composite laminates. Compos Sci Technol 101:159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.07.01110.1016/j.compscitech.2014.07.011 ↗
92. Zheng N, Huang Y, Liu H-Y, Gao J, Mai Y-W (2017) Improvement of interlaminar fracture toughness in carbon fiber/epoxy composites with carbon nanotubes/polysulfone interleaves. Compos Sci Technol 140:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.12.01710.1016/j.compscitech.2016.12.017 ↗
93. Chen JH, Schulz E, Bohse J, Hinrichsen G (1999) Effect of fibre content on the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional glass-fibre/polyamide composite. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf 30(6):747–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(98)00188-210.1016/s1359-835x(98)00188-2 ↗
94. Eitan A, Fisher FT, Andrews R, Brinson LC, Schadler LS (2006) Reinforcement mechanisms in MWCNT-filled polycarbonate. Compos Sci Technol 66(9):1162–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.00410.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.004 ↗
95. Chen C-H, Chang R-R, Jeng P-H (1995) On the fiber-bridging of cracks in fiber-reinforced composites. Mech Mater 20(2):165–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)00054-910.1016/0167-6636(94)00054-9 ↗
96. Davis DC, Whelan BD (2011) An experimental study of interlaminar shear fracture toughness of a nanotube reinforced composite. Compos B Eng 42(1):105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.06.00110.1016/j.compositesb.2010.06.001 ↗
97. Godara A, Mezzo L, Luizi F, Warrier A, Lomov SV, van Vuure AW, Gorbatikh L, Moldenaers P, Verpoest I (2009) Influence of carbon nanotube reinforcement on the processing and the mechanical behaviour of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Carbon 47(12):2914–2923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.03910.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.039 ↗
98. Fan Z, Santare MH, Advani SG (2008) Interlaminar shear strength of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites enhanced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 39(3):540–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.11.01310.1016/j.compositesa.2007.11.013 ↗
99. Iqbal S, Khan R (2020) Effect of brushing & abrading of laminae on the mode I fracture toughness of glass fiber/epoxy composite. Constr Build Mater 261:120508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.12050810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120508 ↗
100. Lv P, Feng Y-y, Zhang P, Chen H-m, Zhao N, Feng W (2011) Increasing the interfacial strength in carbon fiber/epoxy composites by controlling the orientation and length of carbon nanotubes grown on the fibers. Carbon 49(14):4665–4673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.06410.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.064 ↗