Potential of bacterial cellulose for sustainable fashion and textile applications: A review
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The fashion and textile manufacturing sectors are increasingly focusing on innovative raw materials that are renewable and biodegradable. Such materials not only mitigate environmental impacts but also prevent resource depletion. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a prime candidate, derivable from a variety of natural ingredients such as tea and coffee in addition to a sugar source in presence of the bacterial microorganisms. Numerous studies have established the potential of BC in future fashion, and some brands have already started to utilise BC as a sustainable raw material. The applications of BC ranges from basic clothing and accessories to wearable electronics. This paper discusses the scope of BC in fashion and textiles, positioning it as a sustainable alternative to conventional materials. We present a comprehensive scoping review, covering the unique properties of BC, the factors influencing its production, and its applications in textile, clothing, and footwear over the past decade. The advantages of BC in fashion are manifold: zero-waste manufacturing, reliance on renewable sources, diminished environmental pollution, and biodegradability. Furthermore, the use of BC aligns with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 6, 7, 12, 13 and 15. However, there exist challenges pertaining to production costs, scalability, and quality, in addition to the imperative of harnessing food waste streams instead of contending for human food resources. Addressing these challenges is vital to cement BC’s position as a pivotal sustainable material in future fashion.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (97)
Show source-provided references
1. Nayak R et al (2020) Sustainable supply chain management. Supply Chain Manag Logist Global Fashion Sector Sustain Challenge, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003089063-210.4324/9781003089063-2 ↗
2. Nayak R et al (2022) Sustainability benefits of RFID technology in Vietnamese fashion supply chain. Clean. Logist. Supply Chain, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2022.10008610.1016/j.clscn.2022.100086 ↗
3. Galdino CJ Jr et al (2021) The future of sustainable fashion: bacterial cellulose biotextile naturally dyed. Chem Eng Trans 86:1333–1338
4. García C, Prieto MA (2019) Bacterial cellulose as a potential bioleather substitute for the footwear industry. Microb Biotechnol 12(4):582–58510.1111/1751-7915.13306 ↗
5. Suman H, Sangal VK, Vashishtha M (2021) Treatment of tannery industry effluent by electrochemical methods: a review. Mater Today: Proc 47:1438–1444
6. Mazotto AM (2022) Biopolymers in the Leather Industry, in Biopolymers: Recent Updates, Challenges and Opportunities, Springer, Berlin, pp 245-27010.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_12 ↗
7. Brownstone S (2014) Green Chemists Use Rocket Science And Chicken Feathers to Create Cow-Less Leather [cited 2023 30 May ]; Available from: https://www.fastcompany.com/3023593/green-chemists-use-rocket-science-and-chicken-feathers-to-create-cow-less-leather
8. Coelho RMD et al (2020) Kombucha: review. Int J Gastron Food Sci 22:1–1210.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100272 ↗
9. Bianchet RT et al (2020) Applicability of bacterial cellulose in cosmetics–bibliometric review. Biotechnol Reports 27:1–610.1016/j.btre.2020.e00502 ↗
10. da Silva FM, Gouveia IC (2015) The role of technology towards a new bacterial-cellulose-based material for fashion design. J Indust Intell Inf 3(2):168–172
11. Domskiene J, Sederaviciute F, Simonaityte J (2019) Kombucha bacterial cellulose for sustainable fashion. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 31(5):644–65210.1108/IJCST-02-2019-0010 ↗
12. Jayabalan R et al (2014) A review on kombucha tea-Microbiology, composition, fermentation, beneficial effects, toxicity, and tea fungus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Safety 13(4):538–55010.1111/1541-4337.12073 ↗
13. Guo J, Catchmark JM (2012) Surface area and porosity of acid hydrolyzed cellulose nanowhiskers and cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Carbohyd Polym 87(2):1026–103710.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.060 ↗
14. Yamada Y et al (2012) Description of Komagataeibacter gen. nov., with proposals of new combinations (Acetobacteraceae). J General Appl Microbiol 58(5):397–40410.2323/jgam.58.397 ↗
15. Bortolomedi BM, Paglarin CS, Brod FCA (2022) Bioactive compounds in kombucha: a review of substrate effect and fermentation conditions. Food Chem 385:1–1610.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132719 ↗
16. Cvetkovic D (2010) Kombucha made from medical herbs-biological activity and fermentation parameters.[Doctoral dissertation]. In: Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad: Novi Sad, Serbia, pp 86
17. Markov S, Cvetković D, Velićanski AS (2012) The availability of a lactose medium for tea fungus culture and kombucha fermentation. Archives Biol Sci 64(4):1439–144710.2298/ABS1204439M ↗
18. Laavanya D, Shirkole S, Balasubramanian P (2021) Current challenges, applications and future perspectives of SCOBY cellulose of Kombucha fermentation. J Clean Prod 295:1–2010.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126454 ↗
19. Zhou X et al (2019) The biocontrol of postharvest decay of table grape by the application of kombucha during cold storage. Sci Hortic 253:134–13910.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.025 ↗
20. De Roos J, De Vuyst L (2018) Acetic acid bacteria in fermented foods and beverages. Curr Opin Biotechnol 49:115–11910.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.007 ↗
21. Marsh AJ et al (2014) Sequence-based analysis of the bacterial and fungal compositions of multiple kombucha (tea fungus) samples. Food Microbiol 38:171–17810.1016/j.fm.2013.09.003 ↗
22. Morales D (2020) Biological activities of kombucha beverages: the need of clinical evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol 105:323–33310.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.025 ↗
23. Li Z et al (2015) Production of nano bacterial cellulose from waste water of candied jujube-processing industry using Acetobacter xylinum. Carbohyd Polym 120:115–11910.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.061 ↗
24. Cubas ALV et al (2023) Advances in the production of biomaterials through kombucha using food waste: concepts, challenges, and potential. Polymers 15(7):1–1310.3390/polym15071701 ↗
25. Pradhan S et al (2023) Metagenomic and physicochemical analysis of Kombucha beverage produced from tea waste. J Food Sci Technol 60(3):1088–109610.1007/s13197-022-05476-3 ↗
26. Nguyen HT et al (2021) Kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose from diverse wastes: a prudent leather alternative. Cellulose 28:9335–935310.1007/s10570-021-04100-5 ↗
27. Tanskul S, Amornthatree K, Jaturonlak N (2013) A new cellulose-producing bacterium, Rhodococcus sp. MI 2: screening and optimization of culture conditions. Carbohydrate Polym 92(1):421–42810.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.017 ↗
28. Gromovykh TI et al (2020) Structural organization of bacterial cellulose: the origin of anisotropy and layered structures. Carbohydrate Polymers 237:1–1310.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116140 ↗
29. Sani A, Dahman Y (2010) Improvements in the production of bacterial synthesized biocellulose nanofibres using different culture methods. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85(2):151–16410.1002/jctb.2300 ↗
30. Gargey IA et al. (2019) Optimization of etherification reactions for recycling of tea fungal biomass waste into carboxymethylcellulose. In: Green Buildings and Sustainable Engineering, Springer, Berlin, pp 337–34610.1007/978-981-13-1202-1_29 ↗
31. Yim SM, Song JE, Kim HR (2017) Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose fabrics by nitrogen sources of tea and carbon sources of sugar. Process Biochem 59:26–3610.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.001 ↗
32. Wood J, Verran J, Redfern J (2023) Bacterial cellulose grown from kombucha: assessment of textile performance properties using fashion apparel tests. Text Res J 93(13–14):3094–310810.1177/00405175231152668 ↗
33. Kallel L et al (2012) Insights into the fermentation biochemistry of Kombucha teas and potential impacts of Kombucha drinking on starch digestion. Food Res Int 49(1):226–23210.1016/j.foodres.2012.08.018 ↗
34. Goh W et al (2012) Fermentation of black tea broth (Kombucha): I. Effects of sucrose concentration and fermentation time on the yield of microbial cellulose. Int Food Res J 19(1):109–117
35. Greenwalt C, Steinkraus K, Ledford R (2000) Kombucha, the fermented tea: microbiology, composition, and claimed health effects. J Food Prot 63(7):976–98110.4315/0362-028X-63.7.976 ↗
36. Sharma C, Bhardwaj NK (2019) Biotransformation of fermented black tea into bacterial nanocellulose via symbiotic interplay of microorganisms. Int J Biol Macromol 132:166–17710.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.202 ↗
37. Qiu K, Netravali AN (2014) A review of fabrication and applications of bacterial cellulose based nanocomposites. Polym Rev 54(4):598–62610.1080/15583724.2014.896018 ↗
38. Costa AFDS et al (2021) Bacterial cellulose: characterization of a biomaterial for apparel products application. Res J Text Appar 26(4):532–54510.1108/RJTA-04-2021-0048 ↗
39. Wood D, Liu H, Salusso CJ (2015) Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose fabrics. In: International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference Proceedings. Santa Fe, Mexico: Iowa State University Digital Press10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-130 ↗
40. da Silva CJG et al (2021) Bacterial cellulose biotextiles for the future of sustainable fashion: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19(4):2967–298010.1007/s10311-021-01214-x ↗
41. Zahan KA et al (2020) Application of bacterial cellulose film as a biodegradable and antimicrobial packaging material. Mater Today Proc 31:83–8810.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.201 ↗
42. Han J, Shim E, Kim HR (2019) Effects of cultivation, washing, and bleaching conditions on bacterial cellulose fabric production. Text Res J 89(6):1094–110410.1177/0040517518763989 ↗
43. Lin D et al (2020) Bacterial cellulose in food industry: current research and future prospects. Int J Biol Macromol 158:1007–101910.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.230 ↗
44. Chan CK, Shin J, Jiang SXK (2018) Development of tailor-shaped bacterial cellulose textile cultivation techniques for zero-waste design. Cloth Text Res J 36(1):33–4410.1177/0887302X17737177 ↗
45. Osiripun V, Apisittiwong T (2021) Polyphenol and antioxidant activities of Kombucha fermented from different teas and fruit juices. J Curr Sci Technol 11(1):188–196
46. Nalesu C (2021) Exploring Bio-Based Materials as a Method to Create Eco-Friendly, Sustainable Art Installations, Auckland University of Technology
47. Gülhan MF (2023) A New substrate and nitrogen source for traditional kombucha beverage: stevia rebaudiana leaves. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195(7):1–2010.1007/s12010-023-04323-1 ↗
48. Liamkaew R, Chattrawanit J, Danvirutai P (2016) Kombucha production by combinations of black tea and apple juice. Progress Appl Sci Technol 6(2):139–146
49. Aguilar-Toalá J et al (2018) Postbiotics: an evolving term within the functional foods field. Trends Food Sci Technol 75:105–11410.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009 ↗
50. Soares MG, de Lima M, Schmidt VCR (2021) Technological aspects of kombucha, its applications and the symbiotic culture (SCOBY), and extraction of compounds of interest: a literature review. Trends Food Sci Technol 110:539–55010.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.017 ↗
51. Velićanski AS et al (2014) Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the beverage obtained by fermentation of sweetened lemon balm (Melissa offi cinalis L.) tea with symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts. Food technol biotechnol 52(4):420–42910.17113/ftb.52.04.14.3611 ↗
52. Rocha-Guzmán N et al (2023) Kombucha analogs from maqui juice: Consortium age and sugar concentration effects on anthocyanin stability and its relationship with antioxidant activity and digestive enzyme inhibition. Food Chem 421:1–910.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136158 ↗
53. Rocha-Guzmán NE et al. (2019) Oak leaves as a new potential source for functional beverages: their antioxidant capacity and monomer flavonoid composition. In: Functional and medicinal beverages, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 381-41110.1016/B978-0-12-816397-9.00011-X ↗
54. Zubaidah E et al (2019) Anti-diabetes activity of Kombucha prepared from different snake fruit cultivars. Nutr Food Sci 49(2):333–34310.1108/NFS-07-2018-0201 ↗
55. Tu C et al (2019) Use of kombucha consortium to transform soy whey into a novel functional beverage. J Funct Foods 52:81–8910.1016/j.jff.2018.10.024 ↗
56. Pure AE, Pure ME (2016) Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of kombucha beverages prepared using banana peel, common nettles and black tea infusions. Appl Food Biotechnol 3(2):125–130
57. Alderson H et al (2021) Sensory profile of kombucha brewed with New Zealand ingredients by focus group and word clouds. Fermentation 7(3):1–1310.3390/fermentation7030100 ↗
58. Shim E, Kim HR (2019) Coloration of bacterial cellulose using in situ and ex situ methods. Text Res J 89(7):1297–131010.1177/0040517518770673 ↗
59. Costa AFDS et al (2019) Dyeing of bacterial cellulose films using plant-based natural dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 121(1):580–58710.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.066 ↗
60. Costa AFDS et al (2019) Dyeing of bacterial cellulose films using plant-based natural dyes. Int J Biolo Macromol 121:580–58710.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.066 ↗
61. Choi K-Y (2021) Discoloration of indigo dyes by eco-friendly biocatalysts. Dyes Pigm 184:1–1210.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108749 ↗
62. Song JE et al (2018) Bio-coloration of bacterial cellulose assisted by immobilized laccase. AMB Express 8(1):1–1110.1186/s13568-018-0552-0 ↗
63. Tamahkar E et al (2022) Bacterial cellulose nanofibers for separation, drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering applications. Nanocell Mater, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823963-6.00004-110.1016/B978-0-12-823963-6.00004-1 ↗
64. Gayathry G, Gopalaswamy G (2014) Production and characterisation of microbial cellulosic fibre from Acetobacter xylinum. Indian J Fibre Text Res 39(1):93–96
65. Islam MU et al (2017) Strategies for cost-effective and enhanced production of bacterial cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 102:1166–117310.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.110 ↗
66. Lee Y (2016) Case study of renewable bacteria cellulose fiber and biopolymer composites in sustainable design practices. In: Sustainable Fibres for Fashion Industry, Springer, Singapore, pp 141-16210.1007/978-981-10-0522-0_6 ↗
67. Fernandes M et al (2021) Application of bacterial cellulose in the textile and shoe industry: development of biocomposites. Polysaccharides 2(3):566–58110.3390/polysaccharides2030034 ↗
68. Kim H, Song JE, Kim HR (2021) Comparative study on the physical entrapment of soy and mushroom proteins on the durability of bacterial cellulose bio-leather. Cellulose 28:3183–320010.1007/s10570-021-03705-0 ↗
69. Song JE et al (2019) Functionalization of bacterial cellulose nonwoven by poly (fluorophenol) to improve its hydrophobicity and durability. Front Bioeng Biotechn 7:1–1010.3389/fbioe.2019.00001 ↗
70. Eslahi N et al (2020) Processing and properties of nanofibrous bacterial cellulose-containing polymer composites: a review of recent advances for biomedical applications. Polym Rev 60(1):144–17010.1080/15583724.2019.1663210 ↗
71. de Miranda JF et al (2022) Kombucha: a review of substrates, regulations, composition, and biological properties. J Food Sci 87(2):503–52710.1111/1750-3841.16029 ↗
72. Rathinamoorthy R (2022) Influence of drying method on the properties of bacterial cellulose nonwovens–review on the textile and fashion application potential. J Nat Fibers 19(16):1–1810.1080/15440478.2022.2073497 ↗
73. Singha K et al. (2021) Harmful environmental effects for textile chemical dyeing practice, in Green Chemistry for Sustainable Textiles, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 153-16410.1016/B978-0-323-85204-3.00005-1 ↗
74. Kamiński K et al (2020) Hydrogel bacterial cellulose: a path to improved materials for new eco-friendly textiles. Cellulose 27(9):5353–536510.1007/s10570-020-03128-3 ↗
75. Hung, T (2022) Huong Ly's vinegar dress. [cited 2022 30 December ]; Available from: https://vnexpress.net/bo-vay-lam-tu-giam-cua-huong-ly-4478978.html
76. Nayak R, Padhye R (2015) Garment manufacturing technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
77. Ng FM, Wang PW (2016) Natural self-grown fashion from bacterial cellulose: a paradigm shift design approach in fashion creation. Des J 19(6):837–855
78. Ng M, Wang W (2015) A study of the receptivity to bacterial cellulosic pellicle for fashion. Res J Text Appar 19(4):65–6910.1108/RJTA-19-04-2015-B007 ↗
79. Provin AP, de Aguiar Dutra AR (2021) Circular economy for fashion industry: Use of waste from the food industry for the production of biotextiles. Techn Forecast Soc Change 169:1–1410.1016/j.techfore.2021.120858 ↗
80. Sederavičiūtė F, Bekampienė P, Domskienė J (2019) Effect of pretreatment procedure on properties of Kombucha fermented bacterial cellulose membrane. Polym Testing 78:1–710.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105941 ↗
81. Material-District (2019) Leather-free handbag made of bacterial cellulose. [cited 2022 29 December ]; Available from: https://materialdistrict.com/article/handbag-bacterial-cellulose/
82. Fernandes M et al (2019) Development of novel bacterial cellulose composites for the textile and shoe industry. Microb Biotechnol 12(4):650–66110.1111/1751-7915.13387 ↗
83. Rathinamoorthy R, Kiruba T (2020) Bacterial cellulose-A sustainable alternative material for footwear and leather products. Leather Footw Sustain Manufact Supply Chain Product Level Issues, 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6296-9_510.1007/978-981-15-6296-9_5 ↗
84. Ng A (2017) Grown microbial 3D fiber art, Ava: fusion of traditional art with technology. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Maui, HI, USA10.1145/3123021.3123069 ↗
85. Yang J et al (2018) Bacterial cellulose as a supersoft neural interfacing substrate. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(39):33049–3305910.1021/acsami.8b12083 ↗
86. Su T et al (2022) Flexible MXene/Bacterial cellulose film sound detector based on piezoresistive sensing mechanism. ACS Nano 16:8461–847110.1021/acsnano.2c03155 ↗
87. Rajwade J, Paknikar K, Kumbhar J (2015) Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(6):2491–251110.1007/s00253-015-6426-3 ↗
88. Kucińska-Lipka J, Gubanska I, Janik H (2015) Bacterial cellulose in the field of wound healing and regenerative medicine of skin: recent trends and future prospectives. Polym Bull 72(9):2399–241910.1007/s00289-015-1407-3 ↗
89. Ullah H, Santos HA, Khan T (2016) Applications of bacterial cellulose in food, cosmetics and drug delivery. Cellulose 23(4):2291–231410.1007/s10570-016-0986-y ↗
90. Shen M et al (2020) Are biodegradable plastics a promising solution to solve the global plastic pollution? Environ Pollut 263:1–710.1016/j.envpol.2020.114469 ↗
91. Hitti N (2019) Elena Amato creates sustainable cosmetics packaging from bacteria, [cited 2023 5 January ]; Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/28/elena-amato-bacteria-packaging-design/
92. Santos SM et al (2017) Paper reinforcing by in situ growth of bacterial cellulose. J Mater Sci 52:5882–5893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0824-010.1007/s10853-017-0824-0 ↗
93. Fairs M (2014) Microbes are "the factories of the future" [cited 2022 30 December ]; Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/02/12/movie-biocouture-microbes-clothing-wearable-futures/.
94. Nayak R (2022) Sustainable fibres for fashion and textile manufacturing. Elsevier, Amsterdam
95. Nawaz N, Nayak R (2015) Seamless garments, In: Garment Manufacturing Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 373–38310.1016/B978-1-78242-232-7.00014-X ↗
96. Muralidharan V, Palanivel S, Balaraman M (2022) Turning problem into possibility: a comprehensive review on leather solid waste intra-valorization attempts for leather processing. J Clean Prod 367:1–2110.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133021 ↗
97. Sivaram N, Barik D (2019) Toxic waste from leather industries, In: Energy from toxic organic waste for heat and power generation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 55-6710.1016/B978-0-08-102528-4.00005-5 ↗