Review: interaction of water vapour with wood and other hygro-responsive materials
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this review is to report on the state-of-the-art on the interaction of moisture with natural materials and fabricated biomimetic functional materials, with an emphasis upon the hygro-responsive behaviour of wood. The primary objective is to examine how water sorption affects dimensional behaviour and how knowledge of this property in natural plant-based (mainly, but not exclusively wood) materials can be used to inform biomimetic design of moisture-responsive materials and devices. The study examines the literature on natural and bio-inspired materials, concentrating upon sorption kinetics, water migration and location of the sorbed water in the materials and their microstructure and mechanical response of the microstructure and how this affects molecular mobility of the sorbate translating to macrostructural changes. Also included within this review, it is an overview of the main experimental techniques which have been used to investigate the interaction of water with these materials at molecular length scales and how modern techniques can resolve the response of these materials at the cell wall level.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies · Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity · Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Hill C, Kymäläinen M, Rautkari L (2022) Review of the use of solid wood as an external cladding material in the built environment. J Mater Sci 57:9031–9076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07211-x10.1007/s10853-022-07211-x ↗
2. Thybring EE, Boardman CR, Zelinka SL, Glass SV (2021) Common sorption isotherm models are not physically valid for water in wood. Colloids Surf A 627:127214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.12721410.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127214 ↗
3. Zelinka SL, Glass SV, Thybring EE (2020) Evaluation of previous measurements of water vapor sorption in wood at multiple temperatures. Wood Sci Technol 54:769–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01195-010.1007/s00226-020-01195-0 ↗
4. Basu S, Shivhare US, Mujumdar AS (2006) Models for sorption isotherms for foods: a review. Drying Technol 24:917–930. https://doi.org/10.1080/0737393060077597910.1080/07373930600775979 ↗
5. Chirife J, Iglesias HA (2007) Equations for fitting water sorption isotherms of foods: part 1—a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 13:159–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb00792.x10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb00792.x ↗
6. Willems W (2015) A critical review of the multilayer sorption models and comparison with the sorption site occupancy (SSO) model for wood moisture sorption isotherm analysis. Holzforschung 69:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-006910.1515/hf-2014-0069 ↗
7. Peleg M (2020) Models of sigmoid equilibrium moisture sorption isotherms with and without the monolayer hypothesis. Food Eng Rev 12:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-019-09207-x10.1007/s12393-019-09207-x ↗
8. Parker ME, Bronlund JE, Mawson AJ (2006) Moisture sorption isotherms for paper and paperboard in food chain conditions. Packag Technol Sci 19:193–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.71910.1002/pts.719 ↗
9. Zelinka SL, Glass SV, Thybring EE (2018) Myth versus reality: Do parabolic sorption isotherm models reflect actual wood–water thermodynamics? Wood Sci Technol 52:1701–1706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-018-1035-910.1007/s00226-018-1035-9 ↗
10. Liu L, Tan S, Horikawa T et al (2017) Water adsorption on carbon—A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 250:64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2017.10.00210.1016/j.cis.2017.10.002 ↗
11. Thommes M, Kaneko K, Neimark AV et al (2015) Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 87:1051–1069. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-111710.1515/pac-2014-1117 ↗
12. Ng E-P, Mintova S (2008) Nanoporous materials with enhanced hydrophilicity and high water sorption capacity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 114:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.12.02210.1016/j.micromeso.2007.12.022 ↗
13. Laftah WA, Hashim S, Ibrahim AN (2011) Polymer hydrogels: a review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 50:1475–1486. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2011.59308210.1080/03602559.2011.593082 ↗
14. Ullah F, Othman MBH, Javed F et al (2015) Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: a review. Mater Sci Eng, C 57:414–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.05310.1016/j.msec.2015.07.053 ↗
15. Miquelard-Garnier G, Roland S (2016) Beware of the Flory parameter to characterize polymer-polymer interactions: a critical reexamination of the experimental literature. Eur Polymer J 84:111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.00910.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.009 ↗
16. Willis JD, Beardsley TM, Matsen MW (2020) Simple and accurate calibration of the flory-huggins interaction parameter. Macromolecules 53:9973–9982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c0211510.1021/acs.macromol.0c02115 ↗
17. Eliassi A, Modarress H, Mansoori GA (1999) Measurement of activity of water in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) solutions (effect of excess volume on the Flory−Huggins χ-parameter). J Chem Eng Data 44:52–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/je980162z10.1021/je980162z ↗
18. Thakral S, Thakral NK (2013) Prediction of drug-polymer miscibility through the use of solubility parameter based flory-huggins interaction parameter and the experimental validation: peg as model polymer. J Pharm Sci 102:2254–2263. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2358310.1002/jps.23583 ↗
19. Eckelt J, Sugaya R, Wolf BA (2008) Pullulan and dextran: uncommon composition dependent Flory-Huggins interaction parameters of their aqueous solutions. Biomacromol 9:1691–1697. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800217y10.1021/bm800217y ↗
20. Shafee EE, Naguib HF (2003) Water sorption in cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) networks. Polymer 44:1647–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00865-010.1016/S0032-3861(02)00865-0 ↗
21. Ferrer GG, Pradas MM, Gómez Ribelles JL, Sánchez MS (2004) Thermodynamical analysis of the hydrogel state in poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate). Polymer 45:6207–6217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.03910.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.039 ↗
22. Bawendi MG, Freed KF (1988) Systematic corrections to Flory-Huggins theory: polymer–solvent–void systems and binary blend–void systems. J Chem Phys 88:2741–2756. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.45400510.1063/1.454005 ↗
23. Bashir S, Hina M, Iqbal J et al (2020) Fundamental concepts of hydrogels: synthesis, properties, and their applications. Polymers 12:2702. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1211270210.3390/polym12112702 ↗
24. Hu X, Zhou J, Daniel WFM et al (2017) Dynamics of dual networks: strain rate and temperature effects in hydrogels with reversible H-bonds. Macromolecules 50:652–659. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b0242210.1021/acs.macromol.6b02422 ↗
25. van der Sman RGM (2019) Scaling of Flory-Huggins interaction parameter for polyols with chain length and number of hydroxyl groups. Food Hydrocolloids 96:396–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.04210.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.042 ↗
26. Berthold J, Rinaudo M, Salmeń L (1996) Association of water to polar groups; estimations by an adsorption model for ligno-cellulosic materials. Colloids Surf A 112:117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03419-610.1016/0927-7757(95)03419-6 ↗
27. Belton PS (1997) NMR and the mobility of water in polysaccharide gels. Int J Biol Macromol 21:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(97)00045-710.1016/S0141-8130(97)00045-7 ↗
28. van der Wel GK, Adan OCG (1999) Moisture in organic coatings—a review. Prog Org Coat 37:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(99)00058-210.1016/S0300-9440(99)00058-2 ↗
29. Matsuoka S, Hale A (1997) Cooperative relaxation processes in polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 64:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970404)64:1%3c77::AID-APP7%3e3.0.CO;2-O10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970404)64:1<77::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-O ↗
30. Arya RK, Thapliyal D, Sharma J, Verros GD (2021) Glassy polymers—diffusion, sorption. Ageing Appl Coat 11:1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1109104910.3390/coatings11091049 ↗
31. Xiao R, Li H (2021) Glass transition in gels. Phys Rev Materials 5:065604. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.06560410.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.065604 ↗
32. Weinmüller C, Langel C, Fornasiero F et al (2006) Sorption kinetics and equilibrium uptake for water vapor in soft-contact-lens hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res 77A:230–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.3059810.1002/jbm.a.30598 ↗
33. Vrentas JS, Vrentas CM (1991) Sorption in glassy polymers. Macromolecules 24:2404–2412. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00009a04310.1021/ma00009a043 ↗
34. Vrentas JS, Vrentas CM (1996) Hysteresis effects for sorption in glassy polymers. Macromolecules 29:4391–4396. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma950969l10.1021/ma950969l ↗
35. Vrentas JS, Vrentas CM (1990) Predictions of volumetric behavior for glassy polymer-penetrant systems. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 28:241–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1990.09028021010.1002/polb.1990.090280210 ↗
36. Hill C, Beck G (2017) On the applicability of the Flory-Huggins and Vrentas models for describing the sorption isotherms of wood. Int Wood Prod J 8:50–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2016.127509410.1080/20426445.2016.1275094 ↗
37. Shamblin SL, Hancock BC, Zografi G (1998) Water vapor sorption by peptides, proteins and their formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 45:239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(98)00006-X10.1016/S0939-6411(98)00006-X ↗
38. Hancock BC, Zografi G (1993) The use of solution theories for predicting water vapor absorption by amorphous pharmaceutical solids: a test of the flory-huggins and vrentas models. Pharm Res 10:1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101890132584210.1023/A:1018901325842 ↗
39. Pierlot AP (1999) Water in wool. Text Res J 69:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175990690020410.1177/004051759906900204 ↗
40. Ormondroyd GA, Curling SF, Mansour E, Hill CAS (2016) The water vapour sorption characteristics and kinetics of different wool types. J Text Inst. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.122444210.1080/00405000.2016.1224442 ↗
41. Argatov I, Kocherbitov V (2021) An empirical model for sorption by glassy polymers: an assessment of thermodynamic parameters. Polym Test 99:107220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.10722010.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107220 ↗
42. Doghieri F, Sarti GC (1996) Nonequilibrium lattice fluids: a predictive model for the solubility in glassy polymers. Macromolecules 29:7885–7896. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma951366c10.1021/ma951366c ↗
43. Pandis C, Spanoudaki A, Kyritsis A et al (2011) Water sorption characteristics of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)/silica nanocomposite hydrogels: water sorption characteristics of PHEA/silica. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 49:657–668. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.2222510.1002/polb.22225 ↗
44. Verros GD (2015) Application of irreversible thermodynamics to the solvent diffusion in an amorphous glassy polymer: a comprehensive model for drying of toluene-poly(methyl methacrylate) coatings. Can J Chem Eng 93:2298–2306. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.2234010.1002/cjce.22340 ↗
45. Barkas WW (1942) Wood water relationships—VII. swelling pressure and sorption hysteresis in gels. Trans Faraday Soc 38:194–209. https://doi.org/10.1039/TF942380019410.1039/TF9423800194 ↗
46. Kildeeva N, Chalykh A, Belokon M et al (2020) Influence of genipin crosslinking on the properties of chitosan-based films. Polymers 12:1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1205108610.3390/polym12051086 ↗
47. Ruike M, Inoue T, Takada S et al (1999) Water sorption and drying behaviour of crosslinked dextrans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63:271–275. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.63.27110.1271/bbb.63.271 ↗
48. Uimonen T, Hautamäki S, Altgen M et al (2020) Dynamic vapour sorption protocols for the quantification of accessible hydroxyl groups in wood. Holzforschung 74:412–419. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-005810.1515/hf-2019-0058 ↗
49. Hill CAS, Ramsay J, Gardiner B (2015) Variability in water vapour sorption isotherm in Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi Lamb.)—earlywood and latewood influences. Int Wood Prod J 6:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042645314Y.000000009010.1179/2042645314Y.0000000090 ↗
50. Passauer L, Struch M, Schuldt S et al (2012) Dynamic moisture sorption characteristics of xerogels from water-swellable oligo(oxyethylene) lignin derivatives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:5852–5862. https://doi.org/10.1021/am301517910.1021/am3015179 ↗
51. Wonders AG, Paul DR (1979) Effect of CO2 exposure history on sorption and transport in polycarbonate. J Membr Sci 5:63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80438-X10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80438-X ↗
52. Berens AR (1977) Effects of sample history, time, and temperature on the sorption of monomer vapor by PVC. J Macromole Sci Part B 14:483–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022234770821223310.1080/00222347708212233 ↗
53. Lu Y, Pignatello JJ (2002) Demonstration of the “conditioning effect” in soil organic matter in support of a pore deformation mechanism for sorption hysteresis. Environ Sci Technol 36:4553–4561. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020554x10.1021/es020554x ↗
54. Lu Y, Pignatello JJ (2004) History-dependent sorption in humic acids and a lignite in the context of a polymer model for natural organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 38:5853–5862. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049774w10.1021/es049774w ↗
55. Taniguchi T, Harada H, Nakato K (1978) Determination of water adsorption sites in wood by a hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Nature 272:230–231. https://doi.org/10.1038/272230a010.1038/272230a0 ↗
56. Phuong LX, Takayama M, Shida S et al (2007) Determination of the accessible hydroxyl groups in heat-treated styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich wood by hydrogen-deuterium exchange and H-2 NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 61:488–491. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf2007.08610.1515/hf2007.086 ↗
57. Lindh EL, Salmén L (2017) Surface accessibility of cellulose fibrils studied by hydrogen–deuterium exchange with water. Cellulose 24:21–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1122-810.1007/s10570-016-1122-8 ↗
58. Zimm BH (1953) Simplified relation between thermodynamics and molecular distribution functions for a mixture. J Chem Phys 21:934–935. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.169906510.1063/1.1699065 ↗
59. Zimm BH, Lundberg JL (1956) Sorption of vapors by high polymers. J Phys Chem 60:425–428. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150538a01010.1021/j150538a010 ↗
60. Davis EM, Elabd YA (2013) Water clustering in glassy polymers. J Phys Chem B 117:10629–10640. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp405388d10.1021/jp405388d ↗
61. Davis EM, Elabd YA (2013) Prediction of water solubility in glassy polymers using nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:12865–12875. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie401713h10.1021/ie401713h ↗
62. Favre E, Clément R, Nguyen QT et al (1993) Sorption of organic solvents into dense silicone membranes. Part 2—development of a new approach based on a clustering hypothesis for associated solvents. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 89:4347–4353. https://doi.org/10.1039/FT993890434710.1039/FT9938904347 ↗
63. Perrin L, Nguyen QT, Sacco D, Lochon P (1997) Experimental studies and modelling of sorption and diffusion of water and alcohols in cellulose acetate. Polym Int 42:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199701)42:1%3c9::AID-PI637%3e3.0.CO;2-A10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199701)42:1<9::AID-PI637>3.0.CO;2-A ↗
64. Hakalahti M, Faustini M, Boissière C et al (2017) Interfacial mechanisms of water vapor sorption into cellulose nanofibril films as revealed by quantitative models. Biomacromol 18:2951–2958. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b0089010.1021/acs.biomac.7b00890 ↗
65. Pissis P, Kyritsis A (2013) Hydration studies in polymer hydrogels. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 51:159–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.2322010.1002/polb.23220 ↗
66. McConville P, Pope JM (2001) 1H NMR T2 relaxation in contact lens hydrogels as a probe of water mobility. Polymer 42:3559–3568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00714-X10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00714-X ↗
67. Barbieri R, Quaglia M, Delfini M, Brosio E (1998) Investigation of water dynamic behaviour in poly(HEMA) and poly(HEMA-co-DHPMA) hydrogels by proton T2 relaxation time and self-diffusion coefficient n.m.r. measurements. Polymer 39:1059–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00403-510.1016/S0032-3861(97)00403-5 ↗
68. Topgaard D, Söderman O (2002) Self-diffusion of nonfreezing water in porous carbohydrate polymer systems studied with nuclear magnetic resonance. Biophys J 83:3596–3606. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75360-510.1016/S0006-3495(02)75360-5 ↗
69. Hatakeyama H, Hatakeyama T (1998) Interaction between water and hydrophilic polymers. Thermochim Acta 308:3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00325-010.1016/S0040-6031(97)00325-0 ↗
70. Thybring EE, Digaitis R, Nord-Larsen T et al (2020) How much water can wood cell walls hold? A triangulation approach to determine the maximum cell wall moisture content. PLoS ONE 15:e0238319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023831910.1371/journal.pone.0238319 ↗
71. Zhong X, Ma E (2022) A novel approach for characterizing pore size distribution of wood cell wall using differential scanning calorimetry thermoporosimetry. Thermochim Acta 718:179380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2022.17938010.1016/j.tca.2022.179380 ↗
72. Debta S, Bhutia SZ, Satapathy DK, Ghosh P (2022) Intrinsic-water desorption induced thermomechanical response of hydrogels. Soft Matter 18:8285–8294. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SM01054B10.1039/D2SM01054B ↗
73. Salmerón Sánchez M, Monleón Pradas M, Gómez Ribelles JL (2002) Thermal transitions of benzene in a poly(ethyl acrylate) network. J Non-Cryst Solids 307–310:750–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01557-010.1016/S0022-3093(02)01557-0 ↗
74. Chen HM, Van Horn JD, Jean YC (2012) Applications of positron annihilation spectroscopy to life science. DDF 331:275–293. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.331.27510.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.331.275 ↗
75. Roussenova M, Murith M, Alam A, Ubbink J (2010) Plasticization, antiplasticization, and molecular packing in amorphous carbohydrate-glycerol matrices. Biomacromol 11:3237–3247. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm100506810.1021/bm1005068 ↗
76. Kilburn D, Claude J, Mezzenga R et al (2004) Water in glassy carbohydrates: opening it up at the nanolevel. J Phys Chem B 108:12436–12441. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp048774f10.1021/jp048774f ↗
77. Kilburn D, Claude J, Schweizer T et al (2005) Carbohydrate polymers in amorphous states: an integrated thermodynamic and nanostructural investigation. Biomacromol 6:864–879. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm049355r10.1021/bm049355r ↗
78. Factorovich MH, Gonzalez Solveyra E, Molinero V, Scherlis DA (2014) Sorption isotherms of water in nanopores: relationship between hydropohobicity, adsorption pressure, and hysteresis. J Phys Chem C 118:16290–16300. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp500039610.1021/jp5000396 ↗
79. Nakamura M, Ohba T, Branton P et al (2010) Equilibration-time and pore-width dependent hysteresis of water adsorption isotherm on hydrophobic microporous carbons. Carbon 48:305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.09.00810.1016/j.carbon.2009.09.008 ↗
80. Vrentas JS, Jarzebski CM, Duda JL (1975) A Deborah number for diffusion in polymer-solvent systems. AIChE J 21:894–901. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.69021051010.1002/aic.690210510 ↗
81. Berens AR, Hopfenberg HB (1978) Diffusion and relaxation in glassy polymer powders: 2 separation of diffusion and relaxation parameters. Polymer 19:489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(78)90269-010.1016/0032-3861(78)90269-0 ↗
82. Berens AR, Hopfenberg HB (1979) Induction and measurement of glassy-state relaxations by vapor sorption techniques. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 17:1757–1770. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.18017101110.1002/pol.1979.180171011 ↗
83. Wind MM, Lenderink HJW (1996) A capacitance study of pseudo-fickian diffusion in glassy polymer coatings. Prog Org Coat 28:239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9440(95)00601-X10.1016/0300-9440(95)00601-X ↗
84. Frisch HL (1980) Sorption and transport in glassy polymers-a review. Polym Eng Sci 20:2–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.76020010310.1002/pen.760200103 ↗
85. Stanford JP, Pfromm PH, Rezac ME (2017) Effect of vapor phase ethylenediamine crosslinking of matrimid on alcohol vapor sorption and diffusion. J Appl Polym Sci 134:44771. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4477110.1002/app.44771 ↗
86. Firestone BA, Siegel RA (1991) Kinetics and mechanisms of water sorption in hydrophobic, ionizable copolymer gels. J Appl Polym Sci 43:901–914. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.07043050710.1002/app.1991.070430507 ↗
87. Wang L, Corriou J-P, Castel C, Favre E (2013) Transport of gases in glassy polymers under transient conditions: limit-behavior investigations of dual-mode sorption theory. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202710210.1021/ie2027102 ↗
88. Stannett V, Haider M, Koros WJ, Hopfenberg HB (1980) Sorption and transport of water vapor in glassy poly(acrylonitrile). Polym Eng Sci 20:300–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.76020041410.1002/pen.760200414 ↗
89. Guo J, Barbari TA (2009) Unified dual mode description of small molecule sorption and desorption kinetics in a glassy polymer. Macromolecules 42:5700–5708. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma900757610.1021/ma9007576 ↗
90. Kamiya Y, Hirose T, Mizoguchi K, Naito Y (1986) Gravimetric study of high-pressure sorption of gases in polymers. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 24:1525–1539. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1986.09024071110.1002/polb.1986.090240711 ↗
91. Kelley SS, Rials TG, Glasser WG (1987) Relaxation behaviour of the amorphous components of wood. J Mater Sci 22:617–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0116077810.1007/BF01160778 ↗
92. Hishikawa Y, Togawa E, Kataoka Y, Kondo T (1999) Characterization of amorphous domains in cellulosic materials using a FTIR deuteration monitoring analysis. Polymer 40:7117–7124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00120-210.1016/S0032-3861(99)00120-2 ↗
93. Biliaderis C (1999) Glass transition and physical properties of polyol-plasticised pullulan–starch blends at low moisture. Carbohyd Polym 40:29–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00026-010.1016/S0144-8617(99)00026-0 ↗
94. Paul DR (1999) Water vapor sorption and diffusion in glassy polymers. Macromol Symp 138:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.1999138010410.1002/masy.19991380104 ↗
95. Liu Y, Bhandari B, Zhou W (2006) Glass transition and enthalpy relaxation of amorphous food saccharides: a review. J Agric Food Chem 54:5701–5717. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060188r10.1021/jf060188r ↗
96. Champion D, Le Meste M, Simatos D (2000) Towards an improved understanding of glass transition and relaxations in foods: molecular mobility in the glass transition range. Trends Food Sci Technol 11:41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(00)00047-910.1016/S0924-2244(00)00047-9 ↗
97. Lützow N, Tihminlioglu A, Danner RP et al (1999) Diffusion of toluene and n-heptane in polyethylenes of different crystallinity. Polymer 40:2797–2803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00473-X10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00473-X ↗
98. Xi L, Shah M, Trout BL (2013) Hopping of water in a glassy polymer studied via transition path sampling and likelihood maximization. J Phys Chem B 117:3634–3647. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp309997310.1021/jp3099973 ↗
99. Kulasinski K, Guyer R, Derome D, Carmeliet J (2015) Water diffusion in amorphous hydrophilic systems: a stop and go process. Langmuir 31:10843–10849. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b0312210.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03122 ↗
100. Owen AJ, Bonart R (1985) Cooperative relaxation processes in polymers. Polymer 26:1034–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(85)90225-310.1016/0032-3861(85)90225-3 ↗