Quantitative contribution of T1 phase to the strength of Al-Cu-Li alloys
Source abstract
Abstract
Aluminum–lithium alloys are widely used in aerospace due to their excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. The key to accelerate the composition design of aluminum–lithium alloys is to generate accurate precipitate structure models at the atomistic scale and quantify the effects of the secondary phase on the properties of the alloy. In this article, the development process of high-strength composition design of aluminum–lithium alloys is reviewed. The T1 phase is considered to provide the highest strength in Al-Cu-Li alloys, and we further discuss the characteristics of the crystal structure, orientation relationship and morphology of the main strengthening phase. Additionally, this paper highlights the atomic structure model, microstructure parameters of T1 phase and the precipitate–dislocation interaction relationships. Practically, the widely accepted atomic model of T1 phase characterized with a corrugated Al-Li layer at the interface remains controversial. Moreover, the strengthening mechanism of Al-Li alloy is discussed. Based on the shearing and bypassing interaction mechanism between the T1 precipitates and the matrix dislocations, some quantitative contribution models to the strength of Al-Cu-Li alloys are concluded. These models can effectively predict the variation of yield strength of Al-Cu-Li alloy, but the transition of T1 phase from shearing mechanism to bypassing mechanism is not considered. However, the T1 diameter threshold that activated this transition has not been completely determined, which need to be further studied by obtaining a wider range of T1 microstructures.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Chen J, Madi Y, Morgeneyer TF, Besson J (2011) Plastic flow and ductile rupture of a 2198 Al–Cu–Li aluminum alloy. Comput Mater Sci 50(4):1365–1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.06.02910.1016/j.commatsci.2010.06.029 ↗
2. Lv K, Zhu C, Zheng J, Wang X, Chen B (2019) Precipitation of T1 phase in 2198 Al–Li alloy studied by atomic-resolution HAADF-STEM. J Mater Res 34(20):3535–3544. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.13610.1557/jmr.2019.136 ↗
3. Chen A, Wu G, Zhang L, Zhang X, Shi C, Li Y (2016) Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of cast Al-3Li-xCu-0.2Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng, A 677:29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.04010.1016/j.msea.2016.09.040 ↗
4. Chen A, Peng Y, Zhang L, Wu G, Li Y (2016) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of cast Al-3Li-1.5Cu-0.2Zr alloy during heat treatment. Mater Charact 114:234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.03.00710.1016/j.matchar.2016.03.007 ↗
5. Rioja RJ, Liu J (2012) The evolution of Al-Li Base products for aerospace and space applications. Metall and Mater Trans A 43(9):3325–3337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1155-z10.1007/s11661-012-1155-z ↗
6. Harsha S, Dasharath SM (2021) Investigation on mechanical properties of aluminium lithium alloy through rolling. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.101910.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.1019 ↗
7. Ahmed B, Wu SJ (2013) Aluminum lithium alloys (Al-Li-Cu-X)-new generation material for aerospace applications. Appl Mech Mater 440:104–111. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.440.10410.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.440.104 ↗
8. Mishra RS, Sidhar H (2017) Physical Metallurgy of 2XXX Aluminum Alloys. In: Friction Stir Welding of 2XXX Aluminum Alloys Including Al-Li Alloys. 15–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-805368-3.00002-910.1016/b978-0-12-805368-3.00002-9 ↗
9. Vasudévan AK, Bretz PE, Miller AC, Suresh S (1984) Fatigue crack growth behavior of aluminum alloy 2020 (Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Cd). Mater Sci Eng 64(1):113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(84)90078-810.1016/0025-5416(84)90078-8 ↗
10. Reis-Dennis S (2020) Review of Rethinking Health Care Ethics by Stephen Scher and Kasia Kozlowska: Palgrave Macmillan, available open access: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0830-7.pdf. Monash Bioeth Rev 38 (1):83–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-020-00107-z10.1007/978-981-13-0830-7.pdf 10.1007/s40592-020-00107-z ↗
11. Starke EA, Lin FS (1982) The influence of grain structure on the ductility of the al- cu- li- mn- cd alloy 2020. Metall Trans A 13(12):2259–2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0264839610.1007/bf02648396 ↗
12. Jata KV, Hopkins AK, Rioja RJ (1996) The anisotropy and texture of Al-Li alloys. Mater Sci Forum 217–222:647–652. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.217-222.64710.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.217-222.647 ↗
13. Starke EA, Staley JT (1996) Application of modern aluminum alloys to aircraft. Prog Aerosp Sci 32(2–3):131–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-0421(95)00004-610.1016/0376-0421(95)00004-6 ↗
14. Rioja RJ (1998) Fabrication methods to manufacture isotropic Al-Li alloys and products for space and aerospace applications. Mater Sci Eng, A 257(1):100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(98)00827-210.1016/s0921-5093(98)00827-2 ↗
15. Harsha S, Dasharath SM (2021) Effect of cryogenic heat treatment & ageing on ultra fine grained aluminium–lithium alloy-A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.100910.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.1009 ↗
16. Lin DC, Wang GX, Srivatsan TS (2003) A mechanism for the formation of equiaxed grains in welds of aluminum–lithium alloy 2090. Mater Sci Eng, A 351(1–2):304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(02)00858-410.1016/s0921-5093(02)00858-4 ↗
17. Liu D, Yürekli B, Ullsperger T, Matthäus G, Schade L, Nolte S, Rettenmayr M (2021) Microstructural aspects of additive manufacturing of Al Li alloys with high Li content. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10932310.1016/j.matdes.2020.109323 ↗
18. Ning H, Li J-f, Ma P-c, Chen Y-l, Zhang X-h, Zhang K, Zhang R-f (2020) Evolution of aging precipitates in an Al–Li alloy with 1.5 wt% Li concentration. Vacuum 182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.10967710.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109677 ↗
19. Polmear IJ, Chester RJ (1989) Abnormal age hardening in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy containing silver and lithium. Scr Metall 23(7):1213–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(89)90329-310.1016/0036-9748(89)90329-3 ↗
20. Wang S, Zhang C, Li X, Huang H, Wang J (2020) First-principle investigation on the interfacial structure evolution of the δ’/θ’/δ’ composite precipitates in Al-Cu-Li alloys. J Mater Sci Technol 58:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.06510.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.065 ↗
21. Deng Y, Bai J, Wu X, Huang G, Cao L, Huang L (2017) Investigation on formation mechanism of T1 precipitate in an Al-Cu-Li alloy. J Alloy Compd 723:661–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.19810.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.198 ↗
22. Entringer J, Reimann M, Norman A, dos Santos JF (2019) Influence of Cu/Li ratio on the microstructure evolution of bobbin-tool friction stir welded Al–Cu–Li alloys. J Market Res 8(2):2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.01410.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.014 ↗
23. Decreus B, Deschamps A, De Geuser F, Donnadieu P, Sigli C, Weyland M (2013) The influence of Cu/Li ratio on precipitation in Al–Cu–Li–x alloys. Acta Mater 61(6):2207–2218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.12.04110.1016/j.actamat.2012.12.041 ↗
24. Jata KV, Starke EA (1988) Fracture toughness of AlLiX alloys at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Scr Metall 22(9):1553–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80037-110.1016/s0036-9748(88)80037-1 ↗
25. Prasad NE, Kamat SV, Prasad KS, Malakondaiah G, Kutumbarao VV (1993) In-plane anisotropy in the fracture toughness of an Al-Li 8090 alloy plate. Eng Fract Mech 46(2):209–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(93)90282-w10.1016/0013-7944(93)90282-w ↗
26. Sugamata M, Blankenship CP, Starke EA (1993) Predicting plane strain fracture toughness of Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloys. Mater Sci Eng, A 163(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(93)90572-v10.1016/0921-5093(93)90572-v ↗
27. Zhang J, Wu G, Zhang L, Zhang X, Shi C, Sun J (2020) Effect of Zn on precipitation evolution and mechanical properties of a high strength cast Al-Li-Cu alloy. Mater Charact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.11008910.1016/j.matchar.2019.110089 ↗
28. Gumbmann E, De Geuser F, Sigli C, Deschamps A (2017) Influence of Mg, Ag and Zn minor solute additions on the precipitation kinetics and strengthening of an Al-Cu-Li alloy. Acta Mater 133:172–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.02910.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.029 ↗
29. Chen A, Zhang L, Wu G, Sun M, Liu W (2017) Influences of Mn content on the microstructures and mechanical properties of cast Al-3Li-2Cu-0.2Zr alloy. J Alloy Compd 715:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.03010.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.030 ↗
30. Liu D-y, Ma Y-l, Li J-f, Huang C, Wang Y, Wang Z-x, Zhang R-f (2020) The influence of Zn addition on microstructure of an Al-1.7 Cu-4.0 Li-0.4 Mg alloy. J Mater Res Technol 9 (2):2423–2439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.07410.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.074 ↗
31. Jiang B, Wang H, Yi D, Tian Y, Shen F, Wang B, Liu H, Hu Z (2020) Effect of Ag addition on the age hardening and precipitation behavior in an Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zn-Mn-Zr alloy. Mater Charact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11018410.1016/j.matchar.2020.110184 ↗
32. Peng Y-h, Liu C-y, Wei L-l, Jiang H-j, Ge Z-j (2021) Quench sensitivity and microstructures of high-Zn-content Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys with different Cu contents and Sc addition. Transac Nonferrous Metals Soc China 31(1):24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(20)65476-010.1016/s1003-6326(20)65476-0 ↗
33. Jambor M, Nový F, Bokůvka O, Trško L (2019) The natural aging behavior of the AA 2055 Al-Cu-Li alloy. Transport Res Procedia 40:42–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.00810.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.008 ↗
34. Liu D-y, Wang J-x, Li J-f, Ma Y-l, Zhang K, Zhang R-f (2020) The effect of Ag element on the microstructure characteristic evolution of an Al–Cu–Li–Mg alloy. J Market Res 9(5):11121–11134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.02110.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.021 ↗
35. Zhu AW, Gable BM, Shiflet GJ, Starke EA Jr (2002) The intelligent design of high strength, creep-resistant aluminum alloys. Mater Sci Forum 396–402:21–30. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.396-402.2110.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.396-402.21 ↗
36. Liu D-y, Ma Y-l, Li J-f, Zhang R-f, Iwaoka H, Hirosawa S (2020) Precipitate microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al-1.0 wt%Cu-2.5 wt%Li alloys with different micro-alloyed elements addition. Mater Characterization. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11052810.1016/j.matchar.2020.110528 ↗
37. Li S-s, Li L, Han J, Wang C-t, Xiao Y-q, Jian X-d, Qian P, Su Y-j (2020) First-Principles study on the nucleation of precipitates in ternary Al alloys doped with Sc, Li, Zr, and Ti elements. Appl Surf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.14645510.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146455 ↗
38. Wu L, Li X, Wang H (2021) The effect of major constituents on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloy. Mater Charact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11080010.1016/j.matchar.2020.110800 ↗
39. Li J-f, Liu P-l, Chen Y-l, Zhang X-h, Zheng Z-q (2015) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg, Ag and Zn multi-microalloyed Al–(3.2–3.8)Cu–(1.0–1.4)Li alloys. Transac Nonferrous Metals Soc China 25(7):2103–2112. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(15)63821-310.1016/s1003-6326(15)63821-3 ↗
40. Decreus B, de Geuser F, Deschamps A, Donnadieu P, Sigli C (2011) Precipitation sequences in Two Al-Li-Cu Alloys. Solid State Phenom 172–174:267–272. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.172-174.26710.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.172-174.267 ↗
41. Ma Y-l, Li J-f, Zhang R-z, Tang J-g, Huang C, Li H-y, Zheng Z-q (2020) Strength and structure variation of 2195 Al-Li alloy caused by different deformation processes of hot extrusion and cold-rolling. Transac Nonferrous Metals Soc China 30(4):835–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(20)65258-x10.1016/s1003-6326(20)65258-x ↗
42. Qin S, Lee S, Tsuchiya T, Matsuda K, Horita Z, Kocisko R, Kvackaj T (2020) Aging behavior of Al-Li-(Cu, Mg) alloys processed by different deformation methods. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10913910.1016/j.matdes.2020.109139 ↗
43. Prasad KS, Prasad NE, Gokhale AA (2014) Microstructure and Precipitate Characteristics of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys. In: Aluminum-lithium Alloys. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401698-9.00004-510.1016/b978-0-12-401698-9.00004-5 ↗
44. El-Aty AA, Xu Y, Zhang S, Ma Y, Chen D (2017) Experimental investigation of tensile properties and anisotropy of 1420, 8090 and 2060 Al-Li alloys sheet undergoing different strain rates and fibre orientation: a comparative study. Procedia Eng 207:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.73010.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.730 ↗
45. Abd El-Aty A, Xu Y, Guo X, Zhang SH, Ma Y, Chen D (2018) Strengthening mechanisms, deformation behavior, and anisotropic mechanical properties of Al-Li alloys: A review. J Adv Res 10:49–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.12.00410.1016/j.jare.2017.12.004 ↗
46. Dwyer C, Weyland M, Chang LY, Muddle BC (2011) Combined electron beam imaging and ab initio modeling of T1 precipitates in Al–Li–Cu alloys. Appl Phys Lett. https://doi.org/10.1063/1359017110.1063/13590171 ↗
47. Yoshimura R, Konno TJ, Abe E, Hiraga K (2003) Transmission electron microscopy study of the evolution of precipitates in aged Al–Li–Cu alloys: the θ′ and T1 phases. Acta Mater 51(14):4251–4266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(03)00253-210.1016/s1359-6454(03)00253-2 ↗
48. Zhu AW, Csontos A, Starke EA (1999) Computer experiment on superposition of strengthening effects of different particles. Acta Mater 47(6):1713–1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(99)00077-410.1016/s1359-6454(99)00077-4 ↗
49. Dorin T, De Geuser F, Lefebvre W, Sigli C, Deschamps A (2014) Strengthening mechanisms of T1 precipitates and their influence on the plasticity of an Al–Cu–Li alloy. Mater Sci Eng, A 605:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.02410.1016/j.msea.2014.03.024 ↗
50. Wang X-Y, Jiang J-T, Li G-A, Wang X-M, Sun J, Zhen L (2020) Effects of coarse Al2CuLi phase on the hot deformation behavior of Al–Li alloy. J Alloy Compd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.15246910.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152469 ↗
51. Mishra S, Suresh M, More AM, Bisht A, Nayan N, Suwas S (2021) Texture control to reduce yield strength anisotropy in the third generation aluminum-copper-lithium alloy: experiments and modeling. Mater Sci Eng A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14004710.1016/j.msea.2020.140047 ↗
52. Zhang P, Chen M (2020) Progress in characterization methods for thermoplastic deforming constitutive models of Al–Li alloys: a review. J Mater Sci 55(23):9828–9847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04682-810.1007/s10853-020-04682-8 ↗
53. Wu L, Wang Q, Shu S, Li Y, Li X, Wang H (2021) Interactions between cadmium and Al3Li precipitates: a new mechanism of accelerating dissolution and transformation of phases in Al–Li–Cu alloy. Mater Sci Eng, A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14060710.1016/j.msea.2020.140607 ↗
54. Williams DB, Edington JW (2013) The Precipitation of δ′ (Al3Li) in dilute aluminium-lithium alloys. Metal Sci 9(1):529–532. https://doi.org/10.1179/03063457579044514310.1179/030634575790445143 ↗
55. Noble B, Thompson GE (2013) Precipitation characteristics of aluminium-lithium alloys. Metal Sci J 5(1):114–120. https://doi.org/10.1179/03063457179043933310.1179/030634571790439333 ↗
56. Chen S-W, Chang YA (2011) Phase equilibria and solidification of Al-Rich Ai-Ui-Cu alloys. MRS Proc. https://doi.org/10.1557/proc-186-14110.1557/proc-186-141 ↗
57. Guo C, Liang Y, Li C, Du Z (2011) Thermodynamic description of the Al–Li–Zn system. Calphad 35(1):54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2010.11.00610.1016/j.calphad.2010.11.006 ↗
58. Okamoto H (2012) Al-Li (Aluminum-Lithium). J Phase Equilib Diffus 33(6):500–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-012-0119-810.1007/s11669-012-0119-8 ↗
59. Prasad KS, Mukhopadhyay AK, Gokhale AA, Banerjee D, Goel DB (1994) δ Precipitation in an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy. Scr Metall Mater 30(10):1299–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(94)90262-310.1016/0956-716x(94)90262-3 ↗
60. Khachaturyan AG, Lindsey TF, Morris JW (1988) Theoretical investigation of the precipitation of δ’ in Al-Li. Metall Trans A 19(2):249–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0265253310.1007/bf02652533 ↗
61. Baumann SF, Williams DB (1985) Experimental observations on the nucleation and growth of δ′ (Al3Li) in dilute Al-Li alloys. Metall Trans A 16(7):1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0267032510.1007/bf02670325 ↗
62. Noble B, Bray SE (1998) On the α(Al)/δ′(Al3Li) metastable solvus in aluminium–lithium alloys. Acta Mater 46(17):6163–6171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00263-810.1016/s1359-6454(98)00263-8 ↗
63. Flower HM, Gregson PJ (2013) Solid state phase transformations in aluminium alloys containing lithium. Mater Sci Technol 3(2):81–90. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1987.3.2.8110.1179/mst.1987.3.2.81 ↗
64. Poduri R, Chen LQ (1998) Computer simulation of morphological evolution and coarsening kinetics of δ′ (Al3Li) precipitates in Al–Li alloys. Acta Mater 46(11):3915–3928. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00058-510.1016/s1359-6454(98)00058-5 ↗
65. Jha SC, Sanders TH, Dayananda MA (1987) Grain boundary precipitate free zones in Al-Li alloys. Acta Metall 35(2):473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(87)90253-710.1016/0001-6160(87)90253-7 ↗
66. Sigli C, Sanchez JM (1986) Calculation of phase equilibrium in Al-Li alloys. Acta Metall 34(6):1021–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(86)90211-710.1016/0001-6160(86)90211-7 ↗
67. Balmuth ES (1984) Particle size determination in an Al-3Li alloy using DSC. Scr Metall 18(4):301–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(84)90440-x10.1016/0036-9748(84)90440-x ↗
68. Okuda H, Osamura K (1994) Computer simulation of the kinetics of phase decomposition with the L12 type ordering in an ising lattice system at low temperature. Acta Metall Mater 42(4):1337–1343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(94)90150-310.1016/0956-7151(94)90150-3 ↗
69. Radmilovic V, Fox AG, Thomas G (1989) Spinodal decomposition of Al-rich Al-Li alloys. Acta Metall 37(9):2385–2394. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(89)90036-910.1016/0001-6160(89)90036-9 ↗
70. Floriano MA, Triolo A, Caponetti E, Triolo R (1996) On the nature of phase separation in a commercial aluminium-lithium alloy. J Mol Struct 383(1–3):277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09299-x10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09299-x ↗
71. Spowage AC, Bray S (2010) Characterization of nanoprecipitation mechanisms during isochronal aging of a pseudo-binary Al-8.7 at. pct Li alloy. Metall Mater Transac A 42(1):227–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0498-610.1007/s11661-010-0498-6 ↗
72. Wang SC, Starink MJ (2013) Precipitates and intermetallic phases in precipitation hardening Al–Cu–Mg–(Li) based alloys. Int Mater Rev 50(4):193–215. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328005x1435710.1179/174328005x14357 ↗
73. Liu H, Bellón B, Llorca J (2017) Multiscale modelling of the morphology and spatial distribution of θ′ precipitates in Al-Cu alloys. Acta Mater 132:611–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.04210.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.042 ↗
74. Yoshimura R, Konno TJ, Abe E, Hiraga K (2003) Transmission electron microscopy study of the early stage of precipitates in aged Al–Li–Cu alloys. Acta Mater 51(10):2891–2903. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(03)00104-610.1016/s1359-6454(03)00104-6 ↗
75. Gao Z, Liu JZ, Chen JH, Duan SY, Liu ZR, Ming WQ, Wu CL (2015) Formation mechanism of precipitate T1 in AlCuLi alloys. J Alloy Compd 624:22–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.10.20810.1016/j.jallcom.2014.10.208 ↗
76. Prasad NE, Gokhale AA, Rao PR (2003) Mechanical behaviour of aluminium-lithium alloys. Sadhana 28(1–2):209–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0271713410.1007/bf02717134 ↗
77. Tsivoulas D, Prangnell PB (2014) The effect of Mn and Zr dispersoid-forming additions on recrystallization resistance in Al–Cu–Li AA2198 sheet. Acta Mater 77:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.02810.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.028 ↗
78. Tsivoulas D, Robson JD (2015) Heterogeneous Zr solute segregation and Al3Zr dispersoid distributions in Al–Cu–Li alloys. Acta Mater 93:73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.03.05710.1016/j.actamat.2015.03.057 ↗
79. Kumar KS, Brown SA, Pickens JR (1990) Effect of a prior stretch on the aging response of an Al-Cu-Li-Ag-Mg-Zr alloy. Scr Metall Mater 24(7):1245–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(90)90336-f10.1016/0956-716x(90)90336-f ↗
80. Noble B, Thompson GE (2013) T1(Al2CuLi) precipitation in aluminium–copper–lithium alloys. Metal Sci J 6(1):167–174. https://doi.org/10.1179/03063457279044597510.1179/030634572790445975 ↗
81. Huang JC, Ardell AJ (2013) Crystal structure and stability ofT1, precipitates in aged Al–Li–Cu alloys. Mater Sci Technol 3(3):176–188. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1987.3.3.17610.1179/mst.1987.3.3.176 ↗
82. Herring RA, Gayle FW, Pickens JR (1993) High-resolution electron microscopy study of a high-copper variant of weldalite 049 and a high-strength AI-Cu-Ag-Mg-Zr alloy. J Mater Sci 28(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0034903510.1007/bf00349035 ↗
83. Radmilovic V, Thomas G (1987) ATOMIC RESOLUTION IMAGING IN Al-Li-Cu ALLOY. Le Journal de Physique Colloques. https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:198734410.1051/jphyscol:1987344 ↗
84. Cassada WA, Shiflet GJ, Starke EA (1991) Mechanism of Al2CuLi (T 1) nucleation and growth. Metall Trans A 22(2):287–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0265679810.1007/bf02656798 ↗
85. Howe JM, Lee J, Vasudévan AK (1988) Structure and deformation behavior ofT 1 precipitate plates in an Al- 2Li- 1 Cu alloy. Metall Trans A 19(12):2911–2920. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0264771710.1007/bf02647717 ↗
86. Van Smaalen S, Meetsma A, De Boer JL, Bronsveld PM (1990) Refinement of the crystal structure of hexagonal Al2CuLi. J Solid State Chem 85(2):293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4596(05)80086-610.1016/s0022-4596(05)80086-6 ↗
87. Donnadieu P, Shao Y, De Geuser F, Botton GA, Lazar S, Cheynet M, de Boissieu M, Deschamps A (2011) Atomic structure of T1 precipitates in Al–Li–Cu alloys revisited with HAADF-STEM imaging and small-angle X-ray scattering. Acta Mater 59(2):462–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.09.04410.1016/j.actamat.2010.09.044 ↗
88. Itoh G, Cui Q, Kanno M (1996) Effects of a small addition of magnesium and silver on the precipitation of T1 phase in an Al-4%Cu-1.1%Li-0.2%Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(95)10157-810.1016/0921-5093(95)10157-8 ↗
89. Zhang J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Deng Y (2018) Effects of creep aging upon Al-Cu-Li alloy: Strength, toughness and microstructure. J Alloy Compd 764:452–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.10310.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.103 ↗
90. Starink MJ, Hobson AJ, Sinclair I, Gregson PJ (2000) Embrittlement of Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloys at slightly elevated temperatures: microstructural mechanisms of hardening. Mater Sci Eng, A 289(1–2):130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)00912-610.1016/s0921-5093(00)00912-6 ↗
91. Rodgers BI, Prangnell PB (2016) Quantification of the influence of increased pre-stretching on microstructure-strength relationships in the Al–Cu–Li alloy AA2195. Acta Mater 108:55–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.01710.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.017 ↗
92. De Geuser F, Bley F, Deschamps A (2012) A new method for evaluating the size of plate-like precipitates by small-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 45(6):1208–1218. https://doi.org/10.1107/s002188981203989110.1107/s0021889812039891 ↗
93. Dorin T, Deschamps A, De Geuser F, Lefebvre W, Sigli C (2014) Quantitative description of the T1formation kinetics in an Al–Cu–Li alloy using differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Phil Mag 94(10):1012–1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.87804710.1080/14786435.2013.878047 ↗
94. Dorin T, Donnadieu P, Chaix J-M, Lefebvre W, Geuser FD, Deschamps A (2015) Size distribution and volume fraction of T1 phase precipitates from TEM images: direct measurements and related correction. Micron 78:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2015.06.00210.1016/j.micron.2015.06.002 ↗
95. Kang SJ, Kim T-H, Yang C-W, Lee JI, Park ES, Noh TW, Kim M (2015) Atomic structure and growth mechanism of T1 precipitate in Al–Cu–Li–Mg–Ag alloy. Scripta Mater 109:68–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.02010.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.020 ↗
96. Dorin T, Deschamps A, Geuser FD, Sigli C (2014) Quantification and modelling of the microstructure/strength relationship by tailoring the morphological parameters of the T1 phase in an Al–Cu–Li alloy. Acta Mater 75:134–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.04610.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.046 ↗
97. Deschamps A, Garcia M, Chevy J, Davo B, De Geuser F (2017) Influence of Mg and Li content on the microstructure evolution of Al Cu Li alloys during long-term ageing. Acta Mater 122:32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.09.03610.1016/j.actamat.2016.09.036 ↗
98. Wang X-M, Li G-A, Jiang J-T, Shao W-Z, Zhen L (2019) Influence of Mg content on ageing precipitation behavior of Al-Cu-Li-x alloys. Mater Sci Eng, A 742:138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.01510.1016/j.msea.2018.11.015 ↗
99. Gumbmann E, Lefebvre W, De Geuser F, Sigli C, Deschamps A (2016) The effect of minor solute additions on the precipitation path of an Al Cu Li alloy. Acta Mater 115:104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.05.05010.1016/j.actamat.2016.05.050 ↗
100. Gumbmann E, De Geuser F, Deschamps A, Lefebvre W, Robaut F, Sigli C (2016) A combinatorial approach for studying the effect of Mg concentration on precipitation in an Al–Cu–Li alloy. Scripta Mater 110:44–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.04210.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.042 ↗